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ANSC 431 exam 2
reproduction and dog and cats
94
Science
Undergraduate 3
10/12/2014

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Where is the location of sperm maturation in the male?
Definition

the epididymis 3 parts

 

caput (head)

corpus (body)

cauda (tail)

Term
what is the path of sperm in the male?
Definition
start in the testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
Term
characteristics of the male repro tract
Definition
membrane stabilizing, sterol rich environment
Term
what are the functions of the epididymis in order to mature sperm?
Definition

acquisition of fertility, development of motility, nuclear maturation, surface chages, membrane permeability, sialic acid containing mucopolysaccaride (decapacitation),

secretory functions (glycerolphosphorylcholine for energy), concentration of sperm (water removal) and storage of sperm (10-60d)

end product: motile, fertile, capable of binding oocytes

 

Term
secretory function of the epididimus
Definition
steroidogenic functions: convert T to DHT, glycerolphosphorylcholine (energy), sialic acid (mucopolysaccharide coating), acyl-carnitine (lipid transport and enerygy source)
Term
what are the human male accessory sex glands?
Definition

seminal vesicle-viscous yellowish fluid (proseminogelin protein produced)

prostate gland-thin, milky white fluid (neutralizes female tract)

bulbourethral (Cowper) gland - <1% of semen (clear lubricant for head of penis)

Term
Prostate diseases
Definition

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-enlargement of prostate (compresses urethra and obstructs flow, promotes bladder and kidney infections)

...

Prostate cancer-second most common cancer in men (lung cancer #1)

pain first indicator, metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes then the lungs, digital rectal exam (DRE) used, elevated levels or serine protease (PSA) and acid phosphatase in the blood

Term
vascular penis
Definition

3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue fill with blood during sexual arousal and account for its enlargement and erection

single, corpus sponginosum along ventral side

paired corpora cavernosa

....

contain many blood sinuses (Lacunae)

trabeculae-partitions between lacunae

erection induced by blood flow into the erectile tissue which is initiated by nitric oxide release

Term
Nervous systems
Definition

parasympathetic: rest and digest

sympathetic: fight or flight

both involved in copulation...

parasympathetic: erection via pelvic splanchnic nerve (T1-L2)

sympathetic: ejaculation via sacral splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

Point and shoot

Term
what causes erectile dysfunction
Definition

40% of men between 40-70


drugs (SSRIs, etc)

neurologic disorders (MS, spinal injury, etc)

trauma (bladder surgery etc)

cavernosal disorders (Peyronie's, etc)

vascular changes (age, lifestyle choices i.e. smoking)

Term
how does viagra prolong erection?
Definition

slows down the breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiestrase type 5 and prolongs the duration of the erection

 

it is a phosphodiestrase inhibitor

Term
where do the components of semen come from and what do they do?
Definition

accesory sex glands and epididymis

they lubricate penis, provide energy to sperm, neutralize female tract, and gel or liquefy semen

Term
how is erection stimulated?
Definition
sexual stimulus causes release of nitric oxide which activates cGMP and results in vasodilation and engorgement of lacunae in the corpus spongiosum and cavernosa
Term
How is perm selected against in the female reproductive tract?
Definition

(Vagina) immediate transport, falls out/phagocytosis

cercvix: privleged pathway removes-> (non motile/abnormal)

uterus: capacitation initiate/phagocytosis

oviduct:capacitation completed/hyperactive motility

fertilization: acrosome reaction/penetration oocyte, male and female pronuclei form

Term
Cervix selectivity on sperm
Definition

sialomucin-low viscosity=pnetrance

sulfomucin-high viscosity=removes poor swimmers

Term
purpose of acidic vaginal environment and cervical mucus
Definition

prevent infection

sperm plasma membranes are scrubbed by mucus resulting in removal of sterols and plasma membrane adsorbed molecules

leukocytes produce reactive oxygen species that increase capacitation of viable sperm

Term
sterol removal from sperm in female repro tract
Definition

(male repro tract is sterol rich environment)

 

facilitated by uterine sterol sulfatase

increases permeability to calcium

exposes cell surface receptors and permits binding of stimulatory ligands

Term
capacitation
Definition

cholesterol efflux-change membrane permeability

influx of ions (calcium and bicarbonate)

increase in cAMP (by adenyl cyclase) results in activation of PKA

above changes plus periovulatory fuid components=hyperactivated motility and tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins

results: hyperactive motility and phosphorylation of tryosine residuules in spem proteins

Term
sperm acrosome
Definition
secretory granule contains proteins to assist in fertilization
Term
sperm head
Definition
contains highly condensed genetic material
Term
sperm midpiece
Definition
mitochondria to provide energy
Term
sperm tail
Definition
propel sperm forward
Term
cumulus cells
Definition

structure of the oocyte

 

supported by hyaluronic acid matrix; these cells secrete chemotactic compounds

Term
zona Pellucida
Definition

structure of the oocyte

 

Made of three proteins: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3; hardens after fertilization (cortical granules)

Term
sperm chemotaxis
Definition

sperm movement directed by chemicals

sea urchins-small peptides (resact)

frogs-allurin

mammals-progesterone, bourgeonal, allurin-like proteins

mammalian sperm go from straight to zig zag

invertebrates go from circular to spiral

 

(sea Urchin) Calcium influx effect how sperm turns

Term
in the female tract where can sperm be stored?
Definition
in the isthmic sperm reservoir until it is time to fertilize the oocyte
Term
chemotaxis vs thermotaxis in the female tract (human)
Definition

ampulla further from ovary but longer than isthmus

 

chemotais zone: oocyte

thermotais zone: isthmus/ampulla

 

temp difference of 1.5 celcius across isthmus/ampulla (warmer closer to ovary)

Term
mechanisms of chemotais in sea urchin
Definition
Resact range -> receptor activation (guanylyl cyclase) -> Fast cGMP increase -> transient CA+2 increase -> assymetrical beating of tail -> change in swimming dirrection
Term
mechanisms of sperm chemotais in humans
Definition
Bourgeonal range -> OR17-4 activation (olfactory) -> G-Protein activation (Goff at midpiece) -> mAC activation at midpiece -> cAMP and Ca2+ increases -> asymetrical beating of tail -> change in swimming direction
Term
mechanism of human sperm chemotaxis in the female repro tract
Definition
Progesterone range (Allurin-like proteins range) -> CatSper channel activation -> Ca2+ increases -> change in swimming direction
Term
how does the sperm accomplish cumulus oocyte complex penetration (step 1)
Definition

(cumulus cell matrix)

 

the sperm uses hyperactivated motility and

glycosylphospotidalinositol (GPI) hyaluronidase anchored on the sperm surface (refered to as PH-20)-dissolves sticky matrix holding COCs together

 

The cumulus cell matrix is known as the jelly layer in amphibians

Term
How does the sperm accomplish zona binding and penetration? (step 2)
Definition

Binding: sperm bind to O-linked carbohydrate ZP3 (on oocyte zona) thus inducing acrosome reation:

 

acrosome reaction

 

acrosome proteins/hydrolases/proacrosin convert to acrosin during acrosomal exocytosis

= achieve zona penetration

Term
acrosome reaction
Definition

ZP3-binds galactosyl transferase (GaIT) on sperm to induce acrosomal exocytosis

heterotrimeric G protein & phospholipase C activation occur triggering...

influx of Ca+2 (T-type channels)

additional Ca+2 can then enter by Trp family Ca+2 channels sustaining increase in intracellular Ca+2

the exposure of inner acrosomal mebrane and acrosomal exocytosis follows

Term
what happens when the perm finally meets the egg? (step 3)
Definition

The plasma membrane fuses

 

CD9 of oocyte and Izumo on sperm bind = plasma membrane fusion

 

if one or the other is null the respective sex is infertile

Term
After sperm/egg mebrane fusion what occurs? (step 4)
Definition

It is the egg's turn to react!

 

the prior fusion causes (1) rise in intracellular Ca+2 that causes

(2) cortical granule exocytosis...

this causes

(3) zona to harden to prevent multi fertilizations (Slow Block) to polyspermy

Term
what happens after fertilization?
Definition

formation male/female pronuclei

secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and extrudes 2nd polar body

dipolid number chromosome restored

mitochondria all from mom

sex determined by male sex chromosome

Term
what percent of infertility cases are contributed to the male?
Definition

40%

 

can use semen analysis, sperm function tests (assays), and sperm antibody test (cases where antibodies bind to sperm keeping them from binding to the egg)

Term
when analysing sperm what does one look at?
Definition
volume, pH, sperm concentration (# per ejac-use spectophometer/hemacytometer/CASA/DNA), motility (% moving ells), rapid forward progressive motility, morphology (% normal cells), vitality, and white blood cells
Term
steps to semen processing
Definition

1)collect and evaluate

2) extend semen

3) equilibration (time needed for sperm/egg yolk: citrate to completely mix, antibiotics to be more effective, for glycerol to enter cell) b4 freezing or wont be effective

4)cooling semen

5) insemination (finding doses)

6) semen storage temperature and duration

7) freezing mortality

Term
purpose of extending semen sample
Definition

extends volume (can service more animals)

extends functional life of sperm

 

ability of semen to be extended dependent on...

concentration

quality-motility and morphology

fertility of sire (produce live offspring)

Term
qualities of good extender
Definition

provide energy/nutrient for sperm-do not have own anabolic capability (can convert glucose into fructose for motility fuel)

(egg yolk/glucose/buttermilk)

provide buffering action to compensate for shift in pH due to lactic acide production; preserve viability of sperm (Na citrate and Na phosphate)

provide protection against rapid cooling/temp shock (glycerol)

maintain optimal osmotic pressure (salt balance)

inhibit growth of icroorganisms (antibiotics)

increase volume of original

Term
what are the two types of Cryoprotectants
Definition

substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage

 

Permeable-can cross cellular membrane

(glycerol, DMSO, ethylene glycol)

 

Nonpermeable-does not cross cellular membrane

(egg yolk, sucrose, milk)

Term
glycerol the cryoprotectant
Definition

replaces the water in the sperm head (if didnt cooling would rupture head), prevents formation of ice crystals

 

works for oocytes and embryos as well

Term
Sucrose as cryoprotectant
Definition

impermeable

 

controls the rate/amount of water that leaves the sperm cells to control shrinking or swelling due to changes in osmotic pressure

Term
how fast should semen be cooled?
Definition

1 degree celcius per 3 minutes

 

slow=lowers stress on cellular membrane

Term
what is the average loss of viable semen during freezing?
Definition

33%

must be more live normal cells than this # in order to inseminate

 

sperm frozen in set concentration: cant recount sperm #s before insemination

Term
semen storage temps and duration
Definition

room temp: special extender needed and lasts 6-7days for fresh insemination

refridgerated-store up to 4 days

frozen- up to indefinitely....use liquid nitrgen (-320 degrees) which must be maintained

 

Term
semen packing methods
Definition

straws-.25-.5ml (nitrogen freezing)

pellets-depressed into block of dryice

ampules-older method-sterile container

Term
assessing freezing mortality/ post thaw evaluation
Definition

motility

live/dead stain

acrosomal status

 

use of dyes

permeable stain (green) impermeable ipropidium iodine(orange/red)

intact membrane = can take up fluorecent dye

dead takes up the iodine

Term
vitrifiation
Definition

rapid freezing/plunging into liquid nitrogen

no time for ice crystal formation

...

prevents damage by cryoprotectants because exposed to more but at a shorter period of time

less water than slow freeze

 more success for oocytes than slow freeze

Term
adverse effects of cryopreservation
Definition

viability and genetic stability of cell

failure to ensure continous storage temp

contamination with liquid nitrogen containing viruses, bacteria or pathogens

explosion of sample due to improper sealing or incoorrect containers

damage to zona pellucida (crack or tear) beause of ridgidity

Term
Fertility predictors in the lab
Definition

semen analysis-check b4 breeding to compair multiple ejaculations

acrosome reaction-oocyte not accounted for so cant determin fertilization

heterospermic insemination: alternate dye to determin most fertile

zonal free assay-excludes zona binding

zona binding assay (cheaper than hetero yet ignores sperm head decondensation or fertilization)

Term
general female dog anatomy
Definition

bitch

bicornuate uterus

zonary placenta (belt) relaxin- endotheliochorial

vestibule: cingulum cuts of vaginovesestibular junction (at right angle)

vagina: fornix; semen deposition

pregnancy: ~63d (CL dependent)

implantation (d 18-20 post LH surge)

pseudopregnancy full length

Term
general male dog anatomy
Definition

Stud

prostate only accessory sex gland-androgen dependent and bilobed

vascular:  bulbus glandis and os penis (bone)

quick to ejaculate (80s)

semen = 3 fractions (clear, milky(sperm), clear(prostatic))

Term
Puberty male vs female (dog)
Definition

female:

first estrous cycle

depends on breed

split or false heat

silent heat

male:

testicular descent by 4 months (av 5-12mo)

spermatozoa seen in ejaculate

libido present

Term
estrous cycle times (dog)
Definition

proestrus (9d)-FSH declining, estrodile increasing, flatline estrodile and progesterone(mostly cornified cells)

estrus (9d)-estrodile decreasing, FSH/LH 1 pulse, progesterone increase toward end (all cornified)

diestrus (50-63d)- progesterone decrease, LH pulses, estrodile decrease, prolactin increase if pregnant (parabasal cells dominant)

anestrus(~5month)-high FSH then estrodile, and pulsating LH and low flat line progesterone (most parabasal cells)

Term
dog estrus cycle general characteristics
Definition

nonseasonal

spontaneous ovulators

monoestrus (1-2 per year)

anestrus variable (~5 months)

Term
vaginal cytology (dog)
Definition

helps with breeding timing: looking at vaginal epithelial cells

 

progesterone-parabasal (diestrus/anestrus)

cornified-estrus (estrus and proestrus)

estrodile is the control

Term
estrus control protocols  (dog)
Definition

PMSC + hCG

FSH +/- estrogen priming

GnRH

cabergoline (dopamine agonist)-increaes pregnancy because dopamine causes abortion

Term
coital behavior (dog)
Definition

dog-tie

3 stages

 

first stage/mounting/pre-sperm fraction

intromission/full erection/sperm rich fraction

second stage/180 degree turn of penis; prostatic fraction

Term
Pregnancy in dog
Definition

63 days

ovulate an M1 oocyte->must go to MII to fertilize

Cl dependent

Prolactin=luteotropic

placental relaxin

Term
general queen anatomy
Definition

similar to dog internally...risk of ripping suspensory ligament (friable)

puberty (4-13 mon)

induced ovulator

coital behavior-repeat needed

pseudopregnant half of pregnancy

Term
general tom anatomy
Definition

vascular/os penis

penile spines - androgen dependent

prostate and bulbourethral glands (accessory)

Puberty 7 months

Term
puberty in queen
Definition

first estrus (4-13 mo)

onset influenced by: condition/body weight/breed and season

Oriental bready early

long-hiared and manx late (11-12 mo)

Term
puberty in tom
Definition

first spermatogenesis/ability to ejaculate (earliest 7mo)

age at first mating depends on conditon/body size, season, breed

testes descent at birth

Term
coital behavior (cats)
Definition

may take up to 86 hours to pick male

foreplay: flehmen, sniffing, nose touching, grasp scuff

intromission: ejaculation, pelvic thrusting, male dismount to avoid queen aggression

repeates needed to stimulate LH release in queen

Term
Estrous cycle in cat
Definition

seasonal poly-estrus induced ovulators

small percentage spontaneousy ovuulate

prolonged anestrus due to photoperiod changes

majority of estrus events occur in spring and summer

Term
hormones of pregnancy in cat
Definition

progesterone-CL and placenta

Prolactin-REQUIRED FOR PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE

Relaxin-placenta

Term
sex determination/sex differentiation
Definition

sex determination

genetic sex (XY/XX)

godandal sex (gonads)

sex differentiation

gonadal sex

phenotypic sex (outward apperence/organs)

Term
sex chromosomes
Definition

birds: male ZZ female: ZW

some lizards/toroises no heteromorphic pair of chromosomes: sex kinda determined by temp

Mammal: barr body (inactive X)

Term
chromosomal sex abnormalities
Definition

XXY: klinefelters (sterile-testicular hypoplasia)

XO: turner's (sterile-inactive ovaries)

Term
Sry
Definition

sry gene encodes a protein binds to and bend DNA at specific sites (HMG)

Putative transcriptional activator/repressor that activates or represses gene transcription

...

XY-ovary formation (deletion/mutation Sry)

XX-testis formation (insertion of Sry-translocation)


Bipotential gonad and mesonephros areas of chromosome-Sry on bipotentail

Term
origin of the gonads
Definition

undifferentiated Gonad to start

ovary/testis arise from Mesonephros (primitive kidney germinal ridge)

primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to mesonephros chemotactic agen stimulates movement to primitive kidney of embryo to form either oogonia or spermatogonia

Term
Male development steps
Definition

wolffian or mesonephric duct

Testis determining factor

testes develop

sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone

thus leydig cells differentiate and paramesonephric duct degrades

leydig=testosterone-male duct system develop

dihydrotestosterone-develope penis/scrotum/accessory sex glands (external genitalia)

Term
Development of female
Definition
no testis determining factor so the testes doesnt develop to secreate anti-mullerian hormone so the paramesonephric duct devopes creating the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of vagina
Term
hermaphrodite
Definition
congenital malformation in sexual development
Term
true hermaphrodite
Definition
XX-XY mosaic but most XX contain combination of ovaries, testes and ovotestes
Term
male psuedohermaphrodite
Definition

has testes but female external genitalia (XY)

testicular feminization in men linked to X

appear female-lack androgen receptor for male sexual development

Term
female psuedohermaphrodite
Definition

freemartin-cattle

ovaries but male external genitalia

female XX/XY

male hormones pass into female in twin pregnancy exchange of blood cells from male to female stimulates male duct development

Term
what can cause testicular feminization
Definition

lack of androgen receptors

deficiency in dihydrotestosterone (dominican republic)-XY men have external female genitalia and internal testis)

Term
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Definition

women

ACTH stimulates adrenal to produce cortisol but lack of enzyme for conversion of progesterone to cortisol increases high concentration of testosterone causing masculinization

Term
what does the follicle secrete
Definition

follicle=estradiol

 

ovaries main source of estrogen

Term
gonadotropins
Definition

LH/FSH

glycoproteins (sugars attached)

two polypeptide subunits:

alpha-common to all glycoprotein hormones and mass produced

beta-confers both biologic and immunologic specificity (different for all glycoproteins) limited production

Term
LH
Definition

gonadotropin

smaller of the two

stimulates androgen (testosterone) production from ovary. (cAMP-mediated)

Lh surge in mid-cycle stimulates ovualtion/lutenization

(progesterone production)

Term
FSH
Definition

gonadotropin

larger of the two

increases FSH receptor in ovary

induces LH receptor in ovary

induces acromatase synthesis (androgen->estrogen)

causes granulosa cell proliferation

Term
LH pulse difference in Luteal vs folicular phase
Definition

amplitute greater in luteal

frequency greater in follicular

Term
how is it that estrogen has both negative and positive feedback on LH secretion?
Definition

low, tonic estrogen levels are negative feedback on LH pulses amplitude.

 

As Estrogen levels rise: after a certain threshold the positive feedback kicks in and estrogen stimulates both frequency and amplitude LH pulses

Term
why does estrogen only alternate feedback in females creating cycles?
Definition

hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system

males only have tonic center in hypothalmus

females have both tonic and surge center in hypothalmus (they can undergo an ovulatory surge of gonadotropins, becasue surge center allows positive feedback of estrodile females can ovulate (requires pos feedback)

Term
Kisspeptin
Definition

neurons in various regions of hypothalmus regulate GnRH

acts via G-protein (7 membrane) coupled receptor known as GPR54

differentiation between males and females: testosterone needs to cross blood/brain barrior in fetal males but bound in fetal females

Term
LH and daylenght in seasonal breeders
Definition

ewe

LH pulse frequency increases as daylenth decreases

ewes dont show estrus or cycles or ovulation when daylenth is at maximum

Term
effect of season on hypothamus relavent to estrogen
Definition
in breeding season animal loss of sensitivity to estrogen negative feedback at hypothalmic level
Term
neuroendocrine pathway for seasonal breeders
Definition

visual and olfactory cues dictate seasonality

retina-hypothalmus

RHT=retinohypothalmic tract

pineal gland regulator =melatonin

increase melatonin = cycle

Term
changes to hypothalmus to induce puberty
Definition

increase frequency of GnRH pulse generator, occures because of leptin increase

decrease in sensitivity to estrogen, thus positive feedback occurs

Term
in order to breed what must hormones do?
Definition

melatonin either increase or decrease

increase GnRH and LH

decrease hypothalmic sensitivity to estrogen

increase leptin

 

progesterone in luteal phase

estrogen in follicular phase (produced by follicle)

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