Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ANSC 363 Exam 3
communication, motivation, rhythms, shelters, learning, and cognition
78
Science
Undergraduate 3
05/04/2015

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
communication
Definition
an action on the part of one organism that alters the probability of a behavior occuring in another organism in a manner that is adaptive to either one or both participants
Term
what are the 4 communication signals?
Definition

visual

chemical

auditory

tactile

Term
Discrete signals
Definition

show little variability in intensity and duration

(signals of species or group identity)

Term
graded signals
Definition

vary in intensity and/or duration at the relative arousal or motivation of the animal changes

(eggressive behavior)

Term
redundancy in communication
Definition

animals will often communicate the same message using multiple sensory modalities

dog example:

visual ears back, licking lips

auditory- growling

muzzle wrinkled and loud growls

Term
signal choice is dependent on what?
Definition

the environment

physical properties of the signal

sensory acuity of the receiver

presence/absence of potentially harmful recievers

Term
what is the most important sense for birds?
Definition
vision
Term
what is the angle of vision for prey animals
Definition

320 degrees

(things like cattle vision is most important)

Term
vervet monkey alarm calls
Definition
individuals react differently to different calls because they indicate different predator species in the area
Term
chemical communication
Definition

provide info over long/short periods

communication value even in absense of sender

usually consist of more than one chem compound

(Pheromones - signals that trigger a social response in members of the same species)

 

urine, feces, glands, repro system

Term
Daily rhythms
Definition

activity rhythms, ingestive behavior, body temperature, heart rate, circulating hormone levels

 

diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular (dawn/dusk)

Term
zeitgeber
Definition

(time-giver)

refers to the periodic environmental events which control biological rhythms

light/dark cycles (strong), temp fluctuation, food availability, and social cues

 

study wheel running in rodents (changes signaled by mutations in the clock gene- gene period)

Term
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Definition

(SCN)

is in the hypothalamus contains a master circadian clock, which sends signals to other parts of the brain that control periods of physical activity and rest (for example the pineal gland)

Term
Pineal gland
Definition
secretes melatonin, a hormone which has an important role in biological rhythms. Melatonin is secreted primarily during the dark period of the day
Term
yearly/seasonal cycles
Definition

phases involve substantial modifications of morphology, physiology, and behavior that must be precisely orchestrated and occur at the currect time of year (survival/repro)

....

(repro, migration, hibernation, pelage growth)

....

self-sustaining rhythms underconstant conditions of day length, temp, and food supply with a free-running period typically less than one year- why most animals also keep daily rhythms

Term
most important cue for circannual rhythms?
Definition

photoperiod (daylength)

 

others like ambient temp, rain or food availability also play some role in certain species

Term
what do most species rely on (external cues or internal)?
Definition

internal cues because they are more constant

animals in different location may experience vary little seasonal variation so they depend most on internal time

Term
photoperiodism
Definition

ability of organisms to asses and use the day lenght as an anticipatory cue to time seasonal events

signals for hypothalamus, pituitary, gonadal axis

 

some species this is very maniputable like sheep put under 8 weeks of short photoperiod go into winter cycles but other species depend more on internal rhythms so this change would have no effect

Term
seasonal cold changes
Definition

some species effected

hamsters prairie voles both experience testicular regression

winter pelage change in siberian hamsters

 

climate change can have effects - great tits (birds of Netherlands) delaying egg-laying because of caterpiller activity change (food peak change) do to temp change

Term
Where does Temple Grandin work
Definition
Professor (Dr.) in the department of Animal Science at Colorado State University
Term
Temple Grandin accomplisments
Definition

most accomplished/well-known adult with autism in the world

50% of US and Canada cattle facilities are designed using guidelines/equipment designed by her

point of balance, flight zone, move in opposite direction of handler, fear memories, good first experiences

Term
motivation?
Definition

mechanistic explanations for why an animal is currently performing a particular behavior pattern

(thirst, hunger, fear, urge to migrate, mate, nest build, dust bath, etc.)

internal states which vary in magnitude

caused by internal, external, or both stimuli

(hormone changes, pheromane signals, etc)

 

(casual explanation for behavior)

Term
homeostasis
Definition

maintenance of the animal's physiological state at equilibrium

 

if physiological state moves off set point, an error-detection mechanism triggers corrective response (motivation) to bring the animal back to homeostasis

Term
external stimuli effecting motivation?
Definition

signals like time of day or season of the year

(hibernation/migration)

Term
internal/external stimuli effecting motivation the most?
Definition

depends on the motivation

most motivated behaviors are affected by a combination (less food available, then internal hunger)

Term
where is the motivational state originating (occuring)
Definition

Physiologially, neurobiology

or specifically by specific brain regions that have been found to control the effort and intensity with which motivatiionally relevant stimuli are sought and responded to, and have also been implicated in addiction and abnormal compulsive behaviiors with emotional component

Term
regulatory processes in motivational control of behavior?
Definition
negative feed back is important, the execution of the behavior reduces the motivation to perform it preventing overdoing of that activity (drinking water, eventually you want to stop)
Term
measuring animal motivation
Definition

door test with foxes, pull for social contact or food

(food won out - especially in hungry foxes)

 

help determin which stimuli animals will react to and which they will not

 

(identify and treate abnormal behaviors and thus improve animal management)

Term
is there a connection between motivation and emotion?
Definition

 yes a strong one

thus denying resource that an animal is highly motivated for can be seen as poor welfare practices because it impacts emotional state of being

Term
stereotypic behavior
Definition

often arise from attempts to perform highly motivated normal behavior patterns

substitute action for real desire

this activity does not result in the negative feedback needed to reduce the motivation (it is not satisfying)

Term
working human definition of emotion
Definition

organized phycholphysiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment


-regisstration that event is important

-attempt by person to establish, maintain, change or terminate the relation between self and the environment on those matters that are important to the person

-3 facets (behavioral, physiological, and experiential)

Term
behavioral facet of emotions
Definition
often express emotions in facial/vocal expressions, as well as in posture, gesture, touch, and other actions
Term
Physiological facets of emotion
Definition
emotions involve activation in the brain, the nervous system, and other systems within the body
Term
the experiential facet of emotion
Definition
we often become concious of our emotions so that we can represent our experience of emotions in language. Emotional experiences can also give rise to inspiring forms in fiction, poietry, music, visual art, and dance.
Term
time scale for emotions
Definition

emotions (secs to minutes)

moods (hours to months)

emotional disorders (weeks to lifetime)- physiological changes

personality traits (years to lifetime)-stable individual differences across different situations

Term
what are emotions based on?
Definition

action tendencies, urges to act in certain ways

seeking, fear, rage, lust, care, panic, play

Term
what are complex emotions
Definition
pride, shame, gratitude, grief
Term
empathy
Definition

empathy is thought to be unique to higher primates, possibly to humans alone

(studies done in empathy and pro-social behavior in rats-let me outa the box experiments)

dog empathy-toward humans-orienting to crying humans

Term
associative learning
Definition

ability to recognize cause and effects

 

first demonstrated by Ivan P. Pavlov and Edward Thornddike in end of 19th centry

 

Term
classical conditioning
Definition

pavlovian conditioning (physiology of digestion-psychic secretion)

4 critical components: a stimulus, a response, second stimulus not producing unconditioned response, and the final response

...

unconditioned stimulus and response, used of conditioned stimulus to create conditioned response

...

show that animals learn about stimuli that signal or cause important events in their environment

Term
relationship between the conditoned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
Definition
most have close contiguity (be close in time to facilitate learning)
Term
Kamin's blocking experiment
Definition

shows that prior association can block a second association being made between stimulus and outcome, even when the contingency is present


...if a rat has already associated the sound of a buzzer with getting a shock then the addition of a light with a buzzer may not be enough to create a conditioned response ... if both light and buzzer are similatniously introduced a conditoned fear of the test light can be made

Term
instrumental conditioning
Definition

animal's own behavior is the case of an event in the environment

(behavior instrumental in obtaining outcome)

learn to increase rate of behaviors resulting in desired or appetitive environmental changes, consequences, and reduce the rate of behaviors leading to unwanted/aversive consequences


Edward thorndike 1911 first demonstrated by putting cats in a box to see how long it would take them to get out

Term
consequence learning (+ and -)
Definition

positive means addition of something to the environment

(positive reinforcement, positive punishment)

 

negative means removal of something in the environment

(negative reinforcement, negative punishment)

Term
what does instrumental conditioning teach
Definition

contiguity

if a particular activity is performed a certain response will be given, possibly only under specific environmental conditons, times, or presense of specific stimuli

Term
Burrhus Frederic skinner
Definition

pigeon box... key for food dispersial

(pigeon operant chamber)

 

beleived any organism could be taught anything with patience (somewhat disproven now)

Term
Biological predisposition play a role..
Definition

newly hatched turkey chicks show fear response when something overhead casts a shadow

 

-evolutionary predispositions influence how animals initially respond to potential hazards and how they learn new association through personal/social experiences

-can both inhibit and expedite learning

Term
social facilitation
Definition

utilization of social information (social learning)

-joint behaviors (one dog barks they all bark)

 

unlike social learning: does not require the participants to learn something new, nor does it require that behavior will continue in the future; it is increase in particular behavior that occurs in the presence of other individuals (yawning/laughing-infectiousness)

 

Term
social enhancement
Definition

increase in tendency to interact with an object or approach a location because of the presence and action of another individual

(person points, dog goes to that area)

Term
social learning requirements
Definition

-must be learned behavior

-must acquired through some form of social transmission, often by watching and interacting with another individual

-must persist even in the absence of the demonstrator

Term
imitation
Definition
form of social learning with very specific criteria...an animal must not only engage in goal-directed behavior based on the prior observaion of another animal acting out that same behavior but must also match the topography of the demostrator eactly
Term
emulation
Definition
the observer sets out to achieve some goal after witnesing a demonstrator obtain a reward, learned something about the importance of a specific action(s) as they relate to obtaining the reward... animal doesnt exactly duplicate but does achieve the same goal...or does same action to achieve a different goal
Term
3 functional criteria for teaching
Definition

-teacher must modify behavior to make it more learnable

-teacher does not immediately benefit from change in its own behavior. (modification benefits the learner alone)

-pupil learns something would not otherwise or learns something faster or earlier than would without aid

Term
animal cognition
Definition
full richness and complexity of animal behavior
Term
conceptual abilities
Definition
how the pieces of experience can be put together to organize the relationship between raw perceptual experiences (sound, vision, smell, etc) and what is going on in the world
Term
perceptual concepts
Definition

grouping items together that share common features or functionality

 

pigeon-photo experiment would suggest that animal also have perceptual concepts

Term
visible displacement problem
Definition

everything done to an object is clearly visible to the subject

 

children can solves visible displacement problems at 12 months of age

Term
invisible displacement problem
Definition

the object is manipulated outside the subject's sight

 

children can solve invisible displacement problems at 18 months of age

Term
relative number judgment
Definition

pigeons learn to pick up containers with smaller or larger numbers of grain

 

can discriminate among pictures with different numbers of dots

Term
absolute number
Definition

ravens and raccoons where found to be able to pick objects based on a specific number

 

brown-headed cowbirds-want to lay eggs in a nest with 2 or 3 eggs but not with 4 or more to assure care of thier egg

Term
tagging
Definition
a certain number or tag goes with a certain quantity of items
Term
cardinality
Definition
the tag applied to the last item of a set is the name for the number of items in a set
Term
theory of mind
Definition

an animal with a theory of mind believes that mental states play a casual role in generating behavior and infer the presence of mental states in others by observing their appearance and behavior under various circumstances

 

(having ideas about what goes on in minds of others-motivations, who to trust)

Term
idea spacing for shelter animal items
Definition
idea would be two feet or more between food/litter, food/bed, and litter/bed
Term
shelter stressors
Definition

lack of space

conspecific interactions (cages facing eachother)

lack of enrichment

lack of owner (environmental change)

lack of human interaction

Term
solutions to shelter stressors
Definition

volunteers

inexpensive toys

improved housing (portholes-redesign)

enrichment (playgroups)

monitoring

trainer on staff

Term
is the cat feral or scared?
Definition

impossible to tell at first

house temporarly(3days)

by day two most docile cats will be out looking to interact

 

Term
assessing aggression in dogs
Definition

behavioral assessments

-food aggression

Term
common behavioral problems in dogs
Definition

fear aggression

resource guarding

separation anxiety

Term
common behavior problems in cat
Definition

inappropriate elimination

(urination/defication)

Term
much aggression (dogs) is based on what
Definition

fear

 

same reason they destroy thing when left alone - fear

also one reason cats eliminate outside the litterbox - fear

Term
how do you teach an aggressive dog to let go a toy?
Definition
teach them that giving up one toy means getting something better
Term
best way to manage behavior issues
Definition
enrichment and exercise
Term
dog trainers
Definition

prevent bahavior problems from starting

 

APDT association of professional dog trainers

Term
behavior consultants
Definition

experts at behavior modification techniques

 

IAABC

international association of animal behavior consultants

Term
certified animal behaviorists
Definition

handle the more complex problems

 

applied animal behaviorist-certified

Term
veterinary behaviorist
Definition

handle cases requring medication

 

very few - 2 per state maybe

Term
what is the point of behavioral medication
Definition

reduce anxiety so the animal can learn

not a sedative for the animal

 

must be paired with training

Supporting users have an ad free experience!