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ANSC 222 Exam 2 Lec 1
Nerves
43
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
10/11/2011

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Term

Central Nervous System

CNS

Definition
  • 2% of animal's weight
  • contains 15% of blood volume
  • uses 20% of all oexygen
  • uses 50% of all glucose
  • brain and spinal cord: encased in bone
  • has interneurons
  • processes, integrates, stores and responds to info from PNS
Term
Afferent
Definition

PNS going to CNS

involves sensory neurons

Term
Efferent
Definition
CNS to PNS
Term

Peripheral Nervous System

PNS

Definition
  • is the nervous tissue outside of CNS
  • consists of sensory receptors and nerves
  • detects stimuli and transmits info to the CNS and receives info from CNS
  • 2 divisions: sensory and motor

 

Term
Input Zone
Definition
Dendrites and cell body (soma)
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
trigger zone
Term
Axon
Definition
  • conducting zone
  • extension of plasma membrane
  • typically single
  • send signals
Term
Axon Terminals
Definition
  • Output zone
  • convey electrical or chemical message to other cells
  • Ca2+ enters here through open channels and bind to synaptic vessicles
  • here synaptic vesicles fuse w/ membrane and release neurotransmitter
Term
Nucleus
Definition
  • In CNS
  • cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function
  • similar to ganglion of PNS 
Term
Ganglion
Definition
  • In PNS
  • structure is cell bodies of neurons involved in similar functions
  • Similar to nucleus of CNS

 

Term
Tract
Definition
  • in CNS
  • myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles
  • analogous to the nerve in PNS
Term
Nerves
Definition
  • in PNS
  • myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles
  • analogous to the tract in CNS
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
connected directly to the brain
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
connections between the PNS and spinal cord
Term
Sensory Division
Definition
part of the PNS that transmits action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS
Term
Motor Division
Definition
  • part of the PNS that carries action potentials away from the CNS in cranial or spinal nerves
  • 2 divisions: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
part of the motor division of the PNS that innervates skeletal muscle
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
  • part of the motor division of the PNS
  • innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
  • 3 divisions
  • is a balance between activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
  • is essential for normal homeostasis of many physiologic systems
  • nerves here contain both afferent and efferent fibers
Term
Sympathetic Division
Definition

part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

 

is most active during physical activity(fight or flight)

Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition

Part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

 

regulates resting functions (rest and digest division)

Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition

part of Autonomic nervous system

controls the digestive system

Term
sensory neuron
Definition
  • detect info from the outside world or internal body conditions
  • afferent neurons transmit to CNS
Term
motor neurons
Definition
  • send signals AWAY from CNS to elicit response
  • efferent transmit away from CNS
Term
Interneurons
Definition
neurons from interconnections between other neurons in the CNS
Term
Microglia
Definition
  • small cells of the CNS with spiny processes
  • immune cells, scavenging invaders and debris
  • have phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons
Term
Neurons
Definition
only make up 10% of all cells in the CNS
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
  • support cells of the CNS
  • most abundant, versatile and highly branched
  • make up the blood-brain barrier
  • guide migrations of neurons
  • mop up leaked potassium(K) ions recycling neurotransmitters
  • supply energy sources for neurons (glycogen, lactate) in the metabolism

 

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition

produce myelin that covers the neurons

cell of the CNS

Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
  • produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • lines the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
  • cells of the CNS
Term
Dendrites
Definition
  • extensions of plasma membrane
  • may be single or branching
  • incoming signals
Term
Soma
Definition

a.k.a. the cell body

contains nucleus and organelles

Term
Myelin
Definition
  • fatty(protein lipid), sheath around most long axons
  • protects the axon
  • electrically insulate axons
  • increase the speed of nerve impulse
  • "white matter
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
exhibits voltage changes in response to stimulation
Term
Electrical Potential
Definition
a difference in electrical charge from one point to another
Term
Resting membrane potential
Definition
about -90 mV
Term
Diffusion
Definition
  • passive transport
  • gases and a few small, uncharged molecules can passively diffuse across
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
  • passive transport
  • rate of diffusion depends on chemistry of solute and its concentration
Term
Active Transport
Definition
move AGAINST concentration gradient
Term
Cell membranes
Definition
  • selectively permeable- only some solutes can cross
  • their function is to compartmentalize
Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition
allow for control of movement across membranes
Term
important factors for plasma membrane potential
Definition

Na+/K+-ATPase

 

fixed anions in the cell

 

proteins in the cell

Term
functions of the nervous system
Definition

communication

 

coordinating activity of tissues

 

sensing the environment

Term
membrane potential
Definition

provides passive energy for transport of nutrients across membranes

 

allows for nerve impulses (action potentials)

 

allows for muscle contraction

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