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| The “four fields” of anthropology |
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Definition
-Biological (Human Evolution, Human Biological Differences, Primatology)
-Archeology (Material Culture, Pre Historical Civilizations)
-Cultural (study of cultures, shared practices, most common, but least well known)
-Linguistic (Human Language, Historical, Structural, Cultural)
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| Holistic Aspect of Anthropology |
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Definition
| study of the whole of the human condition: past, present and future: biology, society, language and culture |
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| Comparative Aspect of Anthropology |
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| Tries to answer the questions of why cultures are both diverse and similar |
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| field work in a particular culture |
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| 4 Subfields of Cultural Anthropology |
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| Ethnography, Ethnology, Etic, Emic |
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| comparative study of cultures |
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| someone you develop a close relationship with who in the culture who shares things with you |
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| living in the remote locations of the culture that one is studying |
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the father of American anthropology, circa 1900
• Native Americans, pacific northwest
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o Father of fieldwork because he got stuck in Papa New guinea
o Trobriand Islands (near New Guinea)
o Argonauts of the Western Pacific
o First Extended stay
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| gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment |
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| a culture comes up with a new idea on its own and start practicing it |
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| Borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries |
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| The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either or both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct |
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| different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society |
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| Cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation |
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| Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries |
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| the accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems |
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| Using one’s own culture to judge another |
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| All cultures are equally valid |
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| Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection |
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| knowledge of the sounds of a language |
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| knowledge of which sounds have meaning in a language |
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| knowledge of how sentences are formed in a language |
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| ability to determine the meaning of sentences |
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| Animal communication vs. Human language |
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Definition
-Many animal language is genetic, not learned
-Limited number of sounds
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| a basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present |
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| A basic feature of language; the ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers |
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| The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems |
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| the study of human diversity across time and space |
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| distinctly human; transmitted through learning; traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs |
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| the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem |
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| study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences |
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| Archeological Anthropology |
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| reconstructs, describes and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains |
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| studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time |
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| _______ is something that humans do not share with apes |
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| Anthropologist Leslie White believes that culture originated when? |
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Definition
| the ability to use symbols emerged |
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| Why is individualism an example of a core value? |
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| Because it helps to integrate and distinguish American culture from other cultures |
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| What is a human cultural universal? |
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| an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide |
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| an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different language |
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| True or False: interviewing key cultural consultants is a part of participant observation |
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| the long-term study of a community, region, society, or culture |
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| an early anthropological theory that categorized societies according to the stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization |
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| his idea of the culture core would not include the group’s religious beliefs |
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| a structuralist who studied myths in order to find elementary structures of thought that are common across cultures |
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| studied European immigrants to the United States -was important because it showed that human biology can be changed by cultural forces |
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| The anthropologist portrayed in Appreciating Anthropology, who works in a New Orleans graveyard is practicing ________ |
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| cultural resource management |
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| an early student of Third World urbanization who focused on the contrasts between urban and rural life |
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| the belief that a development project that was successful in rural Nigeria should be applied in rural Nepal, too, simply because both settings are rural is an example of ______________ |
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| infection carried by snails and other worms |
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| ____________ have helped most to spread AIDS in eastern Africa |
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| Naturalistic disease theories |
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| theories of illness, present within a culture, which explain diseases and illnesses in impersonal terms |
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| looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures |
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| What kind of places have the fastest population growth rates? |
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| the idea that all languages have a common structural basis because the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language |
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alternation between styles of speech included in a linguistic repertoire of an individual speaker
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| the principle of linguistic relativity |
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| says that all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication |
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| Languages that have descended from the same language |
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