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Animals
inverts, fish, tetrapods
37
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/02/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Unifying Characteristics of ALL animals (5)
Definition

1. Nervous system (except Porifera)

2. Extracellular matrix w protein fibers

3. Cell junctions 

4. seuxal repro via sperm and egg 

5. hox gene (except Porifera) 

Term

Classification: Tissue Types 

Presence (example) 

Absence (example)

Definition

Presence: Eumetazoa (all other phyla)

Absence: Parazoa 

Term

Classification: Body Symmetry 
Radial (def and example)

Bilateral (def and example)

Definition

Radial: oral/aboral sides 

Radiata: Cniderians, Ctenophores 

 

Bilateral: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior 

Bilateria: all other phyla

Term

Classification: Body Cavities 

Acoelomate (def and ex)

Pseudocoelomate (def and ex)

Coelomate (def and ex) 

Definition

Acoelomate: diploblastic, no body cavities 

Cnideria, platyhelminthes

Pseudocoelomate: triploblastic, mesoderm surrounds only  outside of endoderm

Rotiferia, Nemotodes 

Coelomate: triploblastic: Body cavities completely surrounded by mesoderm 

All others 

Term

Classification: Embryonic Development 

Protostomes vs Deutrostomes

Cleavage 

Blastopore 

(examples) 

Definition

Protostomes: Spiral mitotic cleavage,

determinate cleavage

blastopore: mouth first 

(platy, rotifers, mollusks, annelids, nemotods, arthro)

Deuterostomes: Radial mitotic cleavage, 

indeterminate cleavage 

blastopore: anus first 

(echinoderms, chordates) 

Term
Porifera anatomy
Definition

osculum, spongocoel, ostia, choanocytes, amoebocytes, mesohyl, spicules 

 

Term

Cnidaria anatomy 

hydra 

Obelia medusa 

Definition

hydra: mouth/anus, tentacles with cnidocytes, epidermis, mesoglea, gastrodermis, gastervascular cavity, nematocysts 

[image]

Term

Platyhelminthes anatomy

Planaria 

Definition

ocelli, auricles, pharynx, pharyngeal pouch 

[image]

[image]

Term
Rotifera anatomy
Definition

corona, mastax, digestive tract 

[image]

Term

Annelida anatomy 

earthworm 

Definition

metameres, pharynx, esophagus, aortic arches, seminal vesicles and receptacles, crop, gizzard, intestines, nephridia, anus 

[image]

Term

Porifera 

GI: 

Repro: 

Definition

Sponges
GI: Specialized for filter-feeding:                                                                                              ostiaàamoebocytesàspongocoelàchoanocytesàosculum

Mesohyl contains spongin fibers and spicules of CaCO2/silica
Repro: broadcast spawning or asexual budding 

Term
Radiata: Cnideria
Definition

(hydras, jellyfish, corals, anemones)

Diploblastic, acoelomate

GI: Gastrovascular cavity

NS: Nerve net

Repro: broadcast

Cnidocytes, nematocysts 

Term
Ctenophora
Definition

(comb jelly, bioluminescent)

Diploblastic, acoelomnate

GI: Complete gut – separate mouth and anus

NS: Nerve net

Repro: broadcast

Term
Platyhelminthes
Definition

(planaria, tapeworms, parasitic flukes)

Triploblastic, acoelomate

Cephalization: ocelli (photoreception) auricles (chemoreception) 

GI: Incomplete gut: ventral pharynx

GU: protonephridia, flame cells

NS: Nerve net + central ganglia, lateral/transverse nerve cords

Repro: sexual or asexual (hermaphrodic)

Proglottids segments, full of eggs breaks off

Term
protonephridia
Definition

(platyhelminthes only) 

osmoregulation allows them to live in freshwater 

flame cell removes excess water

Term
Rotorifera
Definition

Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate

Cephalization: corona, mastax

Repro: parthenogenesis: save energy when low resources 
amictic diploid eggsàfemale

haploid eggsàmales fertilize other diploid eggs 

Term
molluska
Definition

(gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods)

Triploblastic, coelomate

GI: complete w radula

GU: metanephridia able to reabsorb

NS: nerve cord

Circ: open circ w heart – hemolymph (O2 and nutrients)

Repro: external fertilization: trochophoreàveligeràadult 

Term
Annelida
Definition

(segmented worms, polychaeta, earthworms, leeches)

Segmented metameres

GI: complete unsegemented tract: pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines 

GU: metanephridia in each metamere

NS: cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cord

Circ: aortic arches with blood and hemoglobin

Repro: sexual repro, internal fertilization, seminal vesicles 

Term
Nemotoda
Definition

(parasitic roundworms, c. elegans)

Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate, longitudinal muscles

GI: Complete w stylets (fangs)

GU: excretory cells and ducts

NS: simple brain w nerve cords

Repro: internal fertilization, vagina, ovaries, uterus 

Term
Arthropoda
Definition

(spiders, millipedes, centipedes, insects, crustaceans)

Exoskeleton segmented tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen

Cephalization: ommatidia, antennae

NS: Brain with ventral nerve ganglia

GI: mouth, crop, stomach, intestines, rectum

Circ: open circ system w hemolymph

Resp: tracheal system, book lungs

 GU: malphghian tubules for uric acid

Repro: sexual repro, female lays fertilized eggs 

Term
Echinodermata
Definition

(sea stars, urchins)

Radial symmetry, deuterostome

Water vascular system: tube feet, ampullae

GI: evertable stomach

GU: None, osmoconformer

NS:  nerve cords 

Term

Chordata

(4 characteristics and subphyla)

Definition

(tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates)

Characteristics of chordate:

1.     Notochord

2.     Dorsal hollow nerve cord

3.     Pharyngeal slits

4.     Postanal tail

 

Urochordates: larval shows all 4 traits, as adults only slits

Cephalochordata: all four traits as adults

Vertebrata: three or four traits as adults

Term
Chordata: Craniates
Definition

Myxini: Hagfish 

Cranium: enclose brain

Neural crest: embryonic cells that make jaw, cranium, peripheral nerves 

Term

Chordata: 

Vertebrata 

Definition

Petromyzontida: Lampreys 

Vertebral column is bony 

Endoskeleton 

complex interal organs: liver 

Term

Jaws: Gnathostomes and Chondrichthyes

resp

circ

NS

repro

Definition

Cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays 

placoid scales: calcified tissues, teeth evolved from scales 

resp: uncovered gill slits, continuous swimming 

Circ: 2-chambered heart, single circulation 

NS: lateral line to detect pressure waves

Repro: ovoviviparous vs viviparous 

 

Term

Bony fish: Ostiechthyes

2 subclasses 

Definition

bony skeleton 

operculum gill flap 

swim bladder 

Actinopterygii: Ray finned (most successful) 

Resp: countercurrent exchange 

Actinistia: lobe finned: lungfish 

most similar to tetrapods, appendages, gills + lungs 

Term
Major selection pressures of life on land and animal adapations (5)
Definition

1.     Higher O2 content: evolution of lungs

2.     Lack of buoyancy: stronger limbs

 

3.     Variable habitats: more specialization in characteristics

4.     Variable temperature: ectothermic to generate own heat

5.     Limited water availability: conserving water, not needed for repro

Term

Amphibians

resp 

circ

repro 

Definition

Require terrestrial and aquatic environments

 Resp: buccal pumping

Circ: 3 chambered heart, closed circulation, maintains BP

Repro: external fertilization, female lays eggs, eggsàtadpoleàadult

 

Frogs/toads (anurans)

Salamanders/newts (caudata): paedomorphosis: retain juvenile traits 

Term

Critical innovations for life on land

Amnionic egg (membranes) 

Definition

Amnion: inner membrane

 Yolk sac: nutrients

Allantois: embryonic waste sac

Chorion: gas exchange for embryo 

Term
critical innovations for life on land (4)
Definition

Thoracic breathing: contract diaphragm to create (-)P

Keratinized skin: protection

Internal fertilization: no water required

 Kidneys: water conservation 

Term
Birds able to fly because... (4)
Definition

1.     Feathers – keep warm and enable flight

2.     Lightweight skeleton – hollow bones

3.     Air sacs – efficient breathing

4.     Reduction of organs: single ovary, no bladder 

 

Term
Mammals are unique because... (4)
Definition

1.     Mammary glands – secrete milk for newborns

2.     Hair – temperature regulation, endothermic

3.     Differentiated teeth – incisors, canines, molars

4.     Enlarged skull – large brain, single lower jaw, pinnae 

 

Term
Viviparous vs ovoviviparous
Definition

viviparous: placenta (mammals) 

ovoviviparous: yolk (birds, reptiles) 

Term

Nervous systems: 

Nerve Net 

Cerebral Ganglia 

Subdivided Brain 

CNS/PNS

Definition

Nerve net: net of tissues control contractile muscles,

no brain

Cniderians, ctentophores (w nerve ring: echinoderms)

Cerebral Ganglia w cords: sensory touch, photo-chemoreception, motor swimming, feeding 

Platyhelminthes, molluska, annelids, nemotods

Subdivided brain: cephalization, coordinated sensory and motor 

Arthropods, celphelopods 

CNS/PNS: hindbrain: basic reflexes, midbrain: sensory, forebrain: cognition 

Chordata 

 

Term

Circulatory system 

gastrovascular cavity 

open circulation 

closed circulation 

2-chambered, 3-chambered, 4-chambered hearts

Definition

gastrovascular cavity: single opening to outside, diffusion, cila promotes circulation 

cniderians, platyhelminthes

open circulation: hemolymph pumped by heart into body cavity 

arthropods, mollusks 

closed circulation: blood pumped by heart into vessels, BP

annelids, cephalopods, vertebra 

2-chambered heart: single circ with gills 

fish 

3-chambered heart: double circ, mixed blood 

amphibians, reptiles 

4-chambered heart: double circ (pulmonary and systemic) 

crocs, birds, mammals

Term

Respiratory system 

diffusion 

tracheal system 

gills 

lungs: tidal breathing 

lungs: crosscurrent air sacs

Definition

diffusion: nutrients move across cells in body cavities 

cniderians, platy, rotofers, echinoderms 

diffusion through skin: only amphibians 

tracheal system: surface of exoskeleton

spiracles-->trachea-->trachioles (amphibians)

gills: buccal pumping, ram ventilation (fish)

lungs: tidal breathing: diaphragm -P (mammals)

crosscurrent air sacs: separate air quality (birds)

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