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Animal Science
Exam 2
43
Accounting
Undergraduate 2
04/07/2008

Additional Accounting Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Mammal Characteristics
Definition

-mother produces milk for their young

-parental care is most advanced

-brain greatly advanced over reptiles and birds.

-cerebrum and cerebellum are greatly enlarged

Term

Anatomical Characteristics of Mammals

 

skin, body, and skeletal

Definition

-skin is rich in sweat glands (sweat, sebaceous, mammary)

-four regions of the body (head, neck, body, tail)

-most are quadrupeds (except cetacea=whales and dolphins, and sirenia=seacow)

-presence of hair (except whales, hippopotamus, elephant, rhino, etc.)

-skeletal differences from lower vertebrates

*epiphyses---limit final growth

*attachment of skull and mandible

*mammals are the only animals with teeth set in sockets (except for crocodile)

Term

Anatomical Characteristics of Mammals

 

(inner body, organs, feeding habits, reproduction)

Definition

-presence of a muscular diaphragm=important for breathing

-lungs hang freely in cavity of chest

-homeothermic=about 99 degrees F - i.e. in humans

-Non-nucleated RBC

-some are carnivores

-some are herbivores

-some are omnivores

-VIVIPAROUS

-ova are small and yokeless, *except in Monotremata

Term

Monotremes

 

(3 species)

Definition

-oviparous

-duck-billed platypus

-spiny anteater

 

Term

Viviparous

 

Marsupial

Definition

-young attached by primitive placenta

-short gestation, then continue "gestation" in the marsupium (pouch)

-about 280 species

-Joey by hand, one in pouch, one in uterus

 

Term
Gestation
Definition

the time from fertilization to birthing

Term
Functions of Hair
Definition

-camouflage

-insulation

-protection (abrasion, sunburn)

-sensory organs

-communication

           *announce presence

           *communicate social information

           *gender

Term
Viviparous Mammals
Definition

-True Placental Animals

          -all other mammals (about 4,300 species)

          -young attached to mother by a complicated placenta

         -gestation lasting from a few weeks (rodents) to 22-24 months (elephants)

Term
Placenta
Definition

-tissue develops from embryo

-tissue is parallel to uterine wall

-vascular systems are side-by-side so nutrients and washes transport across

-developing fetus is somewhat protected

Term
Habitats of Mammals
Definition

-most are terrestrial

-some are burrowers

-some are arboreal

-some are acquatic

-some fly

-some are diurnal

-some are nocturnal

Term
How Mammals move
Definition
  • Walking and running
    • Plantigrade = bear, human, etc= walking on sole of foot
    • Digitigrade (cat, dog, etc)= walks on toes
    • Unguligrade (hooved animals)=walks on hooves
  • Leaping--rabbits, hares, gerbils
  • Climbing--squirrels, monkeys
  • swimming
    • paddle with limbs = volves, platypus, dogs, humans, etc
    • use tail = otters, beavers, etc
    • tail only = whales, dolphins, etc
  • parachuting-- some marsupials, rodents and insectivores
  • flying--bats, flying foxes
Term
Some orders of Mammals
Definition
-         Monotremata                          Platypus, spiny anteater-         Marsupilia                               Kangaroo, opossum-         Insectivora                              Mole, shrew, hedgehog-         Rodentia                                  Rat, mouse, squirrel-         Lagomorpha                           Rabbits, hares-         Carnivore                                Cat, dog, fox, ferret-         Ungulate                                 Deer, giraffe, goat, sheep, cattle, horse-         Primate                                   Monkey, ape, man
Term
Order=Rodentia
Definition
  • Largest mammalian order
  • Mammals with four special teeth
    • 2 upper and 2 lower chisel-like incisors
    • also back teeth for chewing
  • Generally herbivorous (with exceptions)
  • Examples
    • rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, cavies, chinchillas
    • NOT bats, badgers, ferrets or rabbits
Term

Rodents

 

(feed, young, reproduction)

 

Definition
  • most will feed on seeds or alfalfa pellets
  • teeth need to be worn down
  • young are 'pups' and most are altricial
  • most have very short reproductive cycles and gestation periods
Term
Rats
Definition
  • a numerous species
  • NOT INDIGINOUS TO N. AMERICA
  • Can be very destructive
  • have a very good sense of smell
  • reproduce very quickly
  • nocturnal
Term
Domestic Mice
Definition
  • Club in England since 1800
  • First club in US in 1950
  • Mouse shows are divided into 7 varieties based on coat type and 5 sections based on color
  • Clubs in IL, MI, maybe WI
Term

Gerbils

Definition
  • Same family as hamsters
  • native to deserts of Asia, Africa, Europe
  • pets are usually Mongolian gerbils
  • hop around like kangaroo
  • desert animals, so drink very little water
  • very little odor
  • nocturnal
  • can be left alone up to a week
  • short-lived
  • reproductive life often ends quickly
  • seizures are fairly common (20-40%)
Term
Hamsters
Definition
  • short-tailed gerbils (sort of)
  • most pets are Golden (syrian) hamsters
  • have internal cheek pouches which they stuff with food
  • generally dont get along with other hamsters
  • two males MAY be able to live together
  • two females will usually fight
  • male and female will get along for mating, then fight
Term
Cavy (Guinea Pig)
Definition
  • Native to South America
  • Raised as a food animal there
  • male=boar, female=sow
  • physical characteristics
    • 'football shaped'
    • no tail
    • short legs, 4 toes on front and 3 toes on back feet
    • heavy skull
Term
Guinea Pigs
Definition
  •  
    • cacannot handle cold weather
  • need to be kept above 32 degrees
  • differences in reproduction
    • usually only 2-3 per litter
    • pups are precocial
    • can have breeding groups (1 boar, 5 sows)
  • Sows need to be mated before 6 months or not at all
  • Housing
    • can be simple
    • can be outdoors in summer with ample shade
  • Feeding
    • lots of fiber (alfalfa cubes, etc)
    • grass hey
    • cecum is well-developed
    • add a salt ring to lick
    • require vitamin C
Term
Chinchillas
Definition
  • Bushy tail like squirrel
  • known for their soft fur
  • native to Andes Mountains
  • need to be kept cool
  • often are nervous, though some can be calm
  • need a bath every few days
  • reproduction
    • can group mate (1male: up to 7 females)
    • small litters=2 on average
    • young are precocial
  • inbreeding has caused some problems
Term
Mammalian Reproduction
Definition

-Puberty: The period during which secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained

-long bone growth stops (epiphyses closes under influence of estrogen)

Term
Reproduction in Rat and Mouse
Definition
  • Puberty (aggression, territoriality)
    • Weight approx. half that of adult animals
    • immature female vagina is closed (hymen)
    • Vagina opens at puberty
    • testes descend into scrotum of the male
    • behavioral changes
    • vocal changes
    • change in pheotypic appearance
Term
The Estrus Cycle
Definition
  • Rats and mice are polyestrus
  • cycle from puberty until senescence
  • average length of cycle is 4-5 days
  • able to be mated and multiply quickly

The estrus cycle is divided into four cycles: proestrus, estrus, metestrus & diestrus

Term
Proestrus (one day)
Definition
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) level increases
  • FSH is from the anterior pituitary gland
  • some follicles begin to grow and mature
  • stimulated follicles produce estrogen
  • estrogen produces secondary sexual development
Term
Estrus--- sexual receptivity (12-24 hours)--- caused by estrogen (in heat)
Definition
  • FSH and estrogen levels high
  • Progesterone level is low
  • Only time female will accept male
  • Surge of LH (lutenizing {turning yellow} hormone) occurs
  • LH is also from the anterior pituitary gland
Term
Metestrus--- ovulation (12hours) {most animals reproduce spontaneous}
Definition
  • follicle opens and releases ovum
  • rats and mice are spontaneous ovulators
  • contrast to induced ovulators?

 

Term

Diestrus--period before next proestrus (2 days)

Definition
  • corpus luteum (CL) forms in raptured follicle
  • progesterone (stops further reproduction cycle) level is high (secreted by CL)
  • If no pregnancy, CL regresses and new cycle begins
  • Prostaglandin causes CL regression

THERE ARE CYCLIC CHANGES IN VAGINAL EPITHELIUM DURING THE CYCLE OF RODENTS

Term
Copulaton and Mating Behavior of Mice
Definition
  • Nocturnal Breeders
  • Many intromissions before ejaculation
  • spontaneous ovulators vs induced
  • May mate 12-20 times in a 12-hour period
  • If there is an infertile mating pseudopregnancy may last 13-16 days
  • a 2year old mouse or 3yr old rat is quite old
Term
Gestation and Parturition
Definition
  • Mouse 19-21 days; Rat 21-23 days
  • No cyclic changes in vaginal epithelium during pregnancy
  • Changes in mammary gland apparent after 14 days of pregnancy -- not important
  • Fetuses can be palpated through the abdominal wall
  • Mucous and blood discharge from vagina 1-4 hours before partuirtion--- giving birth
  • parturition comeplete in four hours---pupping (birthing)
Term

Postpartum and Lactation

 

Rats and mice

Definition
  • an immediate postpartum estrus in mice and rats (willing to be mated right away)
  • lactation for three weeks
    • If there is a new pregnancy the gestation is longer and the lactation is shortened
  • Average little size in mice is 4-7 and rats 6-10
  • young can be sexed by distance between the anus and the genital papilla. Male 2x
Term
Rabbit and Hare
Definition
  • Induced ovulators
    • what other animals are induced ovulators
    • precocial (hare)
    • altricial (rabbit)
    • both make nest from ventral fur
    • can not retrieve young
Term
Menstrual cycle
Definition

- average of 28 days (range 21-35)

- day 1 (first day of menstrual flow)

- follicular phase days (1-13)

- day 14 ovulation (LH)

    - day 14-15 fertilization

    - egg picked up by fimbria of fallopian tube

- day 20 implantation

- day 14-28 luteal phase (progesterone)

Term

Hormones

 

Estrogen

Definition
    • produced by cells in the follicle
    • necessary for development of secondary sex characteristics in the female
    • stimulates estrus (heat)
    • positive and negative feedback
Term

Hormone

 

FSH

Definition

-produced in the pituitary

-acts on the ovary to stimulate growth of follicles

Term

Hormones

 

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

Definition

-produced by pituitary

-stimulates sex steroid hormone production

-causes ovulation

Term

Hormones

 

Progesterone

Definition

-produced by corpus luteum

-acts at the pituitary to block the LH surge thus preventing ovulation

-maintains pregnancy

Term
Prostaglandin
Definition

-destroys the corpus luteum

-stimulates production of relaxin

Term
Oxytocin
Definition

-produced by the posterior pituitary

-causes uterine contractions

Term
Relaxin
Definition

-relaxes the cervix, pelvic bones

-blood level increase prior to the onset of labor

Term
Prolactin
Definition

-stimulates milk release

-initiates milk secretion after parturition

-stimulates maternal behavior

Term

Rabbits and Hares

 

order

family

Definition

-order=lagomorpha

-family=leporidae

-characterized by large front teeth, but with small teeth behind the uppers

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