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Animal Physiology Test 2 Chapter 8
N/A
110
Biology
Undergraduate 3
03/18/2014

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Term
Three functions of the neural system in organisms
Definition
Receive sensory information from the environment
Process information
Produce motor output
Term
Three parts in the process of information
Definition
transduction of the signal
communication among neurons
integration of signals at neural soma
Term
At the minimum, information must go through the
Definition
processor (spinal cord)
Term
Sensory information is acquired and encoded by ______ cells and is filtered and processed by neurons in the ____. This information is integrated with info from other sensory _______ and with ________, eventually activating motor neurons that control _______ to produce appropriate behaviors.
Definition
receptor
CNS
modalities
memories
effectors
Term
A monosynaptic reflex arc consists of
Definition
a receptor neuron that synapses onto a motor neuron, which activates muscle fibers
Term
When neurons are interconnected,
Definition
activity can be coordinated
synchronization of muscle contraction
more effective locomotion
Term
Peripheral nerve trunks emerge laterally and carry ____ and ____ axons to
Definition
motor
sensory
viscera, muscles, and skin
Term
Neuronal somata are located
Definition
on the surface of the ganglion
Term
Processes of neuronal somata are located
Definition
in the neurophil located inside of the ganglion
Term
Crayfish: Each segment of the body houses
Definition
one ganglion
Term
Crayfish: connectives contain ____ that carry info between ganglia. The nerve roots that link ganglia contain ___ and ___ axons
Definition
axons
sensory
motor
Term
Nervous systems are based primarily on one cell type:
Definition
neuron
Term
Organization of Nervous systems are based on
Definition
reflex arc
Term
Evolutionary trend towards
Definition
centralization and cephalization
Term
Complex organisms have more ______ than simpler organisms
Definition
neurons
Term
Complexification of N.S. involves _____ to the basic system, not ________
Definition
addition
substitution
Term
The relative size of brain regions related to a sensory function is related to its
Definition
necessity for the survival of that species
Term
Vertebrates in particular, brain topography resembles
Definition
body map
Term
CNS consists of
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Info about environment is acquired by ______ receptors and is brought to CNS by ____ neurons. Animals response is shaped by ______ neurons.
Definition
sensory
sensory
motor (efferent)
Term
Two types of motor system
Definition
somatic
autonomic
Term
Somatic
Definition
voluntary
controls skeletal muscles
Term
The ANS is divided into two parts
Definition
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Term
ANS controls
Definition
smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands
Term
Spinal cord protected by
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid and the vertebrae
Term
The information goes into the
Definition
dorsal horn
Term
The motor output comes out the
Definition
ventral horn
Term
White matter
Definition
composed of myelinated axons (lipids)
Term
Grey matter
Definition
cell bodies and dendrites. Where a lot of our synapses occur
Term
Each segment of the spinal cord is connected to structures in the periphery by paired ______ _____, through which ______ signals enter, and by paired ______ _____, through which _____ signals leave.
Definition
dorsal roots
afferent
ventral roots
efferent
Term
Vertebrae are separated by
Definition
intervertebral discs
Term
Cerebrum size
Definition
increases with complexity in vertebrates
Term
Tectum size
Definition
maintained throughout organisms
Term
Cerebellum is highly developed in
Definition
birds and mammals
Term
Cranial nerves are along a ________ axis of symmetry
Definition
bilateral
Term
In the frog, ____ common olfactory nerves…this is preserved among many vertebrate species
Definition
12
Term
Neurons are only _ percent of the brain
Definition
4
Term
The rest of the brain is called
Definition
glia
Term
Most glia are
Definition
astrocytes
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
considered the cement of the brain. Architecture of the brain. They are also being implicated in maintaining the integrity of the CSF.
o Also may be involved in some kind of synaptic clearance of neurotransmitters
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
known to provide myelin sheath to the axons. Found in the CNS. Schwan cells do the same thing OUTSIDE the CNS.
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
line the fluid filled cavities of the brain. The FFCavities of the brain provide the CSF of the brain. There is a non-random pattern of flow of CSF in the brain.
Term
Microglial cells
Definition
a number of resident tissue macrophages. Provide on site protection.
Term
I
Definition
Olfactory
Term
II
Definition
Optic
Term
III
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
IV
Definition
Trochlear
Term
V
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
VI
Definition
Abducens
Term
VII
Definition
Facial
Term
VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Term
IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Term
X
Definition
Vagus
Term
XI
Definition
Spinal accessory
Term
XII
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
integration of visual information
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
integrates hearing, memory, and learning
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
motor association, integrates inputs to determine of how we will move.
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
sensory association
Term
Sulci
Definition
deep fold
Term
There is a large amount of association areas –
Definition
increase in amount of allotted brain space proportion in animals that are larger and more complex
Term
Information coming from the ___ and ____ occupy about half of the human somatosensory cortex
Definition
face and hands
Term
Medulla
Definition
responsible for respiration, depth of breathing, breathing rhythm. Integration of autonomic system.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
equilibrium. Bigger animals have a more convoluted one. Associated with coordination of motor input and output. Not directly connected to the spinal cord.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
hub. All sensory information comes in, serves as a relay station.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
lower than the thalamus, receives blood from general circulation. Not protected by the blood brain barrier. It monitors the condition of the body. Control and regulation of survival system.
Term
Info is input into
Definition
thalamus and hypothalamus spreads to rest of brain
Term
Thalamus integration
Definition
can integrate normal information and “tune it out.” Can also recognize alarming noises
Term
Three protective layers in a human brain
Definition
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Term
Dura mater
Definition
underneath skull. Relatively speaking, hard to pierce
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
thin ,spiderlike veins. Contains the capillaries that service the brain. Exchange with the ventricals that contain the CSF
Term
Pia mater
Definition
membrane layer just underneath arachnoid mater. Follows every nook and cranny of the brain.
Term
Reasons for a lot of exchange in capillaries (4)
Definition
-The exchange surface is very thin – one cell thin
-Don’t have sealed up gaps – allows for exchange through pores
-Lipid soluble substances can diffuse across the endothial wall (very rare)
-Most things go through pores
Term
Brain capillaries characteristics
Definition
-thickness
-Pores sealed by tight junctions
-More regulated method of exchange
-No bulk flow
-Must move things from the plasma into the EC fluid of brain by carrier mediated transport
-For example, glucose will have to cross two membranes in this, as opposed to flowing in with water in a regular capillary
-Astrocytes form a loose wall around the capillary, allows for tiny bits of bulk flow around them.
-Lipids can make it across the blood-brain barrier
-Really a barrier to hydrophyllic substances
Term
Sympathetic is like the
Definition
gas pedal
Term
Parasympathetic is like the
Definition
brake pedal
Term
Organs are ____ ________ by the two systems
Definition
dually innervated
Term
From the spinal cord to the organ, we require two neurons
Definition
preganglionic and postganglionic
Term
Both systems have a common length to travel, but the sympathetic nervous system _________ seem to be longer than the postganglionic nerves
Definition
preganglia
Term
Sympathetic comes from
Definition
thoracic and lumbar regions
Term
Parasympathetic comes from
Definition
cervical and sacral regions
Term
The soma of preganglionic nerves lie within
Definition
CNS
Term
Preganglionic neuron synapses in a _______ _____ onto a _______ neuron, which contacts the target ______.
Definition
peripheral ganglion
postganlionic
organ
Term
The preganglionic neurons of both divisions are _______, but the neurotransmitters of postganglionic neurons _____.
Definition
cholinergic
differ
Term
Postganglionic neurons of parasympathstic
Definition
cholinergic
Term
Postganglionic neurons of sympathetic
Definition
adrenergic, using nonrepinephrine as a neurotransmitter
Term
Presynaptic neurons synapses in
Definition
peripheral ganglion
Term
Postsynaptic neurons synapses on
Definition
effector
Term
The functional unit of the ANS is the
Definition
autonomonic reflex arc
Term
Autonomic Reflex Arc:
Sensory info passes directly through the _____ _____ ______, synapsing in the CNS. Motor output from higher centers synapses onto a _______ neuron whose soma is located in the CNS, which in turn synapses onto _______ neurons in a ______ ______ _______, located outside of the CNS. Postganglionic neurons synapse onto the _____ _____.
Definition
sympathetic chain ganglion
preganglionic
postganglionic neurons
synpathetic chain ganglion
target organs
Term
The neurotransmitter that is used in all autonomic synapses
Definition
Ach
Term
Postganglionic neurons often have special structures in place of
Definition
terminal buton
Term
Sympathetic chain ganglion
Definition
very close to the spinal cord
Term
Parasympathetic ganglion
Definition
very close to effector
Term
The efferent pathway of the somatic nervous system contains
Definition
one neuron
Term
Somatic system innervates
Definition
the skeletal muscles
Term
Somatic neuron emanates from the
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Junction between motor neuron and muscle is the
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
Receptors on skeletal muscles are
Definition
ligand gated ion channels (the ligand in this case is acetylcholine)
Term
The receptors on the postganglionic neuron that accept Ach are called
Definition
nicotinic receptors
Term
Parasympathetic only uses ____. The receptor on the effector is a different kind of receptor called _______ that accepts Ach. G protein linked
Definition
Ach
muscarinic
Term
Adrenalin and norepinephrine are secreted to the ______, which makes them _________
Definition
blood
hormones
Term
Alpha receptors are
Definition
stimulatory
Term
Beta receptors are
Definition
inhibitory
Term
Blood vessels receptor type and effect
Definition
a1, a2 - constriction
b2 - dilation
Term
Heart receptor type and effect
Definition
B1 - tachycardia; increased contractility
a1 - increased contractility
Term
Bronchi receptor type and effect
Definition
b2 - relaxation
Term
Thrombocytes receptor type and effect
Definition
a2 - aggregation
Term
Kidneys receptor type and effect
Definition
a1, a2 - vasoconstriction
b1, b2 - renin release, inhibition tubular sodium reabsorption
Term
Adipocytes receptor type and effect
Definition
A2 - inhibition lipolysis
b1, b2, b3 - lipolysis
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