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Animal Physiology
Exam #2
52
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/11/2015

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Cards

Term
Two types of convection
Definition
Unidirectional and tidal
Term
Maximum size of an organism that can rely on diffusion alone?
Definition
10^-3 m
Term
At what size must an organism rely on circulation?
Definition
1 m
Term
What variable(s) in Fick's Law corresponds to pure diffusion through surface?
Definition
x (Membrane thickness)
Term
What variable(s) in Fick's Law corresponds to invaginations in respiratory surface?
Definition
x (membrane thickness) and A (cross-sectional area of membrane)
Term
What variable(s) in Fick's Law corresponds to active convection of air?
Definition
dNs (concentration gradient of oxygen)
Term
Diffusion is adequate for organisms with BLANK mm thickness
Definition
<1 mm
Term
Diffusion is effective in organisms with what 3 characteristics?
Definition
Large surface, very low thickness and a sedentary lifestyle
Term
Insect trachea are a pathway for...
Definition
O2 & CO2
Term
Spiracles
Definition
Entrances to the trachea in insects
Term
Spiracles act to
Definition
Control air flow, regulate water loss and keep out dust
Term
Which organism has the highest metabolic rate of any known tissue and why?
Definition
Insects due to effective tracheal system
Term
Does O2 move faster through water or air?
Definition
Air (250,000x faster)
Term
How close are tracheoles to each other?
Definition
Less than 3 cells apart
Term
What mode of transport does the insect trachea system use?
Definition
Ventilation and diffusion OR diffusion alone
Term
In the insect trachea system BLANK is used more rapidly than BLANK is produced
Definition
O2, CO2
Term
BLANK is stored in insect tissues during respiration
Definition
CO2
Term
What occurs during the open phase of insect ventilation?
Definition
CO2 is expelled and water is lost
Term
When tissues are at rest, what happens to the tracheoles in an insect?
Definition
Filled with fluid to reduce gas exchange
Term
Compressible bubble
Definition
Edges of bubble can move and thus the area can decrease as volume decreases
Term
Incompressible bubble
Definition
Can resist hydrostatic pressure and thus the partial pressure of O2 can remain below that of surrounding H2O
Term
Which gas is predominately exchanged across frog skin?
Definition
CO2 (Most organisms exchange more CO2 than O2 across the skin)
Term
Mammalian inhalation
Definition
Increase in thoracic volume which decreases pressure so air can rush in
Term
Mammalian exhalation
Definition
Increase in pressure so air rushes out
Term
Humans have what kind of convection?
Definition
Tidal flow
Term
Birds use what kind of convection?
Definition
Unidirectional
Term
Birds thoracic cavity (does/does not) change significantly during respiration
Definition
Does NOT
Term
Bird inhalation
Definition
Fill air sacs (2 cycles)
Term
Bird exhalation
Definition
Empty air sacs, fill lungs (2 cycles)
Term
What type of organism has tube-shaped lungs with little invagination?
Definition
Amphibians
Term
Amphibians breathe via (+/-) pressure
Definition
Positive (bicycle-pump)
Term
Amphibian inhalation
Definition
Fill buccal cavity by swallowing air when glottis is closed, then open glottis
Term
Amphibian exhalation
Definition
Buccal cavity compresses, glottis closes and nares open
Term
Ratio of respiration to hops in kangaroos
Definition
1:1
Term
Ratio of wing flapping to respiration in birds
Definition
Varies (3:1 - 1:1)
Term
Ratio of wing flapping to respiration in bats
Definition
1:1
Term
Ram ventilators
Definition
Obligate anaerobes that must continually swim to pass water over gills
Term
Which has a higher diffusion coefficient for O2 and CO2, water or air?
Definition
Air (8000x larger)
Term
A larger diffusion coefficient means that diffusion will occur (faster/slower)
Definition
Faster
Term
What kind of convection occurs in fish?
Definition
Unidirectional
Term
What's so special about lamprey respiration?
Definition
Lampreys have tidal flow rather than unidirectional like other aquatic organisms
Term
What occurs during the first phase of teleost fish breathing?
Definition
(Suction phase) Buccal cavity and opercular cavity expand so water flows through both
Term
What occurs during the second phase of teleost fish breathing?
Definition
(Force phase) Oral cavity closes and both the oral and opercular cavities compress forcing water to exit
Term
Fish generally have (larger/smaller) respiratory surfaces than mammals of similar weight
Definition
Smaller
Term
Birds have the (largest/smallest) respiratory surfaces
Definition
Largest
Term
3 pathways to get O2 in
Definition
Skin, respiratory organ, circulation
Term
2 convective systems
Definition
Circulation and respiration through organs
Term
What drives O2 into mitochondria?
Definition
Diffusion via a pressure gradient
Term
How many O2 molecules can Hb bind?
Definition
4
Term
Which has a higher affinity for O2, Mb or Hb?
Definition
Mb
Term
Mb saturates at (higher/lower) partial pressure of O2
Definition
Lower
Term
How can oxygen respiration curves vary and what do they represent?
Definition
In shape (reflective of different respiratory pigments) and in height (reflective of how much respiratory pigment is present/unit of blood AKA oxygen carrying capacity)
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