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animal phys 2
test 2 animal phys
152
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/28/2010

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Term
enzyme which breaks down noepinephrine (Catacolamine nuerotrans)
Definition
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Term
classic antipsychotic - enhanced norepinephrine
Definition
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Term
norepinephrine binds to
Definition
alpha and beta
Term
parasympathetic system uses ____ receptors
Definition
muscarinic, and acetyl choline at the target
Term
agonist is...
Definition
a drug that stimulates the postsynaptic receptor
Term
competitive binding agents are _____
Definition
antagonists
Term
the major mechanism of action potential termination is
Definition
reuptake
Term
how would you make a drug a more optimized for reuptake inhibiting?
Definition
make sure it has a higher affinity than the receptor's natural substrate
Term
what kind of agonist is a reuptake inhibitor?
Definition
indirect agonist
Term
What is the drug, cholinergic Muscarine?
Definition
an agonist at the muscarinic Ach receptor, mimics effect of acetyl choline and all the parasympathetic targets (ANS)
Term
what happens when the parasympathetic sympathetic tone increases?
Definition
increase salivation, nausea, blurred vision, labored breathing
Term
what effects would a muscarine antagonistic drug have?
Definition
increase of sympathetic nervous system (relational to parasympathetic) dilates pupils, speeds breathing, speeds heartrate, increased blood pressure
Term
is nicotine an example of an agonist or antagonist at the Ach receptor?
Definition
agonist
Term
what would an antagonist (Curare) at the nicotinic Ach receptor do?
Definition
paralysis
Term
keeping a receptor constantly open is called...
Definition
depolarization blockade
Term
Botox - botulinium toxin, works by what method?
Definition
prevents Ach release in the ANS
Term
Sarin - nerve gas works by what mechanism?
Definition
inhibition of Ach metabolism via an enzyme (indirect mechanism)
Term
effects of increasing acetylcholine
Definition
muscle spasms, depolarization blockage (results in death)
Term
(Catecholamine drugs) Phenylephrine (anti-allergy)
Definition
alpha receptor agonist
Term
(Catecholamine drugs) Propanolol (social anxiety, blood pressure)
Definition
"beta blockers" beta-receptor blockers
Term
Catecholamine antagonistic drugs lower...
Definition
the sympathetic response
Term
(cata drugs) Ephedrine and amphetamines
Definition
cause release of catecholamines
Term
cocaine (Cate)
Definition
cate reuptake inhibitor (increases sympathetic tone)
Term
what makes a chemical a hormone?
Definition
passage through the blood to far-away cells from a endocrine gland, endocrine cell, neurons, or cytokine immunity cell
Term
how much hormone is needed to exert effect?
Definition
not much
Term
Classes of hormones
Definition
peptides/proteins, steroids, amino acid derivatives
Term
what is the hormone called when it first inactively comes off of the ribosome? where does it go?
Definition
preprohormone goes to the ER
Term
what is a hormone called once its signal is cleaved in the ER?
Definition
prohormone
Term
how many hormones does one preprohormone contain?
Definition
many! And they can be different
Term
can peptides cross the bilipid layer?
Definition
no, they use G-protein coupling and tyrosine kinase coupling (2nd messenger system)
Term
why / how do 2nd messenger systems work?
Definition
when an item cannot cross the membrane, it will bind to a membrane receptor, and the receptor responds by causing some change inside the cell, without the substrate ever entering.
Term
what are genomic effects? how fast are they?
Definition
hormone-caused changes in protein synthesis or MRNA, slow.
Term
why can steroid hormones cross the membrane? How do they travel in blood?
Definition
they are lipophilic, they travel by carrier protein
Term
where are adrenal glands and what do they do?
Definition
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) - hormonal component of fight/flight, gland is above kidneys
Term
speed-determiner for steroid hormones
Definition
they have to unbind from protein to diffuse in, they have receptors though a(2nd messenger). The cell-surface creates faster effect
Term
what do steroids alter?
Definition
mRNA and eventually protein synthesis, slow
Term
what are the two areas of the pituitary?
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
the posterior pituitary is an extension of...
Definition
neural tissue, the hypothalamus
Term
posterior pituitary releases:
Definition
vasopressin and oxytocin
Term
how is the anterior pituitary different from the posterior?
Definition
Term
what is the median eminence?
Definition
the basal hypothalamus
Term
what is the advantage of pituitary's portal system? (adeno hypothesis)
Definition
needs less hormone
Term
what do trophic or RH hormones do?
Definition
control release of another hormone
Term
what are the steps a hormone goes to before getting to its target?
Definition
come from hypothalamus, released into portals at median eminence, released into anterior pituitary, then to bloodstream, then to target.
Term
name the release pathway
Definition
increase in releasing hormone from hypothalamus, causes increase in the hormone, causing an increase in steroid release at the target.
Term
what is the HPA axis?
Definition
Term
name the three steps of the HPA
Definition
1. hypothalamus releases hypophysiotropic hormone
2. anterior pituitary releases tropic hormone
3. target gland releases 3rd hormone
Term
where is cortisol released? what does it do?
Definition
from the adrenal cortex, it turns off the HPA axis (negative feedback) at TWO places.
Term
does the actual action of the ANS provide negative feedback to the pituitary, or a signal cascade?
Definition
actual effect mediates the sequence
Term
What stimuluates CRH release? (cortical tropin releasing hormone)
Definition
neural factors of stress
Term
where is CRH released?
Definition
median eminence
Term
hormones are cleaved from _____
Definition
prohormones
Term
the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the release of _________
Definition
glucocorticoid (released in humans and fish) or corticosterome (other)
Term
What does ACTH do?
Definition
feedback - inhibits the stress response (CRH)
Term
what does limbic system activation do?
Definition
cause stress response (CRH)
Term
steroidogenic cells take up _____
Definition
low density lipoproteins (which generate CRH)
Term
ACTH stimulates the ______ and _____ of cortisol
Definition
synthesis and release
Term
adrenal gland releases:
Definition
glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens
Term
adrenal medulla releases:
Definition
EPI (epinephrine) and cortisol
Term
HPA response vs ANS - which is faster?
Definition
ANS, HPA is genomic
Term
what does cortisol do in the body?
Definition
rising glucose levels, cardiac output, lower immune function, (stress response)
Term
what does cortisol do in the brain?
Definition
cause vigilance, arousal, decreases CRH release, reduces ATCH levels
Term
chronic increase in glucose causes
Definition
diabetes, muscle-wasting
Term
chronic increased cardiac output?
Definition
hypertension
Term
stress response causes (constant vigilance)
Definition
effects brain, anxiety/depression, cognitive deficits
Term
chronic lowered digesterion causes
Definition
dwarfism, ulceration,
Term
negative feedback problems - example from the hypothalamus - CRH up causes...
Definition
elevated ACTH and Cortisol, negative cort feedback doesn't work.
Term
negative feedback issues -2ndary due to ________ ex CRH but ACTH and Cort up
Definition
pituitary
Term
pathology at adrenal gland causes....
Definition
Term
a rise in cortisol is indicative of
Definition
stress
Term
depression manifests with cort as
Definition
high basal levels, remains elevated long after stressor
Term
combined hormones are ______
Definition
greater than the sum of their parts
Term
a permissive hormone needs ....
Definition
a second hormone in order to exert full effect
Term
functional antagonist
Definition
counters effect, not necessarily at the same receptor
Term
insulin is a ....
Definition
functional antagonist
Term
how is energy stored?
Definition
trigycerides made from fatty acids and glycerol.
Term
lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus cause...
Definition
lateral- hunger
ventromedial - saity
Term
leptin secretion (Fatostat)
Definition
Term
leptin inhibits ______ which is makes it like a ____ signal
Definition
neuropeptide Y, satiety
Term
absorptive state is ....
Definition
movement of food into blood during 1st 4 hours, energy from glucose used as fuel
Term
table 22.2
Definition
review it!
Term
can the brain make glucose?
Definition
no
Term
22-2 - metabolism and "fasted" state.
what do muscles use for energy?
what is the function of the liver?
Definition
Term
what are the two sources of fuel for the brain?
Definition
glucose and ketone bodies
Term
how are blood glucose levels raised?
Definition
hormones:
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Term
how are blood glucose levels lowered?
Definition
insulin
Term
insulin increases during ...
Definition
feast
Term
when insulin levels fall
Definition
catabolic processes increase
Term
what stimulates insulin release?
Definition
amino acid increase, high blood glucose, active parasympathetic neurons
Term
insultin stimulates ....
Definition
glucose uptake by cells
Term
insulin does not alter glucose uptake in the _____
Definition
brain
Term
how does glucose react to other parts of the body (eg liver)
Definition
Term
cells in the pancreas release _____ in response to an ____ in ____ levels
Definition
insulin, increase, glucose
Term
GLUT-4 ______ increase causes an increase in _______ of ______ due to ______
Definition
transporters, uptake, glucose, insulin
Term
insulin causes production of more ....
2nd messenger is....
Definition
transmembrane proteins to take up glucose
tyrosine kinase
Term
insulin increase causes uptake of amino acids by ____ which rises ____
Definition
skeletal muscle, protein synthesis
Term
insulin also increases production of triglycerides aka ...
Definition
fat
Term
major target organ of glucagon is the...
Definition
liver
Term
rising glucagon causes rising ...
Definition
gluconeogenesis + others
Term
pancreatic beta cells release
Definition
insulin
Term
what burns first - fat or muscle?
Definition
fat
Term
ketones are used during _____ produced by ______ by breakdown of ______
Definition
fasting, liver, fatty acids
Term
hyperglycemia is caused by ....
Definition
raise in glucose, non-functional insulin
Term
diabetes mellitus occurs because of ...
Definition
inadequate insulin action
Term
diabetes insipidus does not cause....
Definition
glucose purge in urine
Term
hallmark of type 1 diabetes?
Definition
not enough insulin
Term
hallmark of type 2 diabetes?
Definition
insulin resistance - insulin is present
Term
type 1 diabetes is an _______ disease
Definition
autoimmune
Term
in type 1 diabetes ______ is produced
Definition
no insulin
Term
what does lack of insulin cause breakdown in?
Definition
proteins and fats
Term
hyperglycemia is ...
Definition
the state of high glucose output and low uptake
Term
breakdown of fats causes ______ with glucose in diabetes
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
exercise increases....
Definition
use of fatty acids of fuels
Term
exercise increases WHAT not due to insulin?
Definition
glucose transporters
Term
what 3 diseases go together?
Definition
diabetes, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis
Term
what do thyroid hormones do?
Definition
increase oxygen consumption in tissues
Term
are thyroid hormones essential for life?
Definition
no
Term
thyroid track
Definition
thyroid release hormone, thyroid stim hormone, thyroid hormone is then secreted, provides negative feedback
Term
(permissive) to get full effect of reproductive hormones you need...
Definition
TH (thyroid) and reproductive hormones
Term
research synthesis and release of T3 and T4, thyroglobulin
Definition
Term
thyroid hormones travel through blood by...
Definition
connection to plasma proteins
Term
what are thyroid hormones?
Definition
transcription factors
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone comes from....
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
a person with hyperthyroidism feels (warm/cold)
Definition
warm
Term
compare hyper to hypo thyroidism
Definition
Term
what does the parathyroid gland do?
Definition
regulate Ca levels (gives off hormone to stimulate higher levels)
Term
what does Ca control ?
Definition
muscle contractions, signaling
Term
calcitrol
Definition
Term
calcitonin
Definition
opposes parathyroid hormone - decreases Ca
Term
where does Ca come from?
Definition
GI track, bones, cellular stores
Term
where does Ca go?
Definition
reabsorbed by kidneys or eliminated
Term
what is AVP
Definition
ADH
Term
what does oxytocin do?
Definition
partuition = birth
Term
what does cervix do for pregnancy?
Definition
get soft
Term
what is CRH
Definition
corticotropin releasing hormone (releases stress response hormones)
Term
what does oxytocin do during labor?
Definition
strengthens the contractions
Term
what stimulates oxytocin at childbirth?
Definition
- stretching of uterus
Term
what is a vasoconstrictor and example?
Definition
controls bleeding, oxytocin
Term
which is more effective at retaining water? Oxytocin /Vasopressin?
Definition
vasopressin
Term
ibuprofin stops synthesis of....
Definition
prostaglandin
Term
what is oxytocin's positive loop?
Definition
uterine wall stretched >>> causes contractions >>> causes stretching >>> oxytocin is released >>>> causes contractions
Term
who produces oxytocin and AVP?
Definition
mammals
Term
breastfeeding stimulates.....
Definition
oxytocin release
Term
exocrine glands excrete in to ________
Definition
ducts
Term
prolactin is an _____ pituitary peptide hormone
Definition
anterior
Term
sequence of suckling reflex
Definition
mechanoreceptors in nipple, afferent neurons in spinal cord, hypothalamus, (split- prolactin releasing hormone, anterior pit, prolactin, milk produced) neurohypophysis, oxytocin, milk ejection
Term
increasing oxytocin shows a decrease of aciton in the _______
Definition
amygdala
Term
what part of speaking is Wernick's area involved in?
Definition
meaning
Term
what does the limbic system do?
Definition
makes meaning of sensory input from emotional perspective
Term
what does the parasympathetic branch mainly excrete?
Definition
Ach
Term
which system uses muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors use what kind of neurotransmittor?
Definition
Ach
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