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Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom Flashcrads
119
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/12/2016

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Term
What is an instar?
Definition
It is the period of time in-between the ecdysis of an insect
Term
How does a protostome blastula develop?
Definition
It develops with spiral cleavage and the blastopore becomes the mouth and the and then anus develops later. It is also determinate, every cells fate is restricted.
Term
How does a deuterostome blastula develop?
Definition
It develops with radial cleavage and the blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth develops later. It is also indeterminate, every cells fate is not yet to be determined.
Term
What kind of animals are in the protostome group?
Definition
The Ecdysozoa (insects, chelicerates, crustaceans, and nematode worms), the Platyzoa (rotifers (simple organisms with the species with only females) and Lophotrochozoa (molluscs and annelids)
Term
What kind of animals are in the deuterostomes?
Definition
The Chordates (The vertebrates), Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) and the Hemichordates (acorn worms)
Term
What does bauplan mean?
Definition
Body plan
Term
What is meant by homoplasy?
Definition
It is the name given to a specific similar characteristic derived independently through evolution in two separate organisms.
Term
Homologous?
Definition
A feature that a group of organisms all share and that was also shared by a common ancestor
Term
Analogous?
Definition
A feature that a group of organisms all share but was not shared by a common ancestor
Term
Convergence?
Definition
The tendency to develop a homologous feature due to similar environments. (e.g. Dolphin and Sharks)
Term
What are Choanoflagellates?
Definition
The group of organisms that are believed to be most related to the animal kingdom.
Term
Tight junctions?
Definition
Membranes of adjacent cells that fuse and communicate through this fusion
Term
Desmosomes?
Definition
A cross junction type of communication involving strong protein filaments.
Term
Gap junctions?
Definition
Communication ports between cells which use chemical messages to communicate.
Term
What is Receptor Tyrosine Kinase?
Definition
An enzyme unique to animals and choanoflagellates which is a cell communication enzyme.
Term
Porifera?
Definition
Sponges
Term
Placazoa?
Definition
Simplest non-parasitic multicellular organism
Term
Cnidiria?
Definition
Jellyfish with their polyp branching stage and then the fertile medusa stage (jellyfish looking stage)
Term
Ctenophora?
Definition
The simple comb jellies, cilia swimming mechanisms
Term
Rotifera?
Definition
Simple microscopic pseudocoelomated animals. (No circulatory or Respiratory system)
Term
Annelids?
Definition
The ringed/segmented worms (earthworms and leeches)
Term
Molluscs?
Definition
Animals such as bivalves, snails (gastropods) and squid & octopi (cephalopods)
Term
Brachiopods?
Definition
Have dorsal and ventral shells unlike bivalves but similar looking to bivalves
Term
Platyhelminthes?
Definition
Flatworms
Term
Nematoda
Definition
Round worms
Term
Tartigrada
Definition
Water bears
Term
Onychopora
Definition
Velvet worms
Term
Arthropoda
Definition
Insects, chelicerates, crustaceans and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
Term
Characteristics of sponges?
Definition
Diploblastic (have two layers of cells) which include and outer pinacocytes and choanocytes)
Choanocytes are the filter feeding cells
Take in water through the ostia and then pump water out through oscula
Sexual reproduction through sperm intake and then release of fertilised choanocytes.
Term
Siphonophores?
Definition
The order of cnidarids that group synchronously together from the same polyp to form a 'super organism' that will act as one organism to get food? E.g Portuguese man o' war
Term
Acoelomate?
Definition
Condition of having a solid body with all the tissues between endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm all being solid/
Term
Pseudocoelomate?
Definition
'Fake' body cavity with a fluid filled gap in between the end term and mesoderm
Term
Coelomate?
Definition
There is a cellular lining and the fluid filled gap within the mesoderm. In more advanced animals located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.
Term
Oligochaetes?
Definition
Earthworms. Have skin surface gaseous exchange.
Term
Hirundaes?
Definition
Leeches. Can consume 10x their weight and mostly carnivorous. E.g. Bobbit worm
Term
Polychaetes?
Definition
Small order of annelid worms that have complex eyes with lenses and retinas
Term
Gastropods?
Definition
Snails and slugs. Most types will undergo a torsion which twists their body to balance their organs above their body. Have their gills, anus and kidneys above their head.
Term
Mollusc key features.
Definition
- Radula
- Coeloms
- Cephalopods will also have a beak made from ambergris and melanophores which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment granules, termed melanosomes.
Term
Lophophore?
Definition
The mouth parts of animals like bivalves which are horseshoe shaped and are bear small ciliated tentacles for filter feeding
Term
Sea Spiders?
Definition
Pycnogonids
Term
Horseshoe crabs?
Definition
Merostomata?
Term
Merostomata exciting features?
Definition
A pair of compound eyes with 4 other pairs of simple eyes.
Haemocyanin blood which is copper based, not iron.
Limulus amoebocyte lysate is an antibiotic that can break down bacterial LPS and is harvested for the merostomata
Term
Arachnids special features?
Definition
Spider silk production.
Waxy cuticle
Internal gaseous and circulatory systems.
Term
Crustaceans are biramous. Fuck does that mean?!
Definition
Crustacea have branched appendages which means they have a pair of antennae which branches to form two pairs
Term
What other groups of animals have haemocyanin blood other than merostomata?
Definition
Crabs, lobsters, krill and woodlice. Malacostraca group
Term
Most crustaceans are borns as Nauplius larvae? Care to explain?
Definition
These larvae are non segmented and have one eye. They then become more complex, lose that eye and develop more complex eyes.
Term
What makes Barnacles so special?
Definition
Giant penis and hermaphrodite... Pretty special ey...
Term
Odonata (insect)?
Definition
Unable to fold their wings up, like dragonflies, mayflies and damselflies
Term
Orthoptera? (insect)
Definition
Can fold their wings into basal sclerites. Crickets (long antennae) and Grasshoppers (Short fat antennae)
Term
What is a sclerite?
Definition
a insect body plate which is used by wings to attach and hinge off of.
Term
Hemiptera? (insect)
Definition
Have sucking mouth parts, these are known as the true bugs.
Term
Coleoptera? (insect)
Definition
Beetles. Mainly plant eaters.
Term
Neuroptera? (insect)
Definition
Similar to the beetle but have net like wing venation and mainly predatory.
Term
Hymenoptera? (insect)
Definition
Ants, wasps and bees. Majority of the species are parasitic wasps.
Term
Lepidoptera? (insect)
Definition
Butterflies, moths and skipper butterflies. Wigs covered in scales and long proboscis and have an obvious pupal and larval stage with strong metamorphosis.
Term
Diptera? (insect)
Definition
Flies. Those nasty little cunts... Hindwings are reduced to halteres which is a balancing organ. Mosquitoes and true flies. Major pollinators, parasites and vectors of disease.
Term
Coevolution
Definition
How organisms have an evolutionary relationship with each other and they evolve to escape or out do another insects evolution.
Term
What principles do insects use in flight?
Definition
Delayed stall and wake capture. This uses a slight rotation of the wing at the of the wing stroke too.
Term
What is the theory of how insect wings came about?
Definition
They were thought to be thermoregulators due to fast twitching muscles that grew into useful aero tools.
Term
What is the joint that a wing will pivot on? (PWP)
Definition
Pleural Wing Process (PWP)
Term
Three types of muscles that help move the wing of an insect...?
Definition
Power (indirect, asynchronous) Control (direct, synchronous with the tension) Tension (synchronous moves with the control) that set the rigidity of the thoracic box
Term
What are the three types of eye that an insect can have?
Definition
Apposition - Majority of insects
Superposition - Most nocturnal insects
Neural superposition- Flies
(ALL DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF COMPOUND EYES)
Term
Why is there no Oxygen debt in insect flight muscles?
Definition
Lack enzymes to make lactic acid, efficient ventilation throughout body and wing and fats can often be broken down as a substrate.
Term
What is a regular height of some bees flight altitude?
Definition
4000m. They can cope with lower air densities by just increasing the wing stroke amplitude (stoke length).
Term
What is a fovea in insects?
Definition
The fovea is an area of the compound eye that provides greater visual acuity than the rest of the insect's eye. Not all insects have one but mainly predatory insects do.
Term
Apposition eye image?
Definition
True mosaic image formed in the brain, each image formed by a singular ommatidium. Each impulse from ommatidium is separate.
Term
Superposition eye image?
Definition
High sensitivity of the eye but the image is poor quality. Rhabdomeres are fused and become almost singular for a group of lenses. Used by the nocturnal insects such as moths and fireflies.
Term
Neural superposition eye image?
Definition
Rhabdomeres not fused and each singular ommatidium forms a singular detailed part of the image but adds to a full image. Has cones for Green, Blue and UV. Not red.
Term
How do insects control their speed and position in the air?
Definition
They look at the position of they surroundings and then they control their speed to do with the speed that everything around them is moving. (Fly through striped cone experiment)
Term
What sacrifices do insects make by having compound eyes?
Definition
They have high sensitivity instead higher acuity.
Term
Ametabolous?
Definition
Insects that gradually grow larger without any strong moulting. Still have around 9-14 instars.
Term
Hemimetabolous?
Definition
Egg and pronymph transition happens in the egg and then a nymph is hatched and then partial metamorphosis occurs between nymph and adult. Can have from 3 to 40 instars.
Term
Holometabolous?
Definition
The complete metamorphosis such as moths and butterflies.
Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult
Term
What are imaginal discs?
Definition
Imaginal discs are the adult discs. They are discs of embryonic tissue and in metamorphosis these discs group and form the major adult features (limbs, wings, gonads).
Term
What is Ecdysis controlled by?
Definition
Hormones called 'Ecdysteroids' which will induce imaginal disc activity and control the moulting of the exoskeleton. Then the tanning hormone Bursicon
Term
Moulting hormone?
Definition
Ecdysteroids.
Term
Juvenile hormones in insects?
Definition
Occur at critical periods but stop being produced when specimen reaches a certain size/wt.
Term
Ecdysis tanning hormone?
Definition
Bursicon. It strengthens the new exoskeleton after the moulting process.
Term
Homeotic mutation?
Definition
When a body part of an organism develops into a different body part, these are controlled by homeotic gene mutations
Term
The Phyla for the Deuterostomes..? C'MON, GET 'EM SON!
Definition
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbelia, Chordata.
All bilateral.
Term
Hemichordate features.
Definition
Chordate like: Gill slits, post-anal tail, CNS.
Unlike: Body in three parts with a single or paired coelomic cavity. Protosome, Mesosome and Metasome. (Head to tail respectively)
Term
Echinoderm features.
Definition
Spiny skin (echin - spiny), only marine, majority have pentamerous radial symmetry but larva have a bilateral symmetry.
Calcium ions and carbonate used to strengthen the internal and external skeleton of starfish.
Larva similar to hemichordate larva.
Strong water vascular features.
Term
Roles of echinoderm tube feet?
Definition
Locomotion, adhesion, prey manipulation and gaseous exchange
Term
Echinoderm respiratory system?
Definition
Tube feet are locate orally and have ability of gaseous exchange.
Papula, Aboral body invagination where air is taken in and gaseous exchange can occur
Term
6 Key characteristics of chordates?
Many species only have these in embryonic development
Definition
Notochord
Longitudinal muscle segments
Muscular post anal tail
Medial fins
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits
Term
What is the notochord?
Definition
large fluid filled cells, packed tightly and wrapped in complex fibrous sheath. In many adult chordates, it is replaced by the functioning skeleton.
Term
What are bones made of?
Definition
Osteoblasts.
Term
What is Dentin (main tooth material) made of?
Definition
Ondontoblasts
Term
What is Cartilage made of?
Definition
Chondrocytes
Term
What is Enamel made of?
Definition
Ameloblasts
Term
What is Cementum (also in teeth) made of?
Definition
Cementoblasts
Term
Special features of gnathostomes?
Definition
Jawed vertebrates
Bilateral paired appendages
Enlarged forebrain
Improved sensory organs
Lateral line organ
Term
What are the three types of drag when swimming?
Definition
Viscous/frictional drag - Friction between body and water
Pressure/inertial drag - Created by pressure differences due to displacement of water when swimming
Wave drag - Occurs when waves of water create turbulence, only close to the surface
Term
Which tissue were first to be mineralised?
Definition
The armoured skin and cone teeth of jawless vertebrates.
Made up of calcium and phosphorous
Created due to evolutionary selective pressures
Term
What is a cyclostome?
Definition
These are the jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish.
They have a round mouth with rows of keratin spines, these are blood sucking parasites. Possess gills to respire while feeding
Term
What is the lateral line organ?
Definition
First developed in gnathostomes, this organ sensory hair cells connected to neuroblasts and it detects water movement and predatory movement in water.
Term
Chondrichthyes?
Definition
Cartilaginous fish, the ratfishes, rays and sharks.
Term
Chondrichthyes' main features?
Definition
Possess cartilage for structural integrity made from chondrocytes.
Placoid sharp scales.
Teeth derived from their sales and grow from the skin.
Term
Osteichthyes fish?
Definition
Bony Fish. Like tuna and pike.
Flattened bony scales
Glands secrete mucus that covers skin
Most possess a swim bladder
Term
Actinopterygii fish?
Definition
Ray finned fish
Term
How to fish maintain water depth?
Definition
Most Chondrichthyes use active lift to keep going up or down but have to keep swimming.
Bony fish (actinopterygii) use the swim bladder (physoclistous (having swim bladder)) which is able to absorb and exude gas from the blood to keep its depth.
Term
What are the three types of motion in water?
Definition
Paddling/rowing/sculling
Undulation
Oscillation
Term
Two types of propulsion?
Definition
Drag based propulsion (pushing water aside and back to push fish forward)
Lift based propulsion (use of hydrofoils at high speeds)
Term
Swimming muscles in fish?
Definition
Red fibres - Contract slowly, many mitochondria and low glycogen - For cruising - Lateral muscles
White fibres - Contract faster, low mitochondria, high glycogen - For quick burst of speed - Core muscles
Term
Ram ventilation?
Definition
When a fish moves fast enough tat just opening their mouths is enough to get sufficient oxygen because they are water enters their mouths and leave through their gills
Term
Eutherians mammals?
Definition
Placental mammals. (All mammals apart from the monotremes and the marsupials)
Term
Cetaceans?
Definition
Complete aquatic mammals such as (dolphins, whales, dugongs)
Term
What is dorsoventral flexion?
Definition
It it is the bending of the spine back on itself allow mammals to bound when they run. This has created faster ways to travel.
Term
Plantigrade?
Definition
Feet like a human and a primate.
Term
Unguligrade?
Definition
feet like a horse or gazelle
Term
Digitigrade?
Definition
Feet like cats and dogs
Term
What makes amphibians so fucking special?
Definition
They have a three chambered heart.
They 'metamorphose' from the larval stage into their adult stage.
Lack a complete rib cage.
Term
What is an amniote? (Clue: Amniotic egg/fluid/gunkous shite)
Definition
Amniotes are the animals that have an amniotic fertilized egg at some point in the embryonic development. Whether it be hard shelled or live birth.
Term
What are the lepidosaurs?
Definition
The ssssssnakes and lizards
Term
What are the archosaurs?
Definition
The crocodilians and birds
Term
What has gradually developed in mammals over the last 300 million years?
Definition
The a done at the back of the jaw that contains the temporal fenestra (the temple)
Term
Who has a more complicated gut, herbivores or carnivores?
Definition
The herbivores, many more enzymes are needed to breakdown plant matter and in fact in humans, symbiotic bacteria is used to breakdown the cellulose.
Term
What is aboreal?
Definition
It is trees, arboreal creatures are the monkeys and apes.
Term
What is the difference between parachuting and gliding?
Definition
Form horizontal, the first 45 degrees down is gliding and then from that point to straight down is parachuting/falling. If you fall off summet, you fell, you didn't parachute...
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