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Animal Disease and Parasites Exam 1
Dr. Prater, Morehead State
61
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2013

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Term
Disease
Definition
any abnormal condition of an animal that causes some dysfunction or affects an organ system or organ function regardless of whether overt sings are present or not
Term
Clinical symptoms
Definition
signs of disease that are overt
Term
Sub-clinical symptoms
Definition
No signs of disease
Term
Pathology
Definition
study of disease
Term
Gross pathology
Definition
To the naked eye
Term
Microscopic pathology (histopathology)
Definition
disease @ the cellular level
Term
Abnormal
Definition
indicates dysfunction
Term
atypical
Definition
doesn't fit norm
Term
Acute
Definition
rapid onset, clinical signs are less that 24-48 hrs
Term
Chronic
Definition
clinical signs of a disease persist beyond 2-3 days
Term
Infectious causes of disease
Definition
bacterial
fungal
viral
protozoal
Term
Primary inflammation
Definition
arthritis (due to old age)
Term
Secondary inflammation
Definition
due to trauma (musculosketletal system or nervous system)
Term
Cardinal signs of inflammation
Definition
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
redness
Term
Primary cancer vs. secondary
Definition
primary is just cancer
secondary is caused by infectious agents
Term
Hereditary
Definition
chromosomal
Term
Congenital
Definition
disorder occurs during pregnancy (may be chromosomal but not necessarily)
Term
Other causes of disease
Definition
metabolic (homronal or nutritional)
nutritional (deficiency or excess)
toxicity (ingestion, plants, chems, human error)
Term
2 components of immune system
Definition
WBC
Antibodies
Term
WBC's and lymphocytes
Definition
WBC travel and kill
lymphocytes send message and kill, memory lymphocytes
Term
antibodies
Definition
large proteins, attracted to antigens, phagocytosis
Term
natural immunity
Definition
species resistance
breed resistance
individual resistance (age, body cond., nutritional/environmental)
Term
acquired immunity
Definition
immunity from an outside source
Term
active immunity
Definition
immune system was stimulated to produce antibodies
Term
passive immunity
Definition
antibodies were obtained from an outside source (oral, injectable, monoclonal)
Term
production groups
Definition
newborn to weanling
weanling to 2 yrs.
adult cows
adult bulls
Term
Bovine Dwarfism
Definition
Inherited
abnormalities of growth plates
hydrocephalus
Term
Double Muscling of cattle
Definition
Inherited disorders (breeds like Charolais, Peidmontese)
common difficulties calving
Term
Arthrogryposis Multiplex
Definition
Curly Calf Syndrome
inherited
Term
Neuropathic Hydrocephalus
Definition
inherited
Term
Freemartin
Definition
congenital female born twin to male clinical signs small vulva/enlarged clitoris failure to show heat absent or underdeveloped ovaries, uterus
Term
Congenital diseases
Definition
abortions(not to term)
stillbirths(to term)
birth defects
-BVD (bovine viral diarrhea
septicemia
limb deformities
nutritional disorders during gestation
White muscle disease
toxins
Term
white muscle disease
Definition
congenital, nutritional
affects cardiac and skeletal muscle
causes cardiac arrest (stillbirth)
give selenium injections at birth and/or supplement dam during pregnancy
Term
limb deformities
Definition
contracted tendons possibly due to improper position in uterus
medical or surgical treatment
Term
Protection against infectious diseases in the newborn calf
Definition
clean birthing area
clean/disinfect navel w/ mild disinfectant
adequate colostrum intake
Term
composition of colostrum
Definition
vitamins
minerals
fat(glucose, lactose)
carbs
antibodies (proteins)
Term
Colostrum properties
Definition
concentrated solution of antibodies
1st mammary product after birth
passive immunity transfer
**make sure baby gets it!!!
**plasma expensive and not concentrated
Term
what colostrum protects against
Definition
bacteria
virus
fungal organisms
parasites
**vaccinate dam for better immunity
Term
Peak absorption of colostrum
Definition
first 6 hours is best
get it in first 24 hrs at least
**calf is not yet ruminant, suck reflex leads to esophageal groove to get absorbed w/out hydrochloric acid denaturization
Term
length of protection from colostral antibodies
Definition
variation b/w antibodies
some 1 some much much more
Term
factors affecting antibody concentration (or colostrum quality)
Definition
-vaccinate dam 6-8 wks prior to parturition
-age of dam
-nutritional status of dam
-diseased mammary system
Term
how much colostrum???
Definition
10% of animal's body weight divided over 24 hr period
(1 qt./ 25 lbs)
Term
Milk clot in calves
Definition
allows for digestion
helps prevent scours
Term
colostrum replacement
Definition
frozen
synthetic replacemnt
Term
factors affecting calf infectious diseases
Definition
environmental contamination
colostral absorption
dystocia (can increase chance 3X's)
Term
injury in birth canal
Definition
prolonged time can lead to hypoxia (dummy calf syndrome)
affects calve's nursing ability and colostral absorption
Term
septicemia
Definition
infection (viral and/or bacterial) that affects multiple organ systems
Term
when do microbes enter newborn?
Definition
prior to birth post calving
Term
post-calving microbe invasion happens how?
Definition
oral navel open wounds
Term
how do microbes affect newborn?
Definition
enter blood stream
seed in many different organs
overwhelm newborn
Term
signs of septicemia
Definition
death
depends on infectious agent
watch for:
depression
dehydration
inability to stand
loss of suck reflex
fever
gums pale
diarrhea
labored breathing
shock
seizures
Term
treatment of septicemia
Definition
fluid therapy (oral or IV)
-H20, electrolytes
antibiotic therapy
-broad spectrum
supportive care
-warm, dry, clean
-nutrition
Term
calf scours
Definition
calf diarrhea
Term
causes of calf scours
Definition
virus
bacterial
protozoal
nutritional
Term
calf scours how?
Definition
bacterial, viral, nutritional
intestine fails to absorb fluids
increased fluid secretion into intestine
combo of both
Term
villi and viruses
Definition
fingerlike projections in lining of intestine that increase absorption area
viruses cut off villi
regeneration occurs 5-7 days
scarring may occur
Term
general treatment of calf scours
Definition
vaccination (if viral) fluids- oral or IV nutrional intake (electrolytes [sodium, chloride], potassium, protein) TLC antibiotics (if bacterial, in appropriate location, can combat secondary bacterial infection)
Term
viral causes of calf scours
Definition
rotavirus (vaccinate dam, profuse watery and/or bloody diarrhea, affects w/in first 24 hrs.)
coronavirus (vaccinate dam,profuse watery stool, not as fatal as rota, affects calves over 5 days of age)
BVD (bovine viral diarrhea) high mortality, vaccinate female prior to breeding
Term
bacterial causes for calf scours
Definition
E.Coli (#1 cause of calf scours, many different strains, some more pathenogenic than others...scours, progressive dehydration, death may occur in hours in severe cases...vaccinate dam during pregnancy)
Salmonella (profuse bloody diarrhea, sloughing of intestine, severe depression and dehydration, may come from carrier animals)
Enterotoxemia (clostridial perfingens, acute bloody diarrhea and death, vaccinate dam)
Term
parasitic causes for calf scours
Definition
coccidiosis (affects calves older that three weeks)
diagnose by fecal exam
blood in stool
treat w/ sulfa drugs, cord, fluids, tlc, clean environment
Term
nutritional scours
Definition
erratic nursing patterns
white/pasty/rank diarrhea
usually self-limiting
make sure calf nurses regularly
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