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Animal Bio - Reptiles
i want to sleep
44
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2012

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Term
Development of a shelled egg
Definition
allows reptiles to live on land
Term
Amniota
Definition
a single monophyletic lineage of tetrapods with shelled eggs
- distinguishes reptiles, birds and mammals from other vertebrates
Term
Reptiles
Definition
First truly terrestrial veretbrates
mostly lizards and snakes
Term
Anapsids
Definition
the earliest amniotes
skull has no temporal opening behind orbits
Term
Diapsids
Definition
living reptilian groups and birds
skull has 2 pairs of temporal openings above and below cheek plus the orbit
Term
Subgroups of Diapsids
Definition
Lepidosaurs (modern reptiles and crocodilians)
Archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodilians and birds)
Sauropterygians (extinct aquatic groups)
Ichthyosaurs (extinct aquatic dolphin-like forms)
Term
Synapsids
Definition
extinct now but they are the ancestors of mammals

their skull has a single pair of openings low on the cheek
Term
Characteristics that distinguish reptiles from amphibians
Definition
1. Reptiles have tough, dry, scaly skin offering protection against dessication and physical injury
2. the amniotic egg of reptiles permits rapid development of large young in dry environments
3. Reptile's jaws are efficiently designed for applying crushing or gripping force to prey
4. Reptiles have some form of copulatory organ, permitting internal fertilization
5. Reptiles have an efficient and flexible circulatory system and higher blood pressure than amphibians
6. Reptiles lungs are better developed than amphibains'
7. Reptiles have evolved efficient strategies for water conservation.
8. All reptiles with limbs have better body support than amphibians and more efficiently designed limbs for travel
9. Reptiles' nervous systems are considerably more complex than amphibian systems
Term
Characteristics that distinguish reptiles from amphibians SUMMARIZED
Definition
1. Skin--> dry environment
2. Shelled/amniotic egg --> dry environment, large young
3. Efficient crushing jaws
4. Copulatory organ for internal fertilization
5. Higher BP and flexible circulatory system
6. Better lungs
7. Water conservation
8. Better body support/travel ability
9. Complex NS
Term
Describe the Shelled, Amniotic Egg (cleidoic egg)
Definition
- allows full terrestrial existence
- amnion and shell support the embryo and minimize water loss
- can lay relatively large young in dry environments
- Chorion and allantois help exchange gasses across the egg to facilitate rapid growth of large young
- large yolk sac supplies nutrients
Term
What minimizes water loss in eggs?
Definition
amnion and shell
Term
what helps with gas exchange across the egg?
Definition
Chorion and allantois
Term
What provides nutrients to the egg?
Definition
a large yolk sac
Term
Why is internal fertilization necessary?
Definition
because the sperm must reach the egg before it is enclosed in the shell
Term
too lazy to write it out.... learn how reproduction occurs
Definition
Term
What keeps the skin from drying out?
Definition
hydrophobic lipids in the epidermis
Term
what are scales primarily made of ?
Definition
beta keratin
Term
What does the skin secrete?
Definition
pheromones
Term
chromatophores
Definition
provide skin colour
Term
What is the advantage of having a secondary palate?
Definition
It completely separates he nasal passage from the mouth in some animals and so they can breathe and eat at the same time (like we do!)
Term
How many chambers do their hearts have?
Definition
3 (crocs have separated ventricles as well)
Term
What is the function of an atroventricular valve?
Definition
allows for 2 functionally separate circulations
separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood
See slide 6 in the powerpoint for diagram
Term
Do reptiles use + or - pressure breathing?
Definition
negative
they pull air into the lung by either expanding the rib cage (snakes or lizards) or moving internal organs (turtles and crocodilians)
LACK A DIAPHRAGM
Term
How get rid of salt? Why do they have to do it this way?
Definition
Use salt glands near the nose or eyes
because their nephrons cant concentrate solutes
Term
How do they conserve water?
Definition
excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid rather than urea or ammonia

(at a low ph it precipitates out so it is a semi-solid… the white area in bird feces is the uric acid. )
Term
What is a reptiles dominant sense?
Definition
vision! they have an enlarged optic lobe in the cerebellum
and more cones than amphibians so probably have good color vision
Term
What is the function of the Jacobson's organ?
Definition
it detect odors (by perceiving odor molecules transmitted by the tongue) carried by the tongue in lizards and snakes
Term
What is the name of Turtles' order?
Definition
Testudines
Term
Describe the turtle's dorsal carapace
Definition
it is formed from an outer horny layer of keratin and an inner layer of bone
- it is a fusion of vertebrae, expanded ribs and the derms
Term
How does the plastron form?
Definition
from bones of the pectoral girdle and the dermal bone
Term
What is a special characteristics of the turtle's vertebrae?
Definition
there are 8 of them and they can be articulated into and S shape to allow them to pull their head into their shell
Term
How do turtles inhale?
Definition
contract their limb flank muscles which increases the abdominal cavity volume
Term
how do turtles exhale?
Definition
draw back their shoulder girdle to compress the viscera
Term
Describe reproduction and development in turtles
Definition
oviparous and internal fertilization.
They bury 5 to 100 eggs in the ground and then the female leaves the nest... they are independent at hatch
Development takes 4 weeks to a year
Term
In turtles, all crocdilians and a few lizards what does nest temperature determine?
Definition
the sex of the hatchlings...
low = males
high = females
Term
Order squamata
Definition
lizards, snakes and worm lizards
Term
What is different between snakes and lizards?
Definition
- lizards have 2 pairs of legs mostly (some reduced limbs)
- lizards have moveable eyelids while snakes have a transparent covering
- lizards have external ears, snakes don't
Term
How do lizards keep their body relatively constant?
Definition
through behavioural thermoregulation (don't go to really cold areas) they are ectotherms
Term
why can snakes eat prey that is several times their diameter?
Definition
they have exceptional skull mobility
Term
How do snakes eat?
Definition
Predators
most grasp and swallow prey alive
constrictors can eat huge prey --> ambush hunters
injecting venom into prey
Term
Order Crocodilia: 3 modern families
Definition
Alligators and caimans (broader snout)
Crocodiles (narrow snout) --> largest most aggressive
Gavial (very narrow snout)
Term
thecodont dentition
Definition
seen in crocodiles --> teeth are set in sockets (was seen in early birds)
Term
secondary palate
Definition
allows crocs to breathe and eat at the same time
Term
nest incubation temperature in crocodiles
Definition
low temp = females
high temp = males
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