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Anglo Saxon history from 750-990s
Overview of important events and people
32
History
Undergraduate 3
04/05/2012

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Term
Charlemange
Definition
o Comes from Carolingian Dynasty
o Rasies himself to kingship in 751
o Defeated Muslium Armies
o First Religiously Annoited king
o Charlemange rules as king from 768 to 840
o Begins a campaign and conquers Italy in 774 and 776, Barmaria, Darnica, Spain and Catolina in 778, The Aavars in thr 790s, Saxony in 804
o Crowned Emperor in 800
 Recreation of the empire
 Ideological Reign in that the king’s job is to protect Christian faith and the King as a justification of loyalty and Justice
Term
Anglo-Saxon Influence on Carolingians and Charlemange
Definition
1.Bonifician missions
a.Emphasized Education, Charlemange surrounded himself with scholars as advisors Alcuin included
b.Latin Language a living language used among monestaries
c.Circular converstion – Gaul assited in Anglo Saxon converstion, but England assisted in Frankish converstion much after.

2. Bede
a.Alcuin, Archetect of Carolingian Renessance felt influenced by Bede’s work – Bede defined what orthodoxy was and the responcibility of Kings to Protect the Church.
3.Economic and Poitical
a.Circulation of Contracts
b.Circulation of coins
c.Marrage and relations between Royal Families
Term
Carolingian influence on England
Definition
o Establishment of a Dynasty in West Anglo Saxon
o Alfred will take in Scholars and have his own Biographer like Charlemainge.
o Concept of oaths being religious – a sin to break an Oath
Term
Alfred The Great
Definition
Lived from: 849-899
Ruled From: 871-899
He is Credited with the creation of England
His life is divided into three stages: Fight to Survive, Reforms and Rewards.
Term
Alfred The Great's Fight to Survive
Definition
871-878

a. Alfred Escapes after Viking Raid of Wessex
b. Through the use of gruella warfare defeats Guthruam and Conversts him to Christianity
Term
Reforms under Alfred the Great
Definition
879-892

a. Reformation of the army or FYRD into two, where one is on duty and the other works the feilds and they rotate. This is to that they can alternate responsibilities, also influenced by Carolingian reforms
b. Reformation of the Navy which was initically made to cope with the vikkings, massive ships with 60 oars, possibily influenced by Charlemange
c. Creation of Burhs which serve as secure places but will also act as economic centres once the fighting is over. Their success as ecomic centers is thanks to southern England commercialization. Charles the Bald used something similar which suggests that Alfred too got this from Carolingians.
d. Intellectual Reform – hired Scholars, the connecting of Mercian and Wessex courts politically
Term
Alfred the Great's Rewards
Definition
893-899

a. Emphasized Educationof Clerics and Noble boys/men
b. Emphasis of education to all high born men and boys – expectation that they will be literate and understand laws
i. This was because Alfred believed that God will only assist those who understand and know religious texts
Term
Wilfrid
Definition
Bishop of York
Appointed in 664-678

o Advocated for the Roman method of calculating when to celebrate Easter
o Bishop of Northumbria – founded monastaties and build chuches
o Converted the Kingdom of Sussex to Christanity
Term
Willibrord
Definition
657-739
Northumbrian Missionary and first Bishop of Utrecht.
Tried to convert Frisians in order for Franks to easily gain control of trading ports (Dorestad) would later come back after pagan king burned churches
Term
Charles Martel
Definition
686-741
Frankish Military and political leader

Mayor of the palace under Merovingian kings
Father of Pepin the short and grandfather to Charlemagne
Term
Concilium Germanicum
Definition
o First Major Church Synod in Eastern Frankish Kingdoms on April 21 742-43
o Who was there: Boniface and his supporters
o Desicions were made on reappoinging bishops and archbishops with fixed sees from those that Charles Martel had put in
o Established the Rule of St. Benedict
Sig: Evidence of Church restructuring influenced by the Anglo-Saxons
Term
Council of Clovesho
Definition
o Series of Synods with Kings and Religious Scholars
o The first Council was in 742 with Ethelbald and St.Cuthburt
 Confirmation of King Withfrid
o The Second Council most influencial 746-747 with St. Cuthburt and King Ethelbald was present
o Showed the Ambition of learned men to share knowelege and to also the close connections the anglosaxon churches were to the roman tradition.
Term
admonitio generalis
Definition
o Carolingian Legislation which pertained to ecclaistial regulation
o Evidence for the Carolingian Renesance
Term
Æthelwulf of Wessex
Definition
795-858
Father of Alfred the Great
o Created a form of succession which the oldest son would be succeeded by the second oldest and so on – Aethelbald, Aethelbersd, Aethelred and Alfred who each became king in that order. Rather than have each son rule divided kingdoms.
o It was through Aethelwulf’s trip to Rome that Alfred was influenced by the royal rituals of Frankia
Term
Edit of Pitres 864
Definition
o By Charles the Bald, who ordered for fortified Bridges to help defeat the Vikings to prevent their longships from sailing into the interior.
o Reformation of Army to include a Cavalry which the king could call at will.
o The bridges are what may have influenced Alfred’s Burhs.
Term
Asser
Definition
Birth date unknown, appointed 895-909
Welsh monk from St.Davids who Alfred Asked to join his court of learned men.

As well as acting as Alfred's intellectual council he wrote Alfred's biography. In the section of Life of Alfried we needed to read, Asser attemps to depict Alfred as an Ideal Christian king – one who seeks education not only to himself but also to men in authority (Ealdormen and Judges)
Term
Sacking of Lindisfarne
Definition
793
By Dane Vikings. Part of 1st initial raids
Lindisfarne was a monastery which contained masses amounts of wealth, the entire monastery was destroyed and sacked.
Term
Reasons for Viking Raids
Definition
1.Commercial Competition
a.Change of trading patterns
b.Demand of wealth changes
2.Political
a.In order reclaim a throne a desposed king or prince had to rebuild his wealth to pay soldiers and show economic power before returning home to take the throne back
3.Opportunism
a.Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were very wealthy, with rich culture
b.Easy access to monestaires as many were on roadways, rivers and costal areas
c.Vikings needed constant violence in order to die with honour, but this suggestion is shakey as many were not very religious and willing to convert
Term
Edward the Elder
Definition
• Defeated the Vikings 878
• Got into a war with Alfred’s cousin Aethelwold
o He claims right to the throne because he is older than Edward
o Ethelworld Alliences himself with the Vikings and looses in 902
• Continues policies similar to Alfred – used Burhs as an economic centre and a way to monitor thefts/crimes
• Applies the strategy of Fosterage, sending his son to Mercia to live with Aethelred and Ethelfid to show loyalty of the two kingdoms
• Edwards Campaings in 910 to 924 eventually makes him brettenwalder – rules all England south of the humber river
• Advocated Venecular preaching and translations of texts
Term
Tithing
Definition
• Created by Edward the Elder
• Organized local males into groups of 9 with 1 senior, to act as a group which provides for eachother by protecting eachothers livestock and catch run away slaves to prevent them from joining bandits or Vikings
• reates a sense of community
Term
Aethelwold
Definition
• Cousin of Alfred the Great
• Claimed that he was supposed to receive the throne after Alfred’s death but never did
• Revolts in 899 against king Edward – killed in the battle of Holme in 903
Term
St.Aethelwold
Definition
Promoted the rule of st. benedict in english monastaries
Term
Religious reforms under Edward the Elder
Definition
1. Completion of Winchester Cathedral
Parallel of King David beginning and King Solomon building of a church

2. Use of Religious advisors are now subject to Edward?

3. Support of Venacular preaching – translations which are readable in the common tounge and aimed to affect the behavior of local populations rather than just the upper classes.
Term
Athelstan
Definition
Ruled from 924-939

• Stonger bonds with mercia as a result of fosterage of his son to Mercia
• Strong rule and sense of ownership over large amounts of land suggest that it made people believe they were freed rather than conquered.
• Laws were Carolingian influenced
o Loyalty as Moral obligation
Term
Edmund
Definition
?-946

• First king to succeed all of England
• Untill the Vikings come back and take Northumbria and East Mercia
• Rule Through Diplomacy
o Is able to take the Strathclude kingdom, give it back to the Scottish king with the intent of destroying Scottish king for Edmund
Term
Edgar
Definition
• Ruled from 959-975
• Little records other than that he kept England free from invasion
• Took the ideal of coronation seriously as a portrayal of his power. Undermining of elete society’s power
Term
Battle of Burnonburh
Definition
• 937
• Strathclyde allied with Scotland and Dublin Norse to invade England and failed
• This was a massive threat and Mercians ended up allying with the English Army
• This was in retaliation for the success Aethelstan had at York which made them all subject to his rule along with the Welsh Princes
Term
Succession Crisis
Definition
• Between Edward the Martyr and Ethelred the unready

Cause :
1. Ligitimacy – A man cannot marry a woman who shared a common great grandparent
2. Regional – East Anglians supported Monks and West Mercians did not – they supported Edward and Aethelred the unready respectively
Term
Athelred the Unready
Definition
979-1016


• Collects a tribute tax to pay Danegelds to Vikings
• His failure is a result of his brutaility – fear does not create loyalty with Ealdormans, lack of stability
Term
Treaty of 991
Definition
• Athelred the Unready with the Duke of Normandy
• Sought to prevent Vikings from stopping at Normandy ports for rest and resupply on their way to England
• Attempt at creating a better relationship with Normandy
• Failed to work effectively
Term
Battle of Maldon
Definition
991

• Source is a poetic centotaph which recorded who of the English died – no telling of the Viking army’s lost
• Byrhthnoth had no choice but to fight them there or chase them across the country side as the Vikings sacked everything
• They asked the Vikings to come across the water for a fair fight – they lose.
Term
Scandinavian Impact on Society
Definition
1.Danelaw receives a larger geographical zone

2.Increase of violence

3.Willingness to look beyond rules
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