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Anemia
Dr. Porter test 1
68
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
08/30/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the definition of anemia?
Definition
A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
Term
What is the function of RBCs?
Definition
To carry oxygen
Term
If anemia is not a disease, what is it?
Definition
A clinical sign
Term
When a patient is anemic, what happens to the RBC count?
Definition
It decreases
Term
When a patient is anemic, what happens the the PCV?
Definition
It decreases
Term
What is the term for the study of the cause?
Definition
Etiology
Term
Clinical signs of anemia vary with....
Definition
cause and severity
Term
What are some clinical signs of anemia?
Definition
Pale mucous membranes, weakness, syncope, tachycardia/tachypnea, cool extremities (maybe), heart murmur
Term
Why would anemic patients develop a heart murmur?
Definition
Because the blood is more watery, this causes turbulence, resulting in a murmur
Term
Other than the bone marrow, where else can RBC's be made?
Definition
The spleen, nodes, and liver
Term
What system contains the spleen, nodes, and liver?
Definition
The reticuloendothelial system
Term
What species has the smallest RBCs?
Definition
Goats (3 microns)
Term
What species has the largest RBCs?
Definition
Dogs (7 microns)
Term
What is the lifespan of RBCs in dogs and cats?
Definition
Dogs: 110
Cats: 70
Term
What protein do RBCs contain?
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
When anemia is present, does hemoglobin increase or decrease?
Definition
Decrease
Term
When does anemia occur?
Definition
When the loss of RBCs exceeds the production of RBCs, you have anemia
Term
What cell does the RE system contain that breaks down, or "eats" RBCs?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
What is hemoglobin composed of?
Definition
-Globin
-Iron
-Unconjugated bilirubin
Term
Is unconjugated bilirubin water soluble?
Definition
No
Term
Where is unconjugated bilirubin converted to conjugated (water soluble) bilirubin?
Definition
The liver
Term
An increase in bilirubin causes what?
Definition
Icterus
Term
What is erythopoietin?
Definition
A hormone released when oxygen levels drop
Term
Where is erythropoietin made?
Definition
In the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the liver
Term
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
Definition
Measures the oxygen levels in the blood
Term
What does erythrpoietin do when oxygen levels are decreased?
Definition
Stimulates the bone marrow to release RBCs and make more
Term
If erythropoietin is present, what type of anemia are you dealing with?
Definition
Regenerative/responsive anemia
Term
What is the most accurate test to evaluate RBCs?
Definition
PCV
Term
Why is it important to do a manual CBC?
Definition
Because machines cannot assess cell morphology
Term
WHy is a reticulocyte count only useful with anemic animals?
Definition
Because it tells you whether an anemia is responsive or nonresponsive
Term
What is a more in-depth way of evaluating RBCs and anemia?
Definition
Bone marrow aspiration
Term
What are automated cell counters used for?
Definition
To get accurate RBC counts/hemoglobin levels to calculate indices and absolute reticulocyte counts
Term
What type of stain do we use to show reticulocytes?
Definition
New methylene blue
Term
Cats have 2 types of reticulocytes, what are they?
Definition
Aggregate and punctate
Term
Which reticulocyte in cats do we count?
Definition
Aggregate
Term
When would you see reticulocytes in ruminants?
Definition
Only in responsive anemia
Term
Will you see reticulocytes in horse blood?
Definition
No, you would have to look at the bone marrow
Term
What type of stain is NMB?
Definition
a supravital stain
Term
Will NMB kill cells?
Definition
no, it contains no fixative
Term
What are the two types of regenerative anemia?
Definition
-Blood loss
-Hemolytic
Term
What happens with immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
Definition
The body will start removing RBCs on its own
Term
What happens with Heinz body hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Heinz bodies are normally present due to toxins which break down the hemoglobin
Term
What is anisocytosis?
Definition
Variation in size of RBC's
Term
In which species is anisocytosis normally seen?
Definition
The cow
Term
Why do we see anisocytosis in responsive anemia?
Definition
Because reticulocytes are normally larger in size than regular RBCS
Term
What is polychromasia?
Definition
Variation in RBC color
Term
Why is polychromasia seen in regenerative anemia?
Definition
Because reticulocytes tend to stain more bluish in color
Term
What is a howell-jolly body?
Definition
A nuclear remnant
Term
What do howell-jolly bodies look like?
Definition
A single blue dot anywhere in the cell
Term
What is basophilic stipling associated with?
Definition
Lead poisoning
Term
How do you tell the difference between basophilic stipling and reticulocytes?
Definition
Basophilic stipling stains blue with diff quick, reticulocytes only stain blue with NMB
Term
What is mycoplasma haemofelis?
Definition
a BACTERIA, that causes feline infectious anemia
Term
What is nonregenerative anemia? W
Definition
When the bone marrow is affected, and not producing new RBCs
Term
What are the mechanisms of NR anemia?
Definition
-Destruction
-Depression
-Depletion
-Degeneration
Term
What can cause NR anemia?
Definition
A number of things including renal disease, infections, drugs, and neoplasia
Term
Why would renal disease be a cause of NR anemia?
Definition
Because no erythropoietin is being produced from the kidneys
Term
What is the mean corpuscular volume?
Definition
The average size of RBCs
Term
What are the units MCV is measured in?
Definition
Femtoliters (fl)
Term
What is it called when the MCV is greater than normal?
Definition
Macrocytosis
Term
What do you have when the MCV is less than normal?
Definition
Microcytosis
Term
Why are most macrocytic anemias regenerative?
Definition
Because reticulocytes are bigger than RBCs and would make the average size larger
Term
What is microcytic anemia due to?
Definition
Iron deficiency. (also seen in hypochromia)
Term
What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?
Definition
the average hemoglobin in the RBCs
Term
What is hypochromia due to?
Definition
Decreased hemoglobin
Term
When should a bone marrow biopsy be done?
Definition
When an unexpected increase or decrease of cells occurs
Term
What can a bone marrow biopsy tell you?
Definition
-if anemia is regenerative
-can evaluate normal wbcs and rbcs
-if there are abnormal cells
Term
What is the most important thing about treating/curing an anemia?
Definition
Finding the cause
Term
How do you find the cause?
Definition
Take a history, perform a PE, and use the many diagnostic aides we have
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