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Ancient Civilizations
3500 to 600 B.C.E.
101
History
10th Grade
08/10/2014

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Gilgamesh


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Definition

The fifth king of uruk ruling for a period of 126 years.

He ruled about 2750 B.C.E.

Term

Epic of Gilgamesh

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Definition

A poem from mesopotamia about gilgamesh and his adventures with Enkidu

Proven to be the first great work of literature in the world

Term

Themes in Epic of Gilgamesh

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Definition
friendship, loyalty, ambition, fear of death, and longing for immortality.
Term

Polytheism 

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Definition
the belief in or worship of more than one god.
Term

Cuneiform

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Definition

one of the earliest known systems of writing

made with weedge shaped characters; 2000 symbols reduced to 300

Term

barter systems

 

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Definition
exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange
Term

Neolithic era

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Definition
The term Neolithic refers to the last stage of the Stone Age. The period is significant for its megalithic architecture, spread of agricultural practices, and use of polished stone tools.
Term

metallurgy

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Definition

the first metal used was copper that could be hammered into shapes for tools and jewelry. 

early tools such as knives, axes, hoes, and weapons were made of copper. 

Term

Hammurabis code

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Definition
 a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1772 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.
Term

Pessimistic views

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Definition
The mesopotamians had a gloomy, unfavorable view of the world possibly due to the irregular, unpredictable flooding of the rivers
Term

Pharaoh

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Definition
a ruler in ancient Egypt
Term

bureaucracy

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Definition
a system of government where the pharaoh's power channeled through regional governers
Term

women status in Egypt

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Definition
much higher than mesopotamia. Women even had the ablity to become a ruler.
Term

city-state

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Definition
an independent city which has its own government
Term

Hatshepsut

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Definition
Fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of ancient Egypt
Term

Nefertiti

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Definition
an influential wife of pharaoh. Icon for many women and cosmetic styles.
Term

Nebuchadnezzar

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Definition
 king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, who reigned c. 605 BC – 562 BC. 
Term

Paleolithic Era

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Definition
prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered
Term

Fertile Crescent

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Definition
arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean
Term

Sumerian science and technology

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Definition

sumerians invent wheel, sail, and plow; first to use bronze.

develop arches, columns, ramps, and pyramids for buildings.

Term

carpe diem

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Definition
"seize the day" theme often presented in the Epic of Gilgamesh
Term

Sargon 

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Definition
was a Semitic Akkadian emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states
Term

King Narmer

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Definition
Creates Egyptian Dynasty and unites lowr and upper Egypt around 3000 BCE. Makes memphis capital
Term

Theocracy

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Definition
government based on religious authority as in Egypt
Term

Pyramids

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Definition
made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 feet high
Term

Uruk

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Definition
The Uruk period existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia
Term

Egyptian science and technology

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Definition

Egyptians invent calender of 365 days and 12 months, system of written numbers and a form of geometry. 

Had skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids.

Term

Hyksos

 

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Definition
move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 BCE
Term

Mummification

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Definition
process that prevents body from decaying. expensive deed to the pharaohs and rulers.
Term

papyrus

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Definition
Egyptians used this to make paperlike sheets for writing.
Term

Indo-Gangetic

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Definition
Where the indus and Ganges river come together to form a flat, fertile plain.
Term

Monsoon

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Definition
Seasonal winds dominating India's climate. winter winds are dry while summer winds bring rain which can cause flooding
Term

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro

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Definition
a clean civilization advancing in everyday necessities such as plumbing and a sewage system
Term

Planned Cities

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Definition
By 2500 BCE, people build cities of brick laid out on a grid system city built on mud-brick platform to protect against flood waters.
Term

Role of religion in India

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Definition
Priests closely linked to rulers. some religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture.
Term

Harappan decline

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Definition
signs began around 1750 BCE earthquakes, floods, soil depletion.
Term

Horses

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Definition
Aryans entered the Indian subcontinent and easily became dominant ending the Harappan period.
Term

Sumer

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Definition
the southern part of Mesopotamia
Term

Assyrian empire

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Definition
when the Babylon Empire fell , the Assyrians slowly took control of most of SW Asia. Later in the 7th and 8th centuries took over Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and much of Anatolia, and most of Egypt.
Term

Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian Empire

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Definition
Babylon had power of Mesopotamia once again during the New Babylonian empire, King Nebuchadnezzar had lavish things in the city, hanging gardens have symbolized the luxuriousness from that point on 
Term

The wheel

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Definition
around 3500 bce the Sumerians built wheeled carts and wagons that were used to carry heavy things for long distances . soon it became standard for many neighboring lands.
Term

Social class in Ancient Mesopotamia

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Definition
In Mesopotamia things such as agriculture enabled people to earn money and the distinctions between the wealthy and less defined the social classes as well as their occupational statuses
Term

Temple communities

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Definition
priests and many younger relatives to the ruler , priests lived in the communities and got offerings of food, drink, and clothing from the people of the city.
Term

Education

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Definition
In ancient times education was to teach individuals to do a certain trade or craft ; vocational instruction
Term

The Early Hebrews

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Definition
were nomads who roamed around the lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt , when Mesopotamia started to prosper many of the Hebrew people started to settled in the cities
Term

Huang He

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Definition
Also known as the Yellow River, flows in northern China and leaves loess- fertile silt- when it floods.
Term

Patriarcial Society

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Definition
Where the men made all the decisions in the family ( what job each family member had & marriage arrangements for members of the house ) public affairs and laws were all in the mens hands , men could even sell their wives and children to equal out their debts
Term

Sumerian kings

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Definition
the men that made decisions for the entire community
Term

Slaves

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Definition
came from the following three main sources: prisoners of war, convicted criminals, people who are so far in debt they sold themself into slavery. After several years of good service many slaves were released with of the purchase of their own freedom.
Term

Yangtze River

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Definition
river found in southern china but not as destructive or worshipped as the Huang He.
Term

China Geographical Location

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Definition
China is geographically isolated leaving them self-sufficient and very inventive. The lack of trade made the Chinese assume they were the powerhouse and more civilized in the world.
Term

North China Plain

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Definition
area between two rivers, the center of civilization where the more wealthy lived.
Term

Yu

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Definition
Yu was the firsy ruler of Xia Dynasty. his flood control systems tames Huang He.
Term

Shang Dynasty

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Definition
1700 to 1027 BC, first to leave written records. Have massive walls for military defense
Term

Anyang

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Definition
a capital city in China and one of the many built of wood.
Term

Chinese Family

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Definition
family is central social institution; respect for parents a virtue. Elder males control family property.
Term

Religious Beliefs in China

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Definition
Spirits of dead ancenstors can affect family fortunes. Pracle bones used to consult gods; supreme god, Shang Di
Term

Chinese developement of writing

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Definition
writing systems uses symbols to represent syllables, not ideas. peole of different languages can use the same system. very large number of symbols and ddifficult to learn.
Term

Zhou

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Definition
in 1027 BCE, Zhou dynasty takes control of china.
Term

Luoyang

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Definition
bcomes new capital, but internal wars destroy traditions.
Term

end of Ice Age influence

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Definition
people became well established in the Americas, the islands of southeast Asia, and Australia. people started experrimenting with agriculturee so provide more food after climate change.
Term

Complex social forms

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Definition
developed after dicovery of agriculture along with the need for additional resources.
Term

Mesoamerica

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Definition
It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently
Term

Olmecs

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Definition
first complex society in the Americas building a society on the rich agricultural harvests of their ancestors.
Term

Rubbers

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Definition
another name for the Olmecs since they used these rubber trees for alot of products.
Term

Mesoamericas food

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Definition
Beans, chili peppers, avocados,, squash, gourds, turkeys, and small dogs.
Term

Labor and Trade

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Definition
no large domesticated animals meant animal energy was not available. the Mesoamericans managed very well using human power for laor and trade
Term

Drainage systems

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Definition
the necessity for these indicates the Olmecs had some social class system to detrmine who would construct these large public works.
Term

Colossal human heads

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Definition
(18 tons) carved from huge slabs of black basalt. believed to have required thousands of laborors to quarry, transport, carve and set in place.
Term

Jade

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Definition
a very important trade for the Olmecs. Turned into decorative objects.
Term

Olmecs abandonment reasons

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Definition
archeologists believe that civil conflicts and a loss of religious faith might have caused the Olmecs to abandon their cities.
Term

Andes Highlands

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Definition
Andes Mountains are the longest and one of the highest mountain ranges in the world. They are located in South America and stretch 4,500 miles. They provided deer, lama, and alpaca to early societies of south America.
Term

Andean society

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Definition
They occupied the region that is now Peru and Bolivia. Also traded gold, silver, and copper. Farmers cultivated beans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes for food.
Term

irrigation ditches

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Definition
mesoptamia used theses ditches to control water and produce crops
Term

Summerian City-States

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Definition
In 3000 bce the sumerians built cities surrounded by fields of crops
Term

Cultural Diffusion

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Definition
(cross cultural exchanges) , process of one culture spreading to others
Term
The Gift Of The Nile[image]
Definition
the nile after the floods brought back water and silt, egyptians worship Nile as a god, light floods reducedcrops which caused starvation
Term

Delta

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Definition
land formed by silt deposits at mouth of rier; triangular
Term

subcontinent

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Definition
landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Term

Book of the Dead

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Definition
contain prayers, and spells, guides souls after death
Term

Southern India

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Definition
a dry plateau flanked by mountains
Term

Citadel

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Definition
central buikdings of the city (fort)
Term

Geographic Isolation

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Definition
meant that china had to be self sufficient
Term

medicine

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.crystalinks.com/EgyptMedicine1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptmedicine.html&h=466&w=700&tbnid=q2uo-eJlZP-ECM:&zoom=1&docid=z9s0FjtoiRlIvM&hl=en&ei=E4L0U-m4BvPjsASxsIGgBQ&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CB8QMygAMAA

Definition
Egyptian medicine was famous in the ancient world
Term
Grid Systemhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.markboulton.co.uk/images/portfolio/grid_pt1_1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.markboulton.co.uk/journal/five-simple-steps-to-designing-grid-systems-part-1&h=247&w=480&tbnid=VwQ729yMKlubCM:&zoom=1&docid=l1nUvuKCzxFvdM&hl=en&ei=9IL0U9e2Hq_nsASRn4HoCQ&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CC8QMygLMAs
Definition
Cities on the Indian subcontinent built cities of brick laid out like a grid system
Term
North China Plainhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://grist.files.wordpress.com/2001/10/china_map.gif&imgrefurl=http://grist.org/article/table/&h=167&w=200&tbnid=eNfp2kos3iwEDM:&zoom=1&docid=IpuXmxW8sMoRdM&hl=en&ei=b4P0U8qxG8W-sQS8_YBQ&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CCUQMygBMAE
Definition
Area between two rivers , center of civilization
Term

Caste System

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2F7ecgd2ynhtI9aF66TSvmKPqWDR91VHLXsOojptQGCE7Jrz3O1bdoLQORfQMOk27VzkMEd-5SKCf6OqWEBRnMVxuCjrTkznA0MBwR9BivwW19S9b7My-0MIjvWg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fwdsdvt.net%2Findia---titan-team-2013%2Fhistory-i%2Fcaste-system%2Fhow-the-caste-system-is-broken-down&h=1185&w=1122&tbnid=Yt0pkps7oodz8M%3A&zoom=1&docid=8t131qlxtpub4M&hl=en&ei=64P0U5-rJ5TIsASp4IH4Dw&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CCUQMygBMAE&iact=rc&uact=3&page=1&start=0&ndsp=6

Definition
The Ayrans started the care system in India
Term

Calendar Inscritptions 

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Flukechandler.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F2010_07154daydigisrael0018.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Flukechandler.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F20%2Finformation-on-the-second-qeiyafa-inscription-coming-later-this-year%2F&h=1944&w=2592&tbnid=bfjIT4YHFnA0wM%3A&zoom=1&q=calendar%20inscriptions&docid=ysH75eHkqvB7MM&hl=en&ei=m8f0U8e4Eu7nsAS1pYKoBg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CB0QMygAMAA&iact=rc&uact=3&page=1&start=0&ndsp=7

Definition
are he only written hinges left by the olmecs
Term

Early Andean Society

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cerickso/anth533a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cerickso/sylla533.html&h=258&w=389&tbnid=c1w9q1bKCccQ-M:&zoom=1&q=early+andean+society&docid=OzbqiS4q09AtRM&hl=en&ei=hsj0U8KLCJPlsATOioHABw&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CDwQMygVMBU

Definition
Occupied the region that is now Peru and Bolivia in South America
Term

Chavin Cult

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sitchin/gallery/p11039501.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sitchin/sitchinbooks04_05.htm&h=224&w=170&tbnid=nXsq_bOcSbpMoM:&zoom=1&q=chavin+cult&docid=7hpYr_C0DiBJIM&hl=en&ei=0sn0U8OUO6jnsASbtIKoBw&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CB8QMygCMAI

Definition
term present historians gave the period 900 and 800 bce
Term

Lapita

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Reconstructed_Lapita_female.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Reconstructed_Lapita_female.jpg&h=4128&w=3096&tbnid=liVijgOmJtrQ1M:&zoom=1&q=lapita&docid=S-ZJyvpiDoP3zM&hl=en&ei=Acv0U9GQC8zIsASRkoKYDg&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CCEQMygEMAQ

Definition
Pacific Ocean people and society dating from about 1600 BCE to 500 BCE.
Term

cheifdoms

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VBT5rdal538/UVRod2bwlSI/AAAAAAAAOO0/le7smgY15co/s640/Tribes%252BTswana%252BDuggan-Cronin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/03/tswana-are-niger-congo-or-bantu.html&h=400&w=279&tbnid=WlnZzAbOD1yLBM:&zoom=1&q=chiefdoms+definition&docid=h_cL98M2cjo8DM&hl=en&ei=M8z0U6WKB5LhsASV9oGQDA&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CCUQMygIMAg

Definition

a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship

Term

Obsidian

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://geology.com/rock-tumbler/gemstones/obsidian-snowflake-rough.jpg&imgrefurl=http://geology.com/rock-tumbler/gemstones/obsidian.shtml&h=263&w=380&tbnid=UDtJl9PqCm3BKM:&zoom=1&q=obsidian&docid=MIXDoMc00szn3M&hl=en&ei=bsz0U_WAF6zMsQTDwYHADA&tbm=isch&client=safari&ved=0CB8QMygCMAI

Definition

is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock

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