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Ancient Civilizations
byu hist 67 ancient civilizations
197
Social Studies
12th Grade
03/05/2012

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Term
physical map
Definition
shows physical features such as mountains, lakes, rivers, etc very detailed
doesnt show boundaries and cant give a broad overall view because of all the detail.
Term
mercator
Definition
gives accurate direction and view of areas near the equator
distorts the size and shapes of land near the poles
(antartica looks huge)
Term
interrupted projection
Definition
correct sizes and shaped of land masses
cuts out parts of the ocean
impossible to measure distances accurately
(looks like someone took a few bites out of it)
Term
robinson
Definition
correct sizes and shaped of land masses and ocean distorts regions along the edges
(looks like map you see at school, long and oval)
Term
peters
Definition
correct areas of land masses and oceans
directions are also accurate
distorts the shapes of africa and south america
(where is antartica?)
Term
political
Definition
lacks details
Term
triangle hierarchical
Definition
king/ruler
noblemen/priests
governemnt officials/wealthy merchants
artisans/farmers
slaves/peasants
Term
diffusion
Definition
spreading of ideas or technology
Term
acculturation
Definition
acceptance of new ideas or technology
Term
traditional economy/barter economy
Definition
production of what is needed to survive, such as food, clothing, tools; not much surplus
Term
market economy
Definition
buying and selling of goods; people decide what is produced based on what they want; whoever has the money decides who gets the product
Term
command economy
Definition
the government controls what goods are produced, how they are produced and who receives them
Term
mixed economy
Definition
individuals make some decisions while the government makes others
for example, individual makes cars but government sets up regulations
Term
monotheism
Definition
worship of one god
Term
polytheism
Definition
worship of more than one god
Term
democracy
Definition
form of government in which the people have supreme power
Term
republic
Definition
form of government in which the people choose the leaders who represent them
Term
dictatorship
Definition
government in which one or a few persons hold power by force, usually military
Term
civilization
Definition
highly organized group of people with their own language and ways of living
Term
archaeologist
Definition
scientist who study objects left by early people
Term
nomad
Definition
people who lived by hunting and following game
Term
artisan
Definition
a skilled craft worker
Term
technology
Definition
the skills and tools a people use
Term
language
Definition
provided way of communicating thoughts and feelings, knowledge, and history
Term
art and literature
Definition
products of the human imagination which expressed the cultures values
Term
religion
Definition
supplied answers to basic questions about he meaning and purpose of life
Term
governemnt
Definition
provided for the peoples common needs such as keeping order and protection
Term
economy
Definition
produced a supply of surplus foods which enabled people to specialize in their jobs
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
Term
escarpment
Definition
steep cliffs
Term
shaduf
Definition
simple water hoist used to spread water from ditches and pods to crops
Term
hydroelectric power
Definition
energy produced by moving water
Term
pharoah
Definition
ruler of ancient egypt
Term
savanna
Definition
grasslands supporting the majority of africans today
Term
silt
Definition
rich soil deposits caused by flooding along the river
Term
hierglyphics
Definition
ancient form of writing using pictures and symbols
Term
cataract
Definition
large waterfalls or rapids on rivers
Term
leaching
Definition
process of constant heavy rains dissolving and washing away soil nutrients
Term
desertification
Definition
the turning of semidesert land into desert
Term
king ezana
Definition
king of axium who conquered kush in ad 330
christian ruler
Term
amon-re
Definition
sun god and chief among the gods on ancient egypt
Term
drought
Definition
prolonged periods of little or no rainfall
Term
tropics
Definition
area between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn
Term
tropic of cancer
Definition
above equator
Term
tropic of capricorn
Definition
below equator
Term
longest river in world?
Definition
nile
Term
what area means "desert" and is larger than continental us?
Definition
sahara desert
Term
subcontinent
Definition
large landmass that juts out from a continent
Term
peninsula
Definition
a piece of land that juts out and is surrounded by water on three sides
Term
cashmere
Definition
Fine soft wool obtained from the Kashmir goat
Term
jute
Definition
Rough fiber made from the stems of a tropical Old World plant, used for making twine, rope, matting, etc.
Term
monsoon
Definition
seasonal wind that dominates the climate of south asia
Term
dialect
Definition
regional version of a language with its own words, expressions and pronunciations
Term
decipher
Definition
determine the meaning of something written in code
Term
aryans
Definition
nomadic and warlike people from the region of the Caucasus Mountains who migrated into the Indus Valley and overran their towns and cities
Term
rajahs
Definition
hereditary aryan chiefs who ruled the villages
Term
varna
Definition
four classes into which the aryans divided people
Term
brahmans
Definition
priests, or highest social class of Aryan society
Term
sect
Definition
religious group
Term
atman
Definition
the essential self of each person and also the universal soul
Term
reincarnation
Definition
rebirth of the soul in various forms
Term
karma
Definition
hindu law which holds that every deed in this life affects a person's future life
Term
dharma
Definition
duties and obligations of a caste
Term
vedas
Definition
sacred texts of hindu belief, containing eternal truths
Term
upanishads
Definition
sacred texts of hindu belief, containing explanations of eternal truths
The essential self or the vital essence in humans is the same as that in an ant, the same as that in a gnat, the same as that in an elephant . . . indeed the same as that in the whole universe
Term
nirvana
Definition
the condition of wanting nothing
Term
ahimsa
Definition
nonviolence
Term
where is the great rift valley?
Definition
middle of africa, west of the equator
Term
where is mt kilimanjaro?
Definition
on the equator, east of lake victoria
Term
where is aswan dam?
Definition
northern africa, at the top of the nile river
Term
where is the sahara desert?
Definition
northwestern africa
Term
where is meroe?
Definition
just below tropic of cancer, west of the nile
Term
where is axum?
Definition
south east of meroe, east of the nile
Term
where is the indus valley civilizations?
Definition
west tip of india at bottom of the indus river
Term
where are the himilayas?
Definition
north east of india
limited northward expansion of the great empires (aurya, gupta, and mughal
Term
where are the hindu kush mountains?
Definition
north west of india
Term
where is the deccan plateau?
Definition
indias peninsula
Term
where is the thar desert?
Definition
western india
Term
where is the indo-gangetic plain?
Definition
middle on india in the middle of the indus river
Term
where is the indus river?
Definition
the river the runs only a little bit in northern india
Term
where is the brahmaputra river?
Definition
makes a question mark ending in the middle of the gulf
Term
where is the ganges river?
Definition
makes a heart with brahmaputra river
Term
what is the area where buddhism originated?
Definition
easter india middle of ganges river
Term
spread of buddhism?
Definition
along the rivers and coast
Term
area of hindu influence?
Definition
all of india and half of the other part
Term
hinduism
Definition
3 main gods: brahma, vishnu and siva
unity of all life
reincarnation
karma
vedas and upanishads
Term
buddhism
Definition
founded by siddhartha
4 noble truths:suffering is universal; cause of suffering is desire; to end suffering, end desire; to end desire, follow the noble truth
eightfold path: understanding cause of suffering, campasion for all creatures, kidness, truthfulness
nirvana possible
Term
theravada buddhism
Definition
stressed monastic life
respected buddha as a teacher
Term
mahayana buddhism
Definition
worshipped buddha as a god
Term
jainism
Definition
founded by mahavira
emphasized non-violence (ahimsa)
included hindu ideas such as reincarnation
Term
where is harappa?
Definition
just below the curve of the indus river
Term
where is mohenjo-daro?
Definition
mouth of indus river
Term
where was the source of both the hun and mongol invasions of south asia?
Definition
north
Term
where was the muslim capitol in 1200ad?
Definition
middle of india
Term
which direction do the summer monsoons move?
Definition
northeast from the arabian sea and the indian ocean
Term
What are the winter monsoons like?
Definition
mild and dry
Term
asoka
Definition
progressive leader who encouraged unity and tolerance among diverse faiths in india
Term
sultan firuz tughlak
Definition
muslin sultan who built colleges, dams and and reservoirs, hospitals and towns
Term
chandragupta I
Definition
ambitious warrior who united the north by recalling the past glory of the maurya empire
Term
babur
Definition
head of the mongol army that invaded india in 1526
Term
shah jahan
Definition
loved beauty and spent heavily to memorialize it
Term
Bhagavad-gita, on the law of dharma
Definition
it is better to do ones own duty badly, than to do another duty well
Term
akbar
Definition
progressive leader who encouraged unity and tolerance among diverse faiths in india
who said "If men walk in the way of God's will, interference of them would be unfair."
Term
Three Baskets of Wisdom, teachings of Buddha
Definition
“When the gods divided the Man, into how many parts did they divide him? What was his mouth, what were his arms, What were his thighs and his feet called? The Brahman was his mouth, of his arms was made the warrior, His thighs became the Vaisya, of his feet the Sudra was born.”
Term
what hampered the archaeologists exploration in the indus valley?
Definition
high level of ground water
Term
Lao Zi
Definition
chinese philosopher, founder of daoism
Term
Han Feizi
Definition
chinese legalist writer who believed that people acted out of selfinterest
Term
Shi Huangdi
Definition
the first emperor of china, united china after zhou were overthrown
Term
Mao Zendong
Definition
leader of chinese communists
Term
Li Bo
Definition
one of chinas best knows poets that lived turing the tang dynasty
Term
Loess
Definition
yellow brown soil that winds carry across the north china plain into the yellow river
Term
Taiping Rebellion
Definition
most serious peasant uprising in 1851
wanted to introduce modern technology to china lasted 14 yrs
Term
feudalism
Definition
local lords ruled the land but they were bound to higher lords and to the emperor bu ties of loyalty
Term
dynastic cycle
Definition
the rise and fall of ruling societies
Term
filial piety
Definition
the duty and respect that children owe their parents
Term
Ainu
Definition
early inhabitants of northern japan who were excluded from japanese society
Term
Heian
Definition
became location of emperor’s court in 795, the present-day Kyoto
Term
Kana
Definition
a set of written symbols that represent syllables
Term
Shinto
Definition
religious tradition that stresses the presence of spirits in everything from plants and animals to rocks and mountains
Term
Seppuku
Definition
a ritual suicide samurais did ifthey brought dishonor to their family or lord
Term
Tenno
Definition
clan that set up japans first and only ruling dynasty
Term
Prince Shotoku
Definition
semt japanese nobles to china to learn government, art, literature, science and philosophy in 1607
Term
Fujiwara
Definition
family that ruled Japan from 200 years beginning in the 800’s
Term
Minamotoa Yoritomo
Definition
strong military figure, became shogun in 1192
Term
Hideyoshi
Definition
general who in 1590 brought all of Japan under his control
Term
Zhu Yuanzhang
Definition
a poor peasant who helped drive out the mongols from Beijing and began the Ming dynasty
Term
What clan set up Japans first and only ruling dynasty?
Definition
Tenno
Term
Gentry
Definition
wealthy chinese landowners who hand been educated in the confucian classics
Term
ideograph
Definition
the symbol that expresses and idea
Term
What foreign religion was introduced to china?
Definition
buddhism
Term
what region of china, once known as manchuria, is sparsely populated because of its cold climate, and the chinese government offers special rewards to attract people to it?
Definition
the northeast
Term
legalist school of thought
Definition
force people
Term
What is the biggest and most populated island in Japan?
Definition
Honshu
Term
How did shoguns keep the daimyo in line?
Definition
keeping their wives and children as permanent hostages in Edo to guarantee good behavior
Term
pampas
Definition
the grassy plains that stretch from Argentina to Uruguay
Term
regionalism
Definition
strong local traditions that divide people within a country or region
Term
tierra caliente
Definition
hot land located nearest to sea level
Term
tierra templada
Definition
temperate land that includes areas located above 3000 fee
Term
tierra fria
Definition
cold land that is at least 6000 feet above sea level
Term
mestizo
Definition
people of mixed European and Native American ancestry
Term
maize
Definition
the Spanish word for corn
Term
quipu
Definition
a knotted string used to keep records and accounts of such things as the size of a harvest
Term
conquistador
Definition
Spanish conquerors
Term
hernando cortez
Definition
conquered the Aztec Empire
Term
francisco pizarro
Definition
conquered the Inca Empire
Term
viceroy
Definition
an official who rules in place of a king
Term
cabildo
Definition
councils that govern towns and their surrounding lands
Term
mercantilism
Definition
the idea that a country’s strength depended on increasing its gold supply by exporting more goods that it imported
Term
hacienda
Definition
a large plantation
Term
donatario
Definition
a lord over a huge area
Term
ferdinand magellan
Definition
his crew was the first to sail around the world
Term
bartolome de las casas
Definition
told the Spanish people of the cruelty inflicted on slaves of Latin America
Term
peninsular
Definition
an official sent from Spain to rule the colonies; may also be a viceroy
Term
creole
Definition
American-born descendents of Spanish settlers who were as powerful as peninsulars but seldom were promoted.
Term
peon
Definition
Indians or mestizos who were forced to work for someone else in order to pay off a debt
Term
toussaint l'ouverture
Definition
self-educated former slave who helped to give independence to Haiti
Term
simon bolivar
Definition
was known as “The Liberator” for his work liberating Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru
Term
jose de san martin
Definition
helped fight for freedom in Argentina
Term
caudillo
Definition
military leaders who seized power and ruled as dictators
Term
oligarchy
Definition
a type of government where a small elite has ruling power
Term
oasis
Definition
a fertile desert area that has enough water to support plant and animal life
Term
ziggurat
Definition
a huge, many tiered temple
Term
scribe
Definition
people who kept the temple records
Term
cuneiform
Definition
writing on clay tablets using sharpened reeds
Term
satrap
Definition
a governor over a province that was responsible for collecting taxes and for keeping order
Term
messiah
Definition
a savior choses by god that would deliver the jews from foreign rule and restore the kingdom of Israel
Term
parable
Definition
short stories with moral lessons
Term
martyr
Definition
a person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs
Term
pope
Definition
father of the catholic church
Term
hejira
Definition
the migration of muhammad and his followers from mecca to medina
Term
hajj
Definition
the pilgrimage to mecca
Term
caliph
Definition
the successor to the prophet
Term
crusade
Definition
a holy war
Term
millet
Definition
non muslim community
Term
shah
Definition
a king
Term
mandate
Definition
a territory administered but not owned by a member of the league of nations
Term
antisemitism
Definition
hatred and fear of jews
Term
acropolis
Definition
a hilltop fortress
Term
aristocracy
Definition
a government run by a small, privileged upper class
Term
direct democracy
Definition
a government that all citizens participated in directly rather than through elected representatives
Term
socratic method
Definition
a question and answer method that made you disregard any unsubstantiated beliefs
Term
patricians
Definition
wealthy landowners who controlled the government
Term
plebeians
Definition
the common people; had no voice in government
Term
fief
Definition
an estate granted to a powerful lord
Term
vassal
Definition
a lesser lord
Term
knight
Definition
a mounted warrior
Term
serfs
Definition
peasants who are tied to the lords land
Term
manor
Definition
included a village and the surrounding lands administered by a lord
Term
sacrament
Definition
the seven sacred rites administered by the catholic church
Term
charter
Definition
a written document guaranteeing certain rights to town dwellers
Term
socrates
Definition
perhaps the greatest of all the greek thinkers
Term
julias caesar
Definition
the most brilliant and powerful roman military leader
Term
charlemagne
Definition
a skillful general who reunited much of the western roman empire in about 800
Term
plato
Definition
described ideal government in the republic
Term
aristotle
Definition
created a system of logic
Term
homer
Definition
the odyssey
Term
alexander the great
Definition
studied wit aristotle and helped spread greek culture
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