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Anatomy: Unit 1
Integumentary
230
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/30/2011

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Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of the human body
Term
physiology
Definition
the study of the function of the human body
Term
tissues
Definition
compose organs
Term
cells
Definition
compose tissues
Term
molecules
Definition
compose organelles
Term
organelles
Definition
compose cells
Term
atoms
Definition
compose molecules
Term
reductionism
Definition
theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
Term
Aristotle
Definition
came up with Reductionism
Term
holism
Definition
there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts
Term
holism
Definition
complementary theory to reductionism
Term
critical reasoning
Definition
a process involving the inclusion of evidence to facilitate optimum patient outcomes
Term
clinical reasoning
Definition
nurses use this to review and analyze a patients data to plan care and make decisions for positive patient outcomes
Term
situs invertus totalis
Definition
organs flipped to the opposite side
Term
anatomical variation
Definition
no two humans are exactly alike (extra organs, missing muscles, extra vertebrae)
Term
physiological variation
Definition
differences in sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
Term
characteristics of life
Definition
movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion, homeostasis
Term
movement
Definition
change in position, motion
Term
responsiveness
Definition
reaction to change
Term
growth
Definition
increase in body size, no change in shape
Term
reproduction
Definition
production of a new organism or new cells
Term
respiration
Definition
obtaining 02, removing CO2, releasing energy from foods
Term
digestion
Definition
breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Term
absorption
Definition
passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Term
circulation
Definition
movement of substances in body fluids
Term
assimilation
Definition
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Term
excretion
Definition
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Term
homeostasis
Definition
maintaining relatively stable internal conditions
Term
5 factors to staying alive
Definition
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Term
water
Definition
most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances, regulates body temp
Term
food
Definition
provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy
Term
oxygen (gas)
Definition
1/5 of air, used to release energy from nutrients
Term
heat
Definition
form of energy, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Term
pressure
Definition
application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure
Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition
important for breathing
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
keeps blood flowing
Term
homeostasis control mechanisms
Definition
monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits
Term
3 parts to homeostatic control mechanisms
Definition
receptor, control center, effector
Term
receptor
Definition
provides information about the stimuli
Term
control center
Definition
tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) this is usually the brain
Term
effector
Definition
elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
Term
Walter Cannon
Definition
coined the term homeostasis
Term
negative feedback
Definition
moving variable back to set point
Term
negative feedback
Definition
prevents sudden changes in body, corrects set point, causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, most common type of feedback loop
Term
dynamic equilibriam***
Definition
Term
positive feedback
Definition
rapid changes in body, greater change in same direction, is usually short lived, change produces more change (example: child birth or fever)
Term
fatal fever
Definition
113F
Term
mid-sagittal
Definition
divides body into equal left and right portions
Term
para-sagittal
Definition
alongside the mid-sagittal
Term
coronal
Definition
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Term
transverse
Definition
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Term
supine
Definition
laying stomach up
Term
prone
Definition
laying face down
Term
transverse
Definition
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
formed by the bones of the skull and contains the brain and associated meninges
Term
vertebral canal
Definition
formed by individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and associated meninges
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the cavity of the chest
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
bound by the diaphragm,
Term
sacrum
Definition
tailbone
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
the cavity of the pelvis,
Term
serous membranes
Definition
a smooth layer consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid, secrete fluid to reduce friction
Term
visceral layer
Definition
covers an organ
Term
parietal layer
Definition
lines a cavity/body wall
Term
parietal paritoneum
Definition
surrounds cavity
Term
subcostal
Definition
below the ribs
Term
abduction
Definition
taking away from the midline
Term
adduction
Definition
bringing towards the midline
Term
supination
Definition
hand only, palm facing up
Term
pronation
Definition
hand only, hand facing down
Term
inversion
Definition
foot only, sole towards midline
Term
eversion
Definition
foot only, sole away from midline
Term
protract
Definition
bring in
Term
retract
Definition
take away
Term
flextion
Definition
two body surfaces coming together
Term
cells
Definition
workings of the human body, mechanisms of disease, rationale of therapy
Term
squamous
Definition
thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
Term
cuboidal
Definition
squarish and about as tall as is wide
Term
columnar
Definition
taller than wide
Term
polygonal
Definition
irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
Term
stellate
Definition
starlike shape
Term
spheroid to ovoid
Definition
round to oval
Term
discoid
Definition
discshape
Term
fusiform
Definition
thick in the middle, tapered towards the ends
Term
fibrous
Definition
threadlike shape
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
surrounds the cell, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
cellular scaffolding or skeleton
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside of cell
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
governs interactions with other cells, controls passage of materials in and out of cell,
Term
intracellular face
Definition
side that faces cytoplasm
Term
extracellular face
Definition
side that faces outward
Term
phospholipids
Definition
amphiphilic molecules arranged in a bilayer, hydrophilic phosphate heads face water on both sides, hydrophobic tails, drift laterally
Term
cholestoral
Definition
holds phospholipids still and stiffens the membrane, 20% of membrane lipids
Term
glycolipids
Definition
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
carbohydrate coating on the cell surface
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
adhere to one face of the membrane, ussually tethered to the cytoskeleton
Term
transmembrane proteins
Definition
pass through the membrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, most are glycoproteins, can drift freely, some attached to cytoskeleton
Term
membrane proteins
Definition
receptors, second messanger systems, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules
Term
receptor
Definition
binds to a chemical messenger such as hormones sent by other cells
Term
enzyme
Definition
breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect
Term
ion channel
Definition
a channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell
Term
gated ion channel
Definition
opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times
Term
CAM
Definition
cell adhesion molecule
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
external to the plasma membrane, carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids
Term
functions of glycocalyx
Definition
protection of cell, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatablility, cell adhesion, fertilization, embryonic development
Term
microvili
Definition
extentions of membrane, serves to increase cells surface area, specializes in absorption, 15 to 40 times more aborptive
Term
actin filaments
Definition
shorten microvili, contracts so that contents can come into the cell, pipet
Term
non-motile cilia
Definition
hairlike processes, monitor nearby conditions
Term
saline layer
Definition
allows cilia to beat freely
Term
motile cilia
Definition
beat in waves, sweep substances across surface in the same direction, in the respitory tract, uterine tubes,(sperm, mucous) ventricles of the brain, efferent ductules of testes
Term
saline layer
Definition
due to chloride pumps move Cl out of cell.. NA ions and H2O follow
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in the plasma membrane, cilia cant beat freely, mucous plugs pancreatic ducts and respitory tract. life expectancy of 30
Term
passive processes
Definition
require no cellular energy, simple diffusions, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Term
active processes
Definition
require energy, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule
Term
filtration
Definition
smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes by hydrostatic pressure
Term
osmosis
Definition
water only, water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move water
Term
hypertonic
Definition
higher osmotic pressure
Term
hypotonic
Definition
lower osmotic pressure
Term
isotonic
Definition
same osmotic pressure
Term
endocytosis
Definition
cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substances
Term
active transport
Definition
carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
Term
3 types of endocytosis
Definition
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
substance is mostly water
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
substance is a solid
Term
receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
requires the substance to bind to a membrane- bound receptor, molecule outside of cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
releases contents outside the cell
Term
transcytosis
Definition
endocytosis followed by exocytosis... HIV
Term
organ
Definition
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types
Term
histology
Definition
the microscopic study of tissues
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells and cell produces that work to preform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ
Term
matrix
Definition
extracellular material, styrofoam packing, fibrous proteins
Term
pap smear
Definition
cells scraped from the cervix to check for cancer and other probems
Term
smear
Definition
tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide
Term
spread
Definition
cobwebby tissue is laid out on a slide
Term
spread
Definition
cobwebby tissue is laid out on a slide
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
simple or stratified flat sheet of closely adhering cells, little matrix, constitutes most glands, covers body sruface and lines body cavities
Term
basement membrane
Definition
layer between epithelium and the underlying connective tissue, anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below
Term
basal surface
Definition
surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane
Term
apical surface
Definition
surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane (inside layer)
Term
desmosomes
Definition
found in areas subject to stress, striated squamous epithelium of the skin
Term
tight junctions
Definition
join the cells tightly to neighboring cells form permeability barrier, stomach and urinary bladder
Term
gap junctions
Definition
allows ions and small molecules to pass through the cell, coordinates function of cardiac and smooth muscle
Term
stratified
Definition
multiple layer
Term
pseudostratified columnar
Definition
not all cells reach the surface but all are attaced to the basement floor
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
single layer, function is rapid transport of substances through membranes, alveoli of lungs
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
single layer, function is absorbtion, secretion, production of move of respitory mucus, bronchioles
Term
simple columnar epithleum
Definition
single layer, microvili or cilia, function is absorption secretion and movement, stomach and intestines
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
single layer but looks multilayered, cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucous, respitory tract
Term
stratified epithelia
Definition
2 to 20 layers, mitosis occurs lower down
Term
keratinized (cornified)
Definition
covered with a layer of dead squamous cells, resists abrasions and penetration, epidermis
Term
non-keratinized
Definition
lacks the surface area of dead cells, vaginal tongue anal
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
2 or more layers, sweat secretion, ovarian hormones, sperm, located in sweat gland ducts sperm producing ducts and egg producing follicles
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
appears stratified squamous, 5 to 6 layers when relaxed and 2 to 3 when stretched, stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
Term
glands
Definition
epithelium with supporting network of connective tissue
Term
2 types formed by infolding of epithelium
Definition
endocrine and exocrine
Term
endocrine
Definition
no open contact with exterior, pinch off from original surface, no ducts, produce hormones
Term
exocrine
Definition
maintain contact with surface, have ducts
Term
Structure and method of secretion
Definition
how exocrine glands are classified
Term
goblet cells
Definition
unicellular exocrine glands
Term
multicellular exocrine glands
Definition
classified by types of ducts or mode of secretion
Term
simple exocrine glands
Definition
one duct with few branches
Term
compound exocrine glands
Definition
one duct with many branches
Term
tubular
Definition
if ducts end in tubes
Term
acinar (alveolar)
Definition
if ducts end in simple sacs
Term
merocrine glands
Definition
secrete product by exocytosis, cell is unaltered by process, found in pancreas sweat glands and salivary glands
Term
holocrine glands
Definition
product accumulates until cell ruptures, cell is altered and replaced by underlying cells, sebaceous oil glands, pimples
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
product accumulates at apex, apex pinches off and repairs itself, mammary glands producing milk
Term
epithelium
Definition
more cells less ECM extracellular material
Term
connective tissue
Definition
more ECM less cells, more space in between cells
Term
connective tissue
Definition
binds, supports, and protects organs, highly vascular, most abundant widley distributed and histologically variable
Term
highly vascular
Definition
richly supplied with blood vessels
Term
cartilage
Definition
connective tissue that is avascular and heals less quickly
Term
4 categories of connective tissue
Definition
fibrous, adipose, supportive, fluid
Term
functions of connective tissue
Definition
binding organs, support, protection, immunity, movement, storage, heat, transport
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
produce fibers and ground substance
Term
macrophages
Definition
phagocytize (eat) foreign materials and activate immune system, arises from monocytes
Term
antigen
Definition
foreign matter
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells, neutrophils or lymphocytes, pushed out of capilarries and stay in connective tissue
Term
neutrophils
Definition
wander about attacking bacteria
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign materials
Term
plasma cells
Definition
synthesize disease fighting antibodies, arise from lymphocytes
Term
mast cells
Definition
found alongside blood vessels, secrete heparin (inhibit clotting) and histamine (dilate blood vessels) to allow blood to flow, needed for tissue repair
Term
adipocytes
Definition
store triglycerides (fat cells)
Term
types of fibers in fibrous connective tissue
Definition
collegenous, reticular, elastic
Term
collagenous fibers
Definition
most abundant of body's proteins (25%), tough flexible and resists stretching, tendons, ligaments, and deep layers of skin, less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, thinner and more spongy, forms framework of organs, spleen and lymph nodes
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
thinner than collagenous fibers, branch and rejoin eachother, made of elastin, stretch and recoil
Term
yellow fibers
Definition
fresh elastic fibers
Term
ground substance
Definition
packing material that is usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
areolar and reticular, much gel like ground substance between cells
Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
fibers fill spaces between cells, types vary in fiber orientation ( regular and irregular)
Term
loose fibrous connective tissue
Definition
contains all 6 types of cells, loose organization, lots of ECM, fibers run in random directions, mostly collagenous
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance, all 6 cell types, binds epithelial deep tissue (skin to muscle), provides immune defense, found in blood vessels nerves esophogus and trachea
Term
fibroblast
Definition
make fibers, ground substance, and ECM
Term
reticular tissue
Definition
loose network of fibers and fibroblasts, numerous lymphocytes and other blood cells (blood filled sponge) supports stroma for lymphatic organs, found in lymph nodes spleen thymus and bone marrow
Term
lymphatic organs
Definition
wbc and blood defense
Term
stroma
Definition
framework
Term
dense regular connective tissue
Definition
densely packed, little ECM, parallel fibers, compressed fibroblasts, in ligaments and tendons
Term
ligaments
Definition
binds bones, resists stress
Term
tendons
Definition
attaches muscle to bone, moves bones when muscles contract
Term
dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
densely packed, little ECM, randomly arranged collagen fibers and few visible cells, withstands unpredicted stresses, found in deep layer of skin and capsules around organs
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
Term
space between adipocytes
Definition
occupied by areolar tissue reticular tissue and blood capillaries
Term
fat
Definition
bodys primary energy reservoir
Term
old triglycerides
Definition
hydrolyzed and released into ciruclation
Term
new triglycerides
Definition
constantly synthesized and stored
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys, contributes to body contours (breasts and hips)
Term
adult fat
Definition
white fat, men square, women cellulite
Term
brown fat
Definition
infants fetuses and children, heat generating tissue, releases energy
Term
cartilage
Definition
supportive connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix, gives shape to ear tip of nose and larynx
Term
chondroblasts
Definition
make cartilage, produce cartilage matrix and surround themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae)
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
cartilage cells in lacunae
Term
perichondrium
Definition
sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and hyaline catilage (not articular cartilage) contains a resevoir of chondroblasts
Term
cartilage
Definition
avascular, heals slowly, diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes
Term
cartilage
Definition
matrix is rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers, types vary with fiber types
Term
types of cartilage
Definition
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
shock absorber
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
clear glossy and hard to see, ussually covered by perichondrium which houses extra chondroblasts
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
cartilage containing elastic fibers
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
cartilage found in external ear and epiglottis
Term
bone
Definition
an organ of the body composed fo multiple tissue types
Term
bone
Definition
osseous tissue makes up most of bone
Term
2 forms of osseous tissue
Definition
spongy bone and compact bone
Term
spongy bone
Definition
covered by compact bone, found in the heads of long bones and in the muddle of flat bones (sternum) delicate struts of bone
Term
trabeculae
Definition
delicate struts of bone
Term
compact bone
Definition
denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces, more complex arrangement, cells and matrix surround vertically orientated blood vessels in long bones
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