Term
| The Stratum basale consists mainly of a single layer of _______ to low ___________stem cells and ___________ |
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Definition
cuboidal , columnar and keratinocytes |
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Term
| The epidermis is composed of five types of cells |
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Definition
1. Stem Cells 2. Keratinocytes 3. Melanocytes 4. Tactile (Merkel) Cells 5. Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells |
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Term
| Langerhans cells are found in two layers of the epidermis called |
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Definition
1. Stratum Spinosum 2. Stratum granulosum |
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Term
| The epidermis consists of four to five layers of cells. From deep to superficial they are |
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Definition
1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum |
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Term
| The stratum spinosum consists of several layers of what types of cells |
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Definition
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Term
List 8 functions of connective tissue |
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Definition
1. Binding of organs. 2. Support 3. Physical protection 4. Immune protection 5. Movement 6. Storage 7. Heat production 8. Protection |
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Term
| List 6 types of fibrous connective tissue cells |
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Definition
1. Fibroblast 2. Macrophages 3. Leukocytes 4. Plasma cells 5. Mast Cells 6. Adipocytes |
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Term
| ______________are Large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues where they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles and dead or dying cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. These form a spongelike framework for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ fibers are thinner than collageneous fibers, and they branch and rejoin each other along their course. They are made of a protein called__________ whose coiled structure allows it to strectch and recoil like a rubber band. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ fibers account for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are strecthed. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ fibers are made of collagen, are tough and flexible and resist strecthing. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ makes up 25% of the body's protein and is the most abundant type. |
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Definition
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Term
| In fresh tissue, collagenous fibers have a glistening white apperance, as seen in tendons and some cuts of meat; thus they are called ________ fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. _________ cells are found specially alongside blood vessels, secrete a chemical called 2. ________ that inhbits blood clotting and one called 3. __________ that increase blood flow by dilating blood vessels |
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Definition
1.Mast cells 2. heparin 3. histamine |
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Term
Certain lymphocytes turn into _______ cells when they detect foreign antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
| The plasma cells then sythesize disease fighting proteins called |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells are rarely seen except in the walls of 1.___________ and in 2. _________ tissue |
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Definition
1. instestines 2. Inflamed |
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Term
| ___________ are fat cells |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are large rounded cells filled mainly with a droplet of triglyceride, which forces the nucleus and cytoplasm to occupy only a thin layer just beneath the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are large, flat cells that often appear tapered at the ends and show slender, wispy branches. They produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ground substance usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules 1.________ 2._________ 3.________ |
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Definition
1. Glycosaminoglycans 2. Proteoglycans 3. Adhesive glycoproteins |
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Term
| __________ is a long polyssacharide composed of unsual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| GAGS are negatively charged and thus tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn causes GAGS to absorb and hold water. Thus GAGS, play an important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. The most abundant GAG is ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Three examples examples of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) are: 1.________ 2._________3.________- |
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Definition
1. Heparin 2. Hyaluronic acid 3. Chrondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| ______________ is a gigantic molecules up to 20 micro meters as large as most cells. It is a viscous, slippery substance that forms a very effective lubricant in the joints and constitutes much of the jellylike vitreous humor of the eyeball |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber. 1.________ and 2._________ connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ connective tissues are the most diverse type of connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Amid the cells and fibers in some tissue sections, there appears to be a lot of empty space. In life, this space is occupied by the featureless _________ substance |
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Definition
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Term
| In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ________ substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three types of loose connective tissues are:1._________2._________3.________ |
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Definition
1.Areolar 2. Reticular 3. Adipose |
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Term
To loosely bind epithelia to deeper tissues; to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues; and to provide an arena for immune defense is (are) the function (s) what tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Underlying nearly all epithelia; surrounding blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and trachea; fascia between muscles; mesenteries; visceral layers of pericardium and pleura is the location of what tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ Tissue represents a loose network of reticular fibers and cells infiltrated with numerous lymphocytes and other blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Some locations of reticular tissue include |
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Definition
Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Bone marrow. |
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Term
| What is the function of Reticular Tissue? |
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Definition
| Supportive framework for lymphatic organs |
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Term
| What is the function of adipose tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| The space between adipocytes is occupied by 1. _________ tissue, 2. _____________ tissue and blood capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Dense regular connective is named for two properties which are: |
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Definition
1. The collagen fibers are closely packed and leave relatively little open space 2. The fibers are parallel to each other. |
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Term
| Dense regular connective tissue is found especially in ______________ and ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the microscopic appearance of dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers; slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between collagen bundles; scanty open space (ground substance); scarcity of blood vessels |
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Term
| __________ _____________ connective tissue also has thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in random directions |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the microscopic appearance of of dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
| Densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; scanty open space (ground substance); few visible cells; scarcity of blood vessels |
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Term
| ___________ is a supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix. |
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Definition
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Term
| In cartilage the primary cell type is the: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In bone the primary cell type is the__________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage is usually free of blood vessels except when ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Named for its clear glassy microscopic appearance which stems from the usually invisible fineness if its collagen fibers. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Cells called chondroblasts secret the matrix and surround themselves with it until they become trapped in little cavities called |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage is classified into three types: |
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Definition
1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| __________-cartilage is named for its conspicous elastic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage named for its coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Elastic cartilage and most hyaline catilage are surrounded by a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue called |
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Definition
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Term
| The term bone has two meanings: |
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Definition
organ of the body bone tissue |
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Term
| There are two forms of osseous tissue. (1)__________ (2)_________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ fills the heads of the long bones. Although it is calcified and hard, its delicate slivers and plates give it a spongy apperance. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ bone is a denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| Spongy bone, when present is always covered by _______ bone |
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Definition
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Term
Most compact bone is arranged in cylinders of tissue that surround __________ canals which run longitudinally through the shatfs of long bones such as the femur |
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Definition
| haversian or osteonic canals |
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Term
| A small cavity or dpression in a tissue such as bone, cartilage, and the erectile tissues |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A little plate such as the lamellae of bone |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name three different types of cartilage |
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Definition
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fribrocartilage |
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Term
| Most widespread type of cartilage, forming nearly all the fetal skeleton and persisting in the adult in costal cartilages, the cartilages of the nose, trachea, and bronchi, and the articular carilages of joints |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hyaline cartilage, with the exception of that associated with joints (articular cartilage), is surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule, called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tip of nose, Adams apple, and rings of cartilage around thr trachea is made up __________ cartilage |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Location of elastic cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| A central canal and its surrounding lamellae are called a (n)________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tiny lacunae between the lamellae are occupied in life by mature bone cells called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Delicate canals called ___________ radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors and allow the osteocytes to contact each other. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The bone as a whole is covered with a tough fibrous __________________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Connective tissue consists mostly of ___________ and ground substance, with widely separated cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
Fibrous connective tissue has especially conspicuous fibers, which are of three kinds |
|
Definition
1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic |
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Term
| The cells of fibrous connective tissue include |
|
Definition
1. fbroblasts 2. macrophages 3.leukocytes 4. plasma cells 5. mast cells 6. adipocytes |
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|
Term
| The ground substance of fibrous connective tissue usually has a gelatinous consistency due to |
|
Definition
1. glycosaminoglycans 2. proteoglycans 3. adhesive glycoproteins |
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Term
| Describe the microscopic apperance of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| Parallel collagen fibers similar to those of tendon; rows of chondrocytes in lacuane bewteen collagen fibers; NEVER HAS A PERICHONDRIUM |
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|
Term
Representative locations of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Distinguish the functions of hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage |
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Definition
hyaline--eases joint moverment Elastic---flexible Fibrocartilage--- compression and absorbs shock |
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Term
| List 7 funtions of the skin |
|
Definition
| regulation of body temperature protection sensation excretion immunity blood reservoir synthesis of vitamin D |
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Term
| The epidermis is composed of 4 types of cells they are: |
|
Definition
1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3.Langerhans (dendritic) cells 4. Merkel cells |
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|
Term
| The epidermis consists of four to five layers of cells. They are: |
|
Definition
1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum |
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Term
| In the stratum granulosum, three important developments occur |
|
Definition
1. The keratinocytes undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) 2. The keratohylin granules release a substance that binds to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton and converts them to keratin 3. The membrane-coating vesicles release a lipid mixture that spreads out over the cell surface and water proofs it. |
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Term
| Which layer is this---keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which layer is this?--Dead, keratinized cells of the skin surface |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____________ is the clear, feautureless, narrow zone seen only in thick skin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Anatomy in greek means to: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do you mean when you speak of the anatomy of the body? |
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Definition
| You are referring to the study of structures and the relationships between structures. |
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Term
| What do you mean when you speak of the physiology of the body? |
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Definition
| You are referring to the functions of the body parts |
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Term
| What are the six levels of structural organization of the human body? What comprises each level? |
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Definition
1.chemical level–lowest level; atoms and molecules 2.cellular level– cells; formed from molecules and atoms 3. tissue level – tissues are groups of similar cell types and the extracellular matrix around them; cells work for a common function4.organ level – organs are comprised of two or more different tissues; each organ has a specific function and shape5. system level – consists of an association of related organs that have a common function6. organismic level – highest level; all body parts are functioning together to comprise the individual |
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Term
| Can you list the six important life processes of humans? |
|
Definition
| metabolism responsiveness (excitability, irritability) movement growth differentiation reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. |
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Term
| Metabolism can be broken down into how many processes that contribute to the whole. Name them. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The breaking-down processes that provide energy by breaking large molecules into their components parts is known as |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is responsiveness (excitability, irritability) |
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Definition
| Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external and internal environments. |
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Term
| What roles do the nervous and endocrine systems have in responsiveness (excitability,irritability)? |
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Definition
| The nervous and endocrine systems detect changes in the environment, then integrate and interpret those changes. |
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Term
| What roles do the muscles and glands have in the role of responsiveness (excitability irritability) ? |
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Definition
| Muscular and glandular tissues respond to input from the nervous and endocrine systems to elicit changes in the body to counteract changes in the environment. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Major action of temporalis |
|
Definition
Elevates and retracts mandible |
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|
Term
| Major action of sternocleidomastoid |
|
Definition
both muscles flex neck one side alone turns head to opposite side |
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|
Term
| Major action of the masseter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Action of temporalis |
|
Definition
| Elevates and retracts mandible |
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|
Term
| Major Action of sternocleidomastoid |
|
Definition
both muscles flex neck One side alone turns head to opposite side |
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|
Term
| Major Action of Latissimus dorsi |
|
Definition
Extends Adducts Rotates humerus medially Draws humerus inferior and posterior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Rotates and Abducts scapula Elevates ribs when scapula fixed |
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|
Term
Major Action of External Abdominal oblique |
|
Definition
| Both sides compress abdomen/flex vert.column |
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Term
|
Definition
| flexes vertebral columncompresses abdomenstabilize pelvis during walking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes, abducts, and medially rotates femur |
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Term
|
Definition
| flexes leg; flexes thigh and rotates it laterally, crossing the leg |
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Term
|
Definition
| adducts and medially rotates tibiaflexes leg |
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Term
|
Definition
| adducts and medially rotates tibiaflexes leg |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flex, adduct, medially rotate humerus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes, supinates forearmabducts arm |
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Term
|
Definition
| dorsiflexes and inverts foot |
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Term
|
Definition
| elevates clavicleadducts, rotates, depresses, elevates scapulaabducts and extends neck |
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Term
|
Definition
| abducts, flexes or extends, and medially or laterally rotates humerus, depending upon which fibers are contracting |
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Term
|
Definition
| extends forearm; adducts arm |
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Term
|
Definition
| extends, abducts, and rotates femur laterally |
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Term
|
Definition
| abducts and rotates femur medially |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes legextends and laterally rotates thigh |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes legextends thigh and medially rotates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes legextends thigh and medially rotates |
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plantar flexes footflexes leg |
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|
Term
| Muscles of facial expression are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The quadriceps femoris is a composite muscle, described as four separate muscles: |
|
Definition
| the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius ( |
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|
Term
| Name and briefly describe the three types of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle -- Cardiac muscle -- Smooth muscle -- |
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|
Term
| Identify and briefly describe the three functions of muscle tissue. |
|
Definition
Motion Stabilize body positions and regulate organ volume -- Thermogenesis |
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|
Term
| List and define the four basic characteristics of muscle tissue. |
|
Definition
Excitability -- Contractility -- Extensibility -- Elasticity |
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