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Anatomy USMLE Step 1 First Aid
Embryology, Histology, Gross, Neuro
763
Medical
Graduate
05/24/2011

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Cards

Term
Define anisocytosis.
Definition
varying cell sizes
Term
Define poikilocytosis
Definition
varying cell shapes
Term
From which cells do B cells arise?
Definition
stem cells in bone marrow
Term
From which cells do plasma
cells differentiate?
Definition
B cells
Term
How can a Nissl stain be used
to differentiate microglia
from oligodendroglia?
Definition
Microglia are not discernable
in a Nissl stain while
oligodendroglia appear as
small dark nuclei with dark
chromatin
Term
In what type of CNS tissue
(white or grey) are
oligodendroglia predominant?
Definition
white matter
Term
Into what cell type does a
monocyte differentiate in
tissues?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
Name 2 substances produced
by an eosinophil.
Definition
histiminase and arylsulfatase
Term
Name the three types of
leukocytic granulocytes.
Definition
basophils, eosinophils, and
neutrophils
Term
Name the two types of
mononuclear leukocytes.
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
What are 2 functions of T cell
lymphocytes?
Definition
- cellular immune response
-regulation of B lymphocytes
and macrophages
Term
What are 2 morphological
features of microglia?
Definition
- small irregular nuclei and
-relatively little cytoplasm
Term
What are 3 examples of
peripheral lymphoid tissue?
Definition
- follicles of lymph nodes
-white pulp of spleen
-unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
Term
What are 3 functions of a
macrophage?
Definition
- pagocytosis of bacteria,
cell debris, and senescent red cells
- scavenges damaged cells and tissues
-can function as an antigen presenting cell
Term
What are 3 morphological
characteristics of monocytes?
Definition
- Large
- Kidney-shaped nucleus
- Extensive 'frosted glass' cytoplasm
Term
What are 4 characteristics of
the plasma cell morphology?
Definition
- Off center nucleus
- Clock face chromatin distribution
- Abundant RER
- Well developed Golgi apparatus
Term
What are 4 morphologic
characteristics of
lymphocytes?
Definition
- Round
- Small
- Densely staining nucleus
- Small amount of pale cytoplasm
Term
What are 4 substances
contained within the
lysosomes of neutrophils?
Definition
- hydrolytic enzymes
- lysozyme
- myeloperoxidase
- lactoferrin
Term
What are 4 types of cells into
which T cells differentiate?
Definition
- cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8)
- helper T cells (MHCII, CD4)
- suppressor T cells
- delayed hypersensitivity T cells
Term
What are the 5 important
causes for eosinophilia in
humans?
Definition
Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic
process, Collagen vascular
disease, and Parasites
(pneumonic NAACP)
Term
What are the blood cell
diffenentiation names of the
ACTIVE T CELL line beginning
with the pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
Definition
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- Lymphoblast
- T cell
- Active T cell
Term
What are the blood cell
differentiation names of the
ERYTHROCYTE cell line
beginning with pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
Definition
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- Proerythroblast
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocyte
Term
What are the blood cell
differentiation names of the
MONOCYTE cell lines
beginning with the
pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell? (3)
Definition
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- Mono blast
- Monocyte
Term
What are the blood cell
differentiation names of the
NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL,
and BASOPHIL cell lines
beginning with the
myeloblast stage? (6)
Definition
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Stab cell
- Neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil
Term
What are the blood cell
differentiation names of the
PLASMA CELL line beginning
with the pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
Definition
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- Lymphoblast
- B cell
- Plasma cell
Term
What are the blood cell
differentiation names of the
PLATELET CELL line beginning
with the hematopoietic stem
cell? (4)
Definition
- Pluripotento hematopoietic stem cell
- Megakaryoblast
- Megakaryocyte
- Platelets
Term
What are the components of
the air-blood barrier?
Definition
- Type I pneumocyte
- tight junction
- endothelial cell
Term
What are the steps of
maturation of a B cell? (2 points)
Definition
- maturation in the marrow
- migration to peripheral lymphoid tissue
Term
What are the substances
contained within the densly
basophilic granules of the
basophil? (4)
Definition
- Heparin (anticoagulant)
- histamine (vasodilator)
- vasoactive amines
- Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Term
What are two basic
morphological characteristics
of neutrophils?
Definition
- multilobed nucleus
- large, spherical azurophilic primary
granules (lysosomes)
Term
What are two important
functions of a neutrophil?
Definition
- acute inflammmatory
response of a cell
- phagocytosis
Term
What are two names for an
increased number of red
cells?
Definition
Erythrocytosis and
polycythemia
Term
What cell type closely
resembles a mast cell?
Definition
basophil
Term
What cranial nerves are
commonly involved in an
acoustic neuroma?
Definition
CN VII, VIII (association with
internal acoustic meatus)
Term
What disease is characterized
by destruction of
oligodendroglia?
Definition
Multiple sclerosis
Term
What does CD stand for?
Definition
cluster of differentiation
Term
What drug prevents mast cell
degranulation?
Definition
Cromolyn sodium
Term
What immunoglobulin can
bind to the membrane of a
mast cell?
Definition
IgE
Term
What is a reticulocyte?
Definition
a baby (developing)
erythrocyte
Term
What is an important example
of a Schwannoma?
Definition
Acoustic neuroma
Term
What is another name for
pulmonary sufractant?
Definition
DPPC
(dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholi
ne)
Term
What is percentage of
leukocytes in the blood exist
as basophils?
Definition
less than 1%
Term
What is the 'gap' between the
myelination segment of 2
Schwann cells called?
Definition
Node of Ranvier
Term
What is the advantage of the
large surface area:volume
ratio in erythrocytes?
Definition
easy gas exchange (Oxygen
and Carbon dioxide)
Term
What is the basic morphologic
structure of an erythrocyte?
Definition
Anucleate, biconcave
Term
What is the basic morphology
of an eosinophil? (2 things)
Definition
- bilobate nucleus - packed
with large eosinophilic
granules of uniform size
Term
What is the embryologic
origin of microglia?
Definition
mesoderm
Term
What is the function of
Interferon gamma with
relation to macrophages?
Definition
macrophage activation
Term
What is the function of
microglia?
Definition
phagocytosis in CNS
Term
What is the function of
oligodendroglia?
Definition
myelination of multiple CNS
axons
Term
What is the function of
pulmonary surfactant?
Definition
lowers alveolar surface
tension and prevents
atelectasis
Term
What is the function of
Schwann cells?
Definition
myelination of PNS (a
Schwann cell myelinates only
one PNS axon)
Term
What is the importance of the
lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio?
Definition
> 2.0 in fetal lung is
indicative of fetal lung
maturity
Term
What is the importance of the
physiologic chloride shift in
erythrocytes?
Definition
Membranes contain the
chloride bicarbonate antiport
allowing the RBC to transport
carbon dioxide from the the
lung periphery for
elimination.
Term
What is the last segment of
lung tissue in which ciliated
cells are found?
Definition
respiratory bronchioles
Term
What is the last segment of
lung tissue in which goblet
cells are found?
Definition
terminal broncioles
(remember ciliated cells
sweep away mucous
produced by goblet cells and
therefore run deeper)
Term
What is the primary function
of a basophil?
Definition
Mediates allergic reactions
Term
What is the primary function
of a leukocyte?
Definition
Defense against infections
Term
What is the primary function
of a mast cell?
Definition
Mediates allergic reactions
Term
What is the primary function
of a plasma cell?
Definition
production of large amounts
of a specific antibody to a
particular antigen
Term
What is the primary source of
energy for erythrocytes?
Definition
glucose (90% anaerobically
degraded to lactate, 10% by
HMP shunt)
Term
What is the process of
degranulation in mast cells?
Definition
release of histamine, heparin,
and eosinophil chemotactic
factors
Term
What is the range of
concentration for leukocytes
in the blood?
Definition
4,000 - 10,000 cells per
microliter
Term
What is the response of an
eosiniphil to antigen antibody
complexes?
Definition
high degree of phagocytosis
Term
What is the response of
microglia to tissue dammage?
Definition
transformation into large
ameboid phagocytic cells
Term
What is the response to
microglia infected with HIV?
Definition
fusion to form multinucleated
giant cells in CNS
Term
What is the survival time for
an erythrocyte?
Definition
120 days
Term
What pathognomonic change
is seen in neutrophils of a
person who is folate/vitamin
B12 deficient?
Definition
hypersegmented polys
Term
What percentage of
leukocytes exist as
eosinophils in the blood?
Definition
1 - 6%
Term
What percentage of
leukocytes exist as
neutrophils in the blood?
Definition
40 - 75%
Term
What percentage of
leukocytes in blood are
monocytes?
Definition
2 - 10%
Term
What process occurs when
type I pneumocytes are
damaged?
Definition
Type II pneumocytes develop
into type I
Term
What substance in
eosinophilic granules is
primarily responsible for
defense against helminths
and protozoan infections?
Definition
major basic protein
Term
Where is the site of
maturation of T lymphocytes?
Definition
Thymus
Term
Which cell type constituitively
secretes pulmonary
surfactant?
Definition
Type II pneumocyte
Term
Which cell type lines the
alveoli?
Definition
Type I pneumocyte
Term
Which leukemia is the result
of plasma cell neoplasm?
Definition
Multiple myeloma
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity
reaction is a mast cell
involved in?
Definition
Type I hypersensitivity
reaction
Term
Which type of immunity do B
cells exhibit?
Definition
humoral immunity
Term
After arising from the floor of
the primitive pharynx, where
does the thryoid diverticulum
go?
Definition
It descends down into the
neck
Term
After the first breath at birth,
what causes closure of the
ductus arteriosus?
Definition
An increase in oxygen
Term
After the first breath at birth,
what causes the closure of
the foramen ovale?
Definition
A decrease resistance in
pulmonary vasculature causes
increased left atrial pressure
vs. right atrial pressure
Term
Although the diaphragm
descends during
development, it maintains
innervation from ____?
Definition
C3-C5
Term
An easy pneumonic to
remember fetal erythropoiesis
is?
Definition
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Term
At what time in the course of
development is the fetus
most susceptible to
teratogens?
Definition
Weeks 3-8
Term
Deoxygenated blood from the
SVC is expelled into the
pulmonary artery and ____
____ to the lower body of the
fetus.
Definition
ductus arteriosus
Term
Do the cardiovascular
structures arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Do the chromaffin cells of the
adrenal medulla arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Do the lungs arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Do the lymphatics arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Do the melanocytes arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Do the neural crest cells arise
from mesoderm, ectoderm, or
endoderm?
Definition
Ectoderm
Term
Do the odontoblasts arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Do the parafollicular (C) cells
of the thyroid arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Do the Schwann cells arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Do the urogenital structures
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does blood arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does bone arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does muscle arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does the thyroid arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Does the adrenal cortex arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does the ANS arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Does the celiac ganglion arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Does the dorsal root ganglion
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Does the dura connective
tissue arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does the gut tube epithelium
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Does the liver arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Does the pancreas arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Does the parathyroid arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Does the pia arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Term
Does the serous linings of
body cavities arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does the spleen arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Does the thymus arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
From what does the
ligamentum teres hepatis
arise?
Definition
Umbilical vein
Term
How does a bicornate uterus
form?
Definition
Results from incomplete
fusion of the
paramesonephric ducts
Term
How does a cleft lip form?
Definition
Failure of fusion of the
maxillary and medial nasal
processes
Term
How does a cleft palate form?
Definition
Failure of fusion of the lateral
palatine processes, the nasal
septum, and/or the median
palatine process
Term
How does a horseshoe kidney
form?
Definition
Inferior poles of both kidneys
fuse, as they ascend from the
pelvis during development
they get trapped under the
inferior mesenteric artery,
and remain low in the
abdomen
Term
How is meckel's diverticulum
different than an
omphalomesenteric cyst?
Definition
Omphalomesenteric cyst is a
cystic dilatation of the
vitelline duct
Term
How long does full
development of
spermatogenesis take?
Definition
2 months
Term
How many arteries and veins
does the umbilical cord
contain?
Definition
- 2 umbilical arteries (carries
deoxygenated blood away
from fetus)
- 1 umbilical vein
(oxygenated blood to fetus)
Term
Is a primary spermatocyte 2N
or 4N?
Definition
4N
Term
Is a primary spermatocyte
haploid or diploid?
Definition
Diploid, 4N
Term
Is a secondary spermatocyte
haploid or diploid?
Definition
Haploid, 2N
Term
Is a secondary spermatocyte
N or 2N?
Definition
2N
Term
Is a speratogonium haploid or
diploid?
Definition
Diploid, 2N
Term
Is a spermatid haploid or
diploid?
Definition
Haploid, N
Term
Meiosis I is arrested in which
phase until ovulation?
Definition
Prophase
Term
Meiosis II is arrested in which
phase until fertilization?
Definition
Metaphase (an egg MET a
sperm)
Term
Most oxygenated blood
reaching the heart via IVC is
diverted through the ____ ____
and pumped out the aorta to
the head.
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
The right common cardinal
vein and right anterior
cardinal vein give rise to what
adult heart structure?
Definition
Superior vena cava
Term
The stapedius muscle of the
ear is formed by which
branchial arch?
Definition
2nd
Term
This type of bone formation
consists of ossification of
cartilaginous molds and
forms long bones at primary
and secondary centers.
Definition
Endochondral
Term
True or False, blood in the
umbilical vein is 100%
saturated with oxygen?
Definition
False, it is 80% saturated
Term
True or False, there are two
types of spermatogonia?
Definition
True, type A & type B
Term
What are the 1st branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
Definition
CN V2 and V3
Term
What are the 2nd branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
Definition
CN VII
Term
What are the 3rd branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
Definition
CN IX
Term
What are the 4th and 6th
branchial arch derivatives
innervated by?
Definition
CN X
Term
What are the cartilage
derivatives (5) of the 4th and
6th branchial arches?
Definition
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Arytenoids
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
Term
What are the five 2's
associated with meckel's
diverticulum?
Definition
- 2 inches long
- 2 feet from the ileocecal valve
- 2% of the population
- Commonly presents in the first 2 years of life
- May have 2 types of epithelia
Term
What are the rule of 2's for
the 2nd week of
development?
Definition
- 2 germ layers: epiblast
& hypoblast
- 2 cavities: amniotic cavity & yolk
sac
- 2 components to the placenta: cytotrophoblast
& syncytiotrophoblast
Term
What are the rule of 3's for
the 3rd week of development?
Definition
3 germ layers (gastrula):
ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm
Term
What can a persistent cervical
sinus lead to?
Definition
A branchial cyst in the neck
Term
What can be found in the
cortex of the thymus?
Definition
It is dense with immature T
cells
Term
What can be found in the
medulla of the thymus?
Definition
It is pale with mature T cells,
epithelial reticular cells, and
Hassall's corpuscles
Term
What connects the thyroid
diverticulum to the tongue?
Definition
The thyroglossal duct
Term
What devlopmental
contributions does the 5th
branchial arch make?
Definition
None
Term
What do the 2nd - 4th
branchial clefts form, which
are obliterated by
proliferation of the 2nd arch
mesenchyme?
Definition
Temporary cervical sinuses
Term
What does aberrant
development of the 3rd and
4th pouches cause?
Definition
DiGeorge's syndrome
Term
What does the 1st aortic arch
give rise to?
Definition
Part of the maxillary artery
Term
What does the 2nd
pharyngeal pouch develop
into?
Definition
Epithelial lining of the
palantine tonsils
Term
What does the 3rd aortic arch
give rise to?
Definition
Common carotid artery and
proximal part of the internal
carotid artery
Term
What does the 4th pharyngeal
pouch develop into?
Definition
Superior parathyroids
Term
What does the 5th aortic arch
give rise to?
Definition
Nothing
Term
What does the 5th pharyngeal
pouch develop into?
Definition
C cells of the thyroid
Term
What does the 6th aortic arch
give rise to?
Definition
The proximal part of the
pulmonary arteries and (on
left only) ductus arteriosus
Term
What does the ductus
arteriosus give rise to?
Definition
Ligamentum arteriosum
Term
What does the ductus
venosus shunt blood away
from?
Definition
Liver
Term
What does the first branchial
cleft develop into?
Definition
The external auditory meatus
Term
What does the foramen ovale
give rise to?
Definition
Fossa ovalis
Term
What does the left 4th aortic
arch give rise to?
Definition
Aortic arch
Term
What does the ligamentum
venosum come from?
Definition
Ductus venosus
Term
What does the notochord give
rise to?
Definition
Nucleus Pulposus
Term
What does the primitive atria
give rise to?
Definition
Trabeculated left and right
atrium
Term
What does the primitive
ventricle give rise to?
Definition
Trabeculated parts of the left
and right ventricle
Term
What does the right 4th aortic
arch give rise to?
Definition
Proximal part of the right
subclavian artery
Term
What does the right horn of
the sinus venosus give rise
to?
Definition
Smooth part of the right
atrium
Term
What does the spleen arise
from?
Definition
Dorsal mesentery, but is
supplied by the artery of the
foregut
Term
What does the thymus arise
from?
Definition
Epithelium of the 3rd
branchial pouch
Term
What does the thyroid
diverticulum arise from?
Definition
The floor of the primitive
pharynx
Term
What does the truncus
arteriosus give rise to?
Definition
The ascending aorta and
pulmonary trunk
Term
What does the umbilical
arteries give rise to?
Definition
Medial umbilical ligaments
Term
What ear muscle does the 1st
branchial arch form?
Definition
Tensor tympani
Term
What effect does 13-cisretinoic
acid have on the
fetus?
Definition
Extremely high risk for birth
defects
Term
What effect does ACE
inhibitors have on the fetus?
Definition
Renal Damage
Term
What effect does iodide have
on the fetus?
Definition
Congenital goiter or
hypothyroidism
Term
What effect does warfarin and
x-rays have on the fetus?
Definition
Multiple anomalies
Term
What effects does cocaine
have on the fetus?
Definition
Abnormal fetal development
and fetal addiction
Term
What embryonic structure are
the smooth parts of the left
and right ventricle derived
from?
Definition
Bulbus cordis
Term
What embryonic structure
does the coronary sinus come
from?
Definition
Left horn of the sinus
venosus
Term
What embryonic structure
does the median umbilical
ligament come from?
Definition
Allantois (urachus)
Term
What fetal landmark has
developed within week 2 of
fertilization?
Definition
Bilaminar disk
Term
What fetal landmark has
occurred within week 1 of
fertilization?
Definition
Implantation
Term
What fetal landmark has
occurred within week 3 of
fertilization?
Definition
Gastrulation
Term
What fetal landmarks (2) have
developed within week 3 of
fertilization?
Definition
Primitive streak and neural
plate begin to form
Term
What five things arise from
neuroectoderm?
Definition
- Neurohypophysis
- CNS neurons
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Pineal gland
Term
What four structures make up
the diaphragm?
Definition
- Septum transversum
- pleuroperitoneal folds
- body wall
- dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Term
What four things arise from
surface ectoderm?
Definition
- Adenohypophysis
- Lens of eye
- Epithelial linings
- Epidermis
Term
What four things does
Meckel's cartilage (from the
1st arch) develop into?
Definition
- Mandible - Malleus - Incus
- Sphenomandibular ligament
Term
What four things does
Reichert's cartilage (from the
2nd arch) develop into?
Definition
- Stapes - Styloid process
- Stylohyoid ligament
- Lesser horn of hyoid
Term
What four things does the
dorsal pancreatic bud
become?
Definition
Body, tail, isthmus, and
accessory pancreatic duct
Term
What four things does the
mesonephric (wolffian) duct
develop into?
Definition
- Seminal vesicles -
Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct
- Ductus deferens
Term
What induces the ectoderm to
form the neuroectoderm
(neural plate)?
Definition
Notochord
Term
What is a hiatal hernia?
Definition
Abdominal contents herniate
into the thorax due to
incomplete development of
the diaphragm
Term
What is a hypospadias?
Definition
Abnormal opening of penile
urethra on inferior side of
penis due to failure of
urethral folds to close
Term
What is a single umbilical
artery associated with?
Definition
Congenital and chromosomal
anomalies
Term
What is a urachal cyst or
sinus a remnant of?
Definition
The allantois
Term
What is an abnormal opening
of penile urethra on superior
side of penis due to faulty
positioning of the genital
tubercle?
Definition
Epispadias
Term
What is associated with an
epispadias?
Definition
Exstrophy of the bladder
Term
What is Meckel's
diverticulum?
Definition
Persistence of the vitelline
duct or yolk sac
Term
What is oligohydramnios
associated with?
Definition
Bilateral renal agenesis or
posterior urethral valves (in
males)
Term
What is oligohydramnios?
Definition
< 0.5 L of amniotic fluid
Term
What is polyhydramnios
associated with?
Definition
Esophageal/duodenal atresia,
anencephaly
Term
What is polyhydramnios?
Definition
> 1.5-2 L of amniotic fluid
Term
What is Potter's syndrome?
Definition
Bilateral renal agenesis, that
results in ologohydramnios
causing limb and facial
deformities and pulmonary
hypoplasia (Babies with
Potter's can’t pee in utero)
Term
What is the acrosome of
sperm derived from?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
What is the female
homologue to the corpus
spongiosum in the male?
Definition
Vestibular bulbs
Term
What is the female
homologue to the prostate
gland in the male?
Definition
Urethral and paraurethral
glands (of Skene)
Term
What is the female
homologue to the scrotum in
the male?
Definition
Labia majora
Term
What is the female
homologue to the ventral
shaft of the penis in the
male?
Definition
Labia minora
Term
What is the flagellum (tail)
derived from?
Definition
One of the centrioles
Term
What is the food supply of
sperm?
Definition
Fructose
Term
What is the male homologue
to the glans clitoris in the
female?
Definition
Glans penis
Term
What is the male homologue
to the greater vestibular
glands (of Bartholin) in the
female?
Definition
Bulbourethral glands (of
Cowper)
Term
What is the most common
congenital anomaly of the GI
tract?
Definition
Meckel's diverticulum
Term
What is the most common
ectopic thyroid tissue site?
Definition
The tongue
Term
What is the normal remnant
of the thyroglossal duct?
Definition
Foramen cecum
Term
What is the postnatal
derivative of the notochord?
Definition
The nucleus pulposus of the
intervertebral disc
Term
What is the site of T-cell
maturation?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What part of the gut is the
pancreas derived?
Definition
Foregut
Term
What suppresses the
development of the
paramesonephric ducts in
males?
Definition
Mullerian inhibiting substance
(secreted by the testes)
Term
What teratogenic agent
causes limb defects ('flipper'
limbs)?
Definition
Thalidomide
Term
What three structures does
the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
develop into?
Definition
- Thymus - Left inferior
parathyroid - Right inferior
parathyroid
Term
What three things does the
1st pharyngeal pouch develop
into?
Definition
- Middle ear cavity -
Eustachian tube - Mastoid air
cells
Term
What three things does the
paramesonephric (mullerian)
duct develop into?
Definition
- Fallopian tube - Uterus -
Part of the vagina
Term
What three things does the
ventral pancreatic bud
become?
Definition
- Pancreatic head - uncinate
process - main pancreatic
duct
Term
What two things occur during
week 4 of fetal development?
Definition
Heart begins to beat, upper
and lower limb buds begin to
form
Term
What type of bone formation
is spontaneous without
preexisting cartilage?
Definition
Intramembranous
Term
What type of twins would
have 1 placenta, 2 amniotic
sacs, and 1 chorion?
Definition
Monozygotic twins
Term
What type of twins would
have 2 amniotic sacs and 2
placentas
Definition
Monozygotic or dizygotic
twins
Term
What will DiGeorge's
syndrome lead to?
Definition
T cell deficiency &
hypocalcemia
Term
When do primary oocytes
begin meiosis I?
Definition
During fetal life
Term
When do primary oocytes
complete meiosis I?
Definition
Just prior to ovulation
Term
When does fetal
erythropoiesis occur in the
bone marrow?
Definition
Week 28 and onward
Term
When does fetal
erythropoiesis occur in the
liver?
Definition
Weeks 6-30
Term
When does fetal
erythropoiesis occur in the
spleen?
Definition
Weeks 9-28
Term
When does organogenesis
occur in the fetus?
Definition
Weeks 3-8
Term
Where does positive and
negative selection occur in
the thymus?
Definition
At the corticomedullary
junction
Term
Where does spermatogenesis
take place?
Definition
Seminferous tubules
Term
Where is the first place fetal
erythropoiesis occurs and
when does this take place?
Definition
Yolk sac (3-8 wk)
Term
Which aortic arch does the
stapedial artery and the hyoid
artery come from?
Definition
2nd aortic arch
Term
Which branchial arch are the
greater horn of hyoid and the
stylopharyngeus muscle
derived from?
Definition
3rd branchial arch
Term
Which branchial arch does
Meckel's cartilage develop
from?
Definition
1st arch
Term
Which branchial arch forms
the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue?
Definition
1st arch
Term
Which branchial arch forms
the incus and malleus of the
ear?
Definition
1st arch
Term
Which ear bone(s) does the
2nd branchial arch form?
Definition
Stapes
Term
Which embryonic tissue are
branchial clefts derived from?
Definition
Ectoderm
Term
Which embryonic tissue are
branchial pouches derived
from?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
Which is more common a
hypospadias or epispadias?
Definition
Hypospadias
Term
Which muscles (3) are
derivatives of the 4th
branchial arch?
Definition
- Most pharyngeal
constrictors - Cricothyroid -
Levator veli palatini
Term
Which muscles (4) are
derivatives of the 2nd
branchial arch?
Definition
- Muscles of facial expression
- Stapedius - Stylohyoid -
Posterior belly of digastric
Term
Which muscles (8) are
derivatives of the 1st
branchial arch?
Definition
- Temporalis - Masseter -
Lateral pterygoid - Medial
pterygoid - Mylohyoid -
Anterior belly of digastric -
Tensor tympani - Tensor veli
palatini
Term
Which muscles are derivatives
of the 6th branchial arch?
Definition
All intrinsic muscles of the
larynx, except the
cricothyroid
Term
Which pharyngeal arch does
Reichert's cartilage develop
from?
Definition
2nd arch
Term
Which teratogenic agent
causes vaginal clear cell
adenocarcinoma?
Definition
DES
Term
Which two branchial arches
form the posterior 1/3 of the
tongue?
Definition
3rd and 4th arches
Term
Which two embryonic tissues
are branchial arches derived
from?
Definition
Mesoderm and neural crests
Term
Which week of fetal
development have the
genitalia taken on male/
female characteristics?
Definition
Week 10
Term
A common football injury
caused by clipping from the
lateral side will damage what
structures (3 answers)?
Definition
--Medial collateral ligament
--Medial meniscus --Anterior
cruciate ligament
Term
A lumbar puncture is
performed at what landmark/
Definition
Iliac crest
Term
A positive anterior drawer
sign indicates damage to
what structure?
Definition
Anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL)
Term
A pudendal nerve block is
performed at what landmark?
Definition
Ischial spine
Term
Abnormal passive abduction
of the knee indicates damage
to what structure?
Definition
Medial collateral ligament
(MCL)
Term
Anterior' in ACL refers to
what attachment?
Definition
Tibial
Term
At what level is a lumbar
puncture performed?
Definition
Between L3-L4 or L4-L5
Term
Common peroneal nerve
damage manifests what
deficit?
Definition
Loss of dorsiflexion(Foot
Drop)
Term
Common peroneal, Tibial,
Femoral, and Obturator
nerves arise from what spinal
cord segments (4 answers)?
Definition
--'L4-S2 (common peroneal)
--L4-S3 (tibial) --L2-L4
(femoral) and (obturator)
Term
Coronary artery occlusion
usually occurs where?
Definition
Left anterior descending
artery (LAD)
Term
Do the coronary arteries fill
during systole or diastole?
Definition
Diastole
Term
Erection and sensation of the
penis is in what dermatomes?
Definition
S2-S4
Term
Femoral nerve damage
manifests what deficit?
Definition
Loss of knee jerk
Term
How does the course of the
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
differ from that of the right?
Definition
The left wraps around the
arch of the aorta and the
ligamentum arteriosum while
the right wraps around the
subclavian artery.
Term
How is the appendix located?
Definition
2/3 of the way from the
umbilicus to the anterior
superior iliac spine
Term
How many lobes are in the
right and left lungs and what
are their names?
Definition
--Right has three
(superior,middle,inferior) --
Left has two (superior and
inferior) and the lingula
Term
Name five portal-systemic
anastomoses.
Definition
1.Left gastric-azygous vv.
2.Superior-Middle/Inferior
rectal vv. 3.Paraumbilicalinferior
epigastric
4.Retroperitoneal-renal vv.
5.Retroperitonealparavertebral
vv.
Term
Name the 4 ligaments of the
uterus.
Definition
--Suspensory ligament of
ovaries --Transverse cervical
(cardinal) ligament --Round
ligament of uterus --Broad
ligament
Term
Name the hypothenar
muscles.
Definition
--Opponens digiti minimi --
Abductor digiti minimi --
Flexor digiti minimi
Term
Name the retroperitoneal
structures (9).
Definition
1.Duodenum(2nd-4th parts)
2.Descending colon
3.Ascending colon 4.Kidney
& ureters 5.Pancreas
6.Aorta 7.Inferior vena cava
8.Adrenal glands 9.Rectum
Term
Name the rotator cuff
muscles.
Definition
--Supraspinatus --
Infraspinatus --teres minor
--Subscapularis
Term
Name the thenar muscles
Definition
--Opponens pollicis --
Abductor pollicis brevis --
Flexor pollicis brevis
Term
Obturator nerve damage
manifests what deficit?
Definition
Loss of hip adduction
Term
Pain from the diaphragm is
usually referred where?
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Name five portal-systemic
anastomoses.
Definition
1.Left gastric-azygous vv.
2.Superior-Middle/Inferior
rectal vv. 3.Paraumbilicalinferior
epigastric
4.Retroperitoneal-renal vv.
5.Retroperitonealparavertebral
vv.
Term
Name the 4 ligaments of the
uterus.
Definition
--Suspensory ligament of
ovaries --Transverse cervical
(cardinal) ligament --Round
ligament of uterus --Broad
ligament
Term
Name the hypothenar
muscles.
Definition
--Opponens digiti minimi --
Abductor digiti minimi --
Flexor digiti minimi
Term
Name the retroperitoneal
structures (9).
Definition
1.Duodenum(2nd-4th parts)
2.Descending colon
3.Ascending colon 4.Kidney
& ureters 5.Pancreas
6.Aorta 7.Inferior vena cava
8.Adrenal glands 9.Rectum
Term
Name the rotator cuff
muscles.
Definition
--Supraspinatus --
Infraspinatus --teres minor
--Subscapularis
Term
Name the thenar muscles
Definition
--Opponens pollicis --
Abductor pollicis brevis --
Flexor pollicis brevis
Term
Obturator nerve damage
manifests what deficit?
Definition
Loss of hip adduction
Term
Pain from the diaphragm is
usually referred where?
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Subarachnoid space extends
to what spinal level?
Definition
S2
Term
The area of the body that
contains the appendix is
known as what?
Definition
McBurney's point
Term
The femoral triangle contains
what structures from lateral
to medial?
Definition
--Femoral nerve --Femoral
artery --Femoral vein --
Femoral Canal (lymphatics)
Term
The inguinal ligament exists
in what dermatome?
Definition
L1
Term
The kneecaps exist in what
dermatome?
Definition
L4
Term
The male sexual response of
ejaculation is mediated by
what part of the nervous
system?
Definition
Visceral and somatic nerves
Term
The male sexual response of
emission is mediated by what
part of the nervous system?
Definition
Sympathetic nervous system
Term
The male sexual response of
erection is mediated by what
part of the nervous system?
Definition
Parasympathetic nervous
system
Term
The nipple exists in what
dermatome?
Definition
T4
Term
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
arises from what cranial nerve
and supplies what muscles?
Definition
1.CN X 2.All intrinsic muscles
of the larynx except the
cricothyroid muscle.
Term
The SA and AV nodes are
usually supplied by what
artery?
Definition
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Term
The spinal cord ends at what
level in adults?
Definition
L1-L2
Term
The umbilicus exists in what
dermatome?
Definition
T10
Term
The xiphoid process exists in
what dermatome?
Definition
T7
Term
Tibial nerve damage
manifests what deficit?
Definition
Loss of plantar flexion
Term
What are hernias?
Definition
Protrusions of peritoneum
through an opening, usually
sites of weakness.
Term
What are JG cells?
Definition
Modified smooth muscle of
afferent arteriole in the
juxtaglomerular apparatus of
the kidney
Term
What are the boundaries of
the inguinal (Hesselbach)
triangle?
Definition
--Inferior epigastric artery --
Lateral border of the rectus
abdominus --Inguinal
ligament
Term
What are the layers
encountered from the
outsided down to the brain?
Definition
--Skin --Connective tissue
--Aponeurosis --Loose
connective tissue --
Pericranium --Dura mater --
Subdural space --Arachnoid
--Subarachnoid space --Pia
mater --Brain
Term
What are the manifestations
of portal hypertension?
Definition
--Esophageal varices --
Hemorrhoids --Caput
medusae
Term
What condition is usually
associated with portal
hypertension?
Definition
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Term
What defect may predispose
an infant for a diaphragmatic
hernia?
Definition
Defective development of the
pleuroperitoneal membrane
Term
What gut regions and
structures does the celiac
artery supply?
Definition
1.Foregut 2.--Stomach to
duodenum --liver --
gallbladder --pancreas
Term
What gut regions and
structures does the IMA
supply?
Definition
1.Hindgut 2.--Distal 1/3 of
transverse colon to upper
portion of rectum
Term
What gut regions and
structures does the SMA
supply?
Definition
1.Midgut 2.--Duodenum to
proximal 2/3 of transverse
colon
Term
What is a diaphragmatic
hernia?
Definition
Abdominal retroperitoneal
structures enter the thorax
Term
What is a femoral hernia?
Definition
entrance of abdominal
contents through the femoral
canal.
Term
What is a hiatal hernia?
Definition
Stomach contents herniate
upward through the
esophageal hiatus of the
diaphragm
Term
What is the arterial blood
supply difference above and
below the pectinate line?
Definition
--Superior rectal a. (Above)
--Inferior rectal a. (Below)
Term
What is the course of a direct
inguinal hernia?
Definition
Through weak abdominal
wall, into the inguinal
triangle, medial to the inferior
epigastric artery, through the
external inguinal ring only.
Term
What is the course of an
indirect inguinal hernia?
Definition
Through the internal (deep)
inguinal ring and the external
(superficial) inguinal ring
lateral to the inferior
epigastric artery and into the
scrotum
Term
What is the course of the
ureters?
Definition
Pass under uterine artery and
under the ductus deferens
Term
What is the function of
Myenteric plexus?
Submucosal plexus?
Definition
1.Coordinates motility along
entire gut wall 2.Regulates
local secretions, blood flow,
and absorption
Term
What is the function of the JG
cells?
Definition
--secrete renin and
erythropoietin
Term
What is the innervation
difference above and below
the pectinate line?
Definition
--Visceral innervation
(Above) --Somatic
innervation (Below)
Term
What is the innervation of the
diaphram?
Definition
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
Term
What is the macula densa?
Definition
Sodium sensor in part of the
distal convoluted distal
tubule in the juxtaglomerular
apparatus of the kidney
Term
What is the Myenteric plexus
also known as? Submucosal
plexus?
Definition
1. Auerbach's plexus 2.
Meissner's plexus
Term
What is the pectinate line of
the rectum?
Definition
Where the hindgut meets
ectoderm in the rectum
Term
What is the relationship of the
two pulmonary arteries in the
lung hilus?
Definition
Right anterior Left superior
Term
What is the usual pathology
above the pectinate line of
the rectum?
Definition
Internal hemorrhoids (not
painful) Adenocarcinoma
Term
What is the usual pathology
below the pectinate line of
the rectum?
Definition
External hemorrhoids
(painful) Squamous cell
carcinoma
Term
What is the venous drainage
difference above and below
the pectinate line?
Definition
--Superior rectal v. to IMV to
portal system (Above) --
Inferior rectal v. to internal
pudendal v. to internal iliac v.
to IVC (Below)
Term
What layers of the gut wall
contribute to motility (4)?
Definition
--Muscularis mucosae --
Inner circular muscle layer --
Myenteric plexus --Outer
longitudinal muscle layer
Term
What layers of the gut wall
contribute to support (3)?
Definition
--Serosa --Lamina propria --
Submucosa
Term
What muscle opens the jaw?
Definition
Lateral pterygoid
Term
What nerve innervates most
of the 'glossus' muscles and
which is the exception?
Definition
1.Vagus Nerve (CNX)
2.Palatoglossus (innervated
by hypoglossal n.)
Term
What nerve innervates most
of the 'palat' muscles and
which is the exception?
Definition
1.Trigeminal Nerve,
Mandibular branch 2.Tensor
veli palatini (innervated by
vagus n)
Term
What nerve innervates the
muscles that close and open
the jaw?
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve (V3)
Term
What neurons do the GI
enteric plexus contain?
Definition
Cell bodies of
parasympathetic terminal
effector neurons
Term
What part of the heart does
the LAD supply?
Definition
anterior interventricular
septum
Term
What spinal cord levels are
vertebral disk herniation most
likely to occur?
Definition
Between L5 and S1
Term
What structure is in the
femoral triangle but not in
the femoral sheath?
Definition
--Femoral nerve
Term
What structures are in the
carotid sheath?
Definition
1.Internal Jugular Vein
(lateral) --2.Common Carotid
Artery (medial) --3.Vagus
Nerve (posterior)
Term
What structures are pierced
when doing an LP?
Definition
1.Skin/superficial fascia
2.Ligaments
(supraspinatous,interspinous,
ligamentum flavum)
3.Epidural space 4.Dura
mater 5.Subdural space
6.Arachnoid 7.Subarachnoid
space--CSF
Term
What structures do the broad
ligament contain (4)?
Definition
--Round ligaments of the
uterus --Ovaries --Uterine
tubules --Uterine vessels
Term
What structures make up the
bronchopulmonary segment?
Definition
--Tertiary bronchus --
Bronchial artery --Pulmonary
artery
Term
What structures perforate the
diaphragm at what vertebral
levels?
Definition
--IVC at T8 --esophagus,
vagal trunks at T10 --aorta,
thoracic duct, axygous vein at
T12
Term
What three muscles close the
jaw?
Definition
--Masseter --Temporalis --
Medial pterygoid
Term
What usually provides the
blood supply for the inferior
left ventricle?
Definition
Posterior descending artery
(PD) of the RCA
Term
When do the JG cells secrete
renin?
Definition
in response to decreased
renal BP, decreased sodium
delivery to distal tubule, and
increased sympathetic tone
Term
When is damage to the
recurrent laryngeal nerve
most likely to happen and
what are its results(2
answers)?
Definition
1.Thyroid surgery
2.Hoarseness
Term
Where is the CSF found?
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
Where is the Myenteric plexus
located? Submucosal plexus?
Definition
1.Between the inner and outer
layers of smooth muscle in GI
tract wall 2.Between mucosa
and inner layer of smooth
muscle in GI tract wall.
Term
Which ligament contains the
ovarian vessels?
Definition
Suspensory ligament of the
ovary
Term
Which ligament contains the
uterine vessels?
Definition
Transverse cervical (cardinal)
ligament
Term
Which lung is the usual site of
an inhaled foreign body?
Definition
Right lung
Term
Which lung provides a space
for the heart to occupy?
Definition
Left lung (in the place of the
middle lobe)
Term
Which meningeal layer is not
pierced during an LP?
Definition
Pia mater
Term
Who usually gets a direct
inguinal hernia? indirect
hernia (and why)?
Definition
1.Older men 2.Infants (failure
of processus vaginalis to
close)
Term
What are the 3 layers of
peripheral nerves? (inner to
outer)
Definition
1) Endoneurium 2)
Perineurium 3) Epineurium
Term
Where is type I collagen
found?(7)
Definition
1. bone 2. tendon 3. skin 4.
dentin 5. fascia 6. cornea 7.
late wound repair
Term
Where is type II collagen
found? (3)
Definition
1. cartilage (including hyaline)
2. vitreous body 3. nucleus
pulposus.
Term
What are the functions of the
major structures of the inner
ear bony labyrinth?
Definition
1. Cochlea- hearing 2.
vestibule- linear acceleration
3. semicircular canalsangular
acceleration.
Term
What are the major structures
of the inner ear bony
labyrinth?
Definition
1. Cochlea 2. vestibule 3.
semicircular canals
Term
What are the major structures
of the inner ear membranous
labyrinth?
Definition
1. Cochlear duct 2. utricle. 3.
saccule 4. semicircular
canals.
Term
Name two proteins involved
in the structure of macula
adherens.
Definition
1. Desmoplakin 2.Keratin
Term
Name 6 functions of Golgi
apparatus.
Definition
1. Distribution center of proteins and
lipids from ER to plasma membrane,
lysosomes, secretory vessicles 2.
Modifies N-oligosaccharides on
asparagine 3. Adds O-oligosaccharides
to Ser and Thr residues 4. Proteoglycan
assembly from proteoglycan core
proteins 5. Sulfation of sugars in
proteoglycans and of selected tyrosine
on proteins
6. Addition of mannose-6-
phosphate to specific
lysosomal proteins, which
targets the protein to the
lysosome
Term
Name two proteins involved
in the structure of zona
adherens?
Definition
1. E-cadherins
2. actin filaments
Term
Which cells are rich in smooth
ER?
Definition
1. liver hepatocytes, 2.
steroid hormone-producing
cells of adrenal cortex.
Term
Describe the immune
response stimulated via
Peyer's patches.
Definition
1. M cells take up antigen. 2.
stimulated B cells leave Peyer's patch
and travel through lymph and blood to
lamina propria of intestine. 3. In
lamina propria B cells differentiate into
IgA-secreting plasma cells. 4. IgA
receives protective secretory
component. 5. IgA is transported
across epithelium to gut to deal with
intraluminal Ag.
Term
Which cells are rich in rough
ER?
Definition
1. Mucus-secreting goblet
cells of small intestine, 2.
antibody-secreting plasma
cells.
Term
What are the functions of the
lymph node?
Definition
1. Nonspecific filtration by
macrophages. 2. storage/
proliferation of B and T cells
3. Ab production.
Term
Where is type III collagen
found? (5)
Definition
1. skin 2.blood vessels
3.uterus 4.fetal tissue
5.granulation tissue
Term
Name five types of epithelial
cell junctions.
Definition
1. zona occludens 2.zona
adherens 3.macula adherens
4.gap junction
5.hemidesmosome
Term
Describe microtubule
arrangement of cilia.
Definition
9+2 arrangement of
microtubules.
Term
Describe the outer structure
of a Peyer's patch.
Definition
A Peyer's patch is 'covered' by
single layer of cuboidal
enterocytes, interspersed with
specialized M cells (no goblet
cells).
Term
What is a lymph node?
Include information on
structural components.
Definition
A secondary lymphoid organ.
Has many afferents, one or
more efferents. With
trabeculae. Major histological
regions = Follicle, Medulla,
Paracortex
Term
What is the primary
regulatory control of zona
fasciculata secretion?
Definition
ACTH, hypothalamic CRH
Term
What is the primary
regulatory control of zona
reticularis secretion?
Definition
ACTH, hypothalamic CRH
Term
What are/is the primary
secretory product of the zona
glomerulosa?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
What do Brunner's glands
secrete?
Definition
alkaline mucus
Term
What is the function of liver
sinusoids?
Definition
Allow macromolecules of
plasma full access to surface
of liver cells through space of
Disse.
Term
What is the function of a gap
junction?
Definition
Allows adjacent cells to
communicate for electric and
metabolic functions.
Term
What is produced by alpha
cells of the Islets of
Langerhans?
Definition
alpha cells produce glucagon
Term
What three cell types are
found in Islets of Langerhans?
Definition
alpha, beta, and gamma cells
Term
What type of cells are Nissl
bodies found? In what parts
of the cell?
Definition
Are found in neurons. Are not
found in axon or axon
hillock.
Term
IN what area of the spleen are
B cells found?
Definition
B cells are found within the
white pulp of the spleen.
Term
What is type IV collagen
found? (1)
Definition
basement membrane or basal
lamina
Term
What is produced by beta
cells of the Islets of
Langerhans?
Definition
beta cells produce insulin
Term
What is the only GI
submucosal gland?
Definition
Brunner's glands
Term
Describe the histological
layers of the adrenal glands
(outside to in)
Definition
Capsule, Zona glomerulosa,
Zona fasciculata, Zona
reticularis, Medulla.
Term
What are/is the primary
secretory product of the
adrenal medulla?
Definition
Catecholamines (Epi, NE)
Term
Memo to you.
Definition
Check out the picture in the
book.
Term
Memo to you.
Definition
Check out the picture in the
book. p. 105
Term
What do the medullary cords
consist of?
Definition
Closely packed lymphocytes
and plasma cells.
Term
What is the most common
type of collagen?
Definition
Collagen Type I - 90%
Term
What is the most abundant
protein in the human body?
Definition
Collagen.
Term
Define Islets of Langerhans.
Definition
Collections of endocrine cells.
Term
What is the function of
hemidesmosomes?
Definition
Connect cells to underlying
extracellular matrix.
Term
What are/is the primary
secretory product of the zona
fasciculata?
Definition
cortisol, sex hormones.
Term
What is another name for
macula adherens?
Definition
Desmosome
Term
What is the effect of duodenal
ulcers on Brunner's gland
histology?
Definition
Duodenal ulcers cause
hypertrophy of Brunner's
glands.
Term
How does dynein function in
cilia function?
Definition
Dynein causes the bending of
cilium by differential sliding
of doublets.
Term
What kind of protein is
dynein?
Definition
Dynein is an ATPase.
Term
Describe the role of dynein in
cilia structure.
Definition
Dynein links peripheral 9
doublets of microtubules.
Term
What makes endolymph?
Definition
Endolymph is made by the
stria vascularis.
Term
What is Endoneurium?
Definition
Endoneurium invests single
nerve fiber of the peripheral
nerve.
Term
What is Epineurium?
Definition
Epineurium (dense connective
tissue) surrounds entire never
(fascicles and blood vessels)
Term
What is type X collagen
found? (1)
Definition
epiphyseal plate
Term
Plasma is filtered on the basis
of what properties?
Definition
Filtration of plasma occurs
according to net charge and
size.
Term
How is the glomerular
basement membrane formed?
Definition
From the fusion of
endothelial and podocyte
basement membranes.
Term
What is produced by gamma
cells of the Islets of
Langerhans?
Definition
gamma cells produce
somatostatin.
Term
What is the mnemonic to
remember layers and
products of adrenal cortex?
Definition
GFR (Glomerulosa,
Fasciculata, Reticularis)
corresponds to Salt (Na+),
Sugar (glucocorticoids) and
Sex (androgens) The deeper
you go, the sweeter it gets.
Term
What is the function of hair
cells?
Definition
Hair cells are the sensory
elements in both the cochlear
and vestibular apparatus.
Term
Name a protein involved in
the structure of
hemidesmosomes.
Definition
Integrin.
Term
What is another name for
zona adherens?
Definition
Intermediate junction.
Term
Describe the histological
structure of sinusoids of the
liver.
Definition
Irregular 'capillaries' with
round pores 100-200 nm in
diameter and no basement
membrane.
Term
What is the function of
smooth ER?
Definition
Is the site of steroid synthesis
and detoxification of drugs
and poisons
Term
What is the function of rough
ER?
Definition
Is the site of synthesis of
secretory (exported proteins
and of N-linked
oligosaccharide addition to
many proteins.
Term
What part of pancreas are the
Islets of Langerhans
concentrated?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans are most
numerous in the tail of
pancreas.
Term
What structural defect causes
Kartagener's syndrome? What
is the consequence?
Definition
Kartagener's syndrome is due
to dynein arm defect. Results
in immotile cilia.
Term
Define Pacinian corpuscles.
Definition
Large, encapsulated sensory
receptors found in deeper
layers of skin at ligaments,
joint capsules, serous
membranes, mesenteries.
Term
Where are Brunner's glands
located?
Definition
Located in submucosa of
duodenum
Term
Describe the histologic
structure of sinusoids of the
spleen.
Definition
Long, vascular channels in
red pulp. With fenestrated
'barrel hoop' basement
membrane.
Term
What is the histologic change
in lymph nodes during an
extreme cellular immune
response?
Definition
Lymph node paracortex
becomes enlarged during
extreme cellular immune
response.
Term
What is the histologic
presentation of DiGeorge's
syndrome?
Definition
Lymph node paracortex is not
well developed in patients
with DiGeorge's syndrome.
Term
What kind of cells are found
nearby the sinusoids of the
spleen?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
What are the major structures
of the lymph node medulla?
Definition
Medulla consists of medullary
cords and medullary sinuses.
Term
What do medullary sinuses
communicate with?
Definition
Medullary sinuses
communicate with efferent
lymphatics.
Term
What do medullary sinuses
consist of?
Definition
Medullary sinuses contain
reticular cells and
macrophages.
Term
What is the function of
Meissner's corpuscles?
Definition
Meissner's corpuscles are
involved in light
discriminatory touch of
glabrous skin.
Term
What is the histologic change
in nephrotic syndrome? What
is the consequence of this
change?
Definition
Negative charge is lost.
Plasma protein is lost in urine
Term
What is the glomerular
basement membrane coated
with? (provides negative
charge to filter).
Definition
Negatively charged heparan
sulfate.
Term
What is the most common
tumor the adrenal medulla in
children?
Definition
Neuroblastoma
Term
What is the function of
Pacinian corpuscles?
Definition
Pacinian corpuscles are
involved in pressure, coarse
touch, vibration, and tension.
Term
What do the Islets of
Langerhans arise from?
Definition
Pancreatic buds.
Term
What specialized vascular
structure is found in the
lymph node paracortex?
What is the function of this
structure?
Definition
Paracortex contains high
endothelial venules (HEV). T
and B cells enter from the
blood through the HEV.
Term
What cells are found in the
lymph node paracortex?
Definition
Paracortex houses T cells.
Term
What is Perineurium?
Definition
Perineurium (permeability
barrier) surrounds a fascicle
of nerve fibers.
Term
What is the most common
tumor the adrenal medulla in
adults?
Definition
Pheochromocytoma
Term
Compare the consequences
of pheochromocytoma vs.
neuroblastoma on blood
pressure
Definition
Pheochromocytoma causes
episodic hypertension
Neuroblastoma does NOT
cause episodic hypertension
Term
What is the space of Disse?
Definition
Pores in liver sinusoids
allowing plasma
macromolecules access to
liver cell surfaces.
Term
What is the primary
regulatory control of adrenal
medulla secretion?
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic
fibers
Term
What is the function of zona
occludens?
Definition
Prevents diffusion across
intracellular space.
Term
Describe the appearance and
status of primary vs.
secondary follicles.
Definition
Primary follicles are dense
and dormant. Secondary
follicles have pale central
germinal centers and are
active.
Term
Describe the location of the
lymph node paracortex.
Definition
Region of cortex between
follicles and medulla.
Term
What is the primary
regulatory control of zona
glomerulosa secretion?
Definition
Renin-angiotensin
Term
What is the glomerular
basement membrane
responsible for?
Definition
Responsible for the actual
filtration of plasma.
Term
What is another name for
type III collagen?
Definition
reticulin
Term
What are Nissl bodies?
Definition
rough ER
Term
Where in the inner ear are the
ampullae found? What is the
function of this structure?
Definition
Semicircular canals contain
ampullae Functions in
detecting angular
acceleration.
Term
What are/is the primary
secretory product of the zona
reticularis?
Definition
sex hormones (e.g.
androgens)
Term
What is the function of lymph
node follicles?
Definition
Site of B-cell localization and
proliferation.
Term
Define macula adherens.
Definition
Small, discrete sites of
attachment of epithelial cells.
Term
Define Meissner's corpuscles.
Definition
Small, encapsulated sensory
receptors found in dermis of
palm, soles and digits of skin.
Term
What is an M cell? What is it's
function.
Definition
Specialized cell interspersed
between the cuboidal
enterocytes covering a Peyer's
patch. M cells take up
antigens.
Term
Name the layers of epidermis
from surface to base.
Definition
stratum Corneum, stratum
Lucidum, stratum
Granulosum, stratum
Spinosum, stratum Basalis.
Term
What is the location of zona
adherens?
Definition
Surrounds the perimeter just
below zona occludens.
Term
What is the function of Nissl
bodies?
Definition
Synthesize enzymes (e.g.
ChAT) and peptide
neurotransmitters.
Term
In what area of the spleen are
T cells found?
Definition
T cells are found in the PALS
and the red pulp of the
spleen.
Term
Which part of the cochlea
picks up high frequency
sound? Which picks up low
frequency?
Definition
The base of the cochlea picks
up high frequency sound the
apex picks up low frequency
sound
Term
What is the bony labyrinth
filled with? Describe its
composition.
Definition
The bony labyrinth is filled
with perilymph. Perilymph is
Na+ rich, similar to ECF
Term
What is the cause of I cell
disease? What is the
consequence?
Definition
The failure of addition of
mannose-6-phosphate to
lysosome proteins. These
enzymes are secreted outside
the cell instead of being
targeted to the lysosome.
Term
What is the membranous
labyrinth filled with? Describe
its composition.
Definition
The membranous labyrinth is
filled with endolymph.
Endolymph is K+ rich, similar
to ICF.
Term
What layer of the peripheral
nerve must be rejoined in
microsurgery for limb
reattachment?
Definition
The perineurium must be
rejoined in microsurgery for
limb reattachment.
Term
Where in the inner ear are the
maculae found? What is the
function of this structure?
Definition
The utricle and saccule
contain maculae Functions in
detecting linear acceleration.
Term
How is the function of gap
junctions accomplished?
Definition
Through a connection with
central channels.
Term
What is another name for
zona occludens?
Definition
Tight junction.
Term
What are mnemonics for
remembering locations for
type I, II and IV collagen?
Definition
Type ONE: bONE Type TWO:
carTWOlage Type FOUR:
under the FLOOR (basement
membrane)
Term
What is a Peyer's patch?
Definition
Unencapsulated lymphoid
tissue found in lamina propria
and submucosa of small
intestine.
Term
What type of infection may
induce an extreme cellular
immune response? What
happens to the lymph node
during such an immune
response?
Definition
Viral response is an example.
The paracortex enlarges.
Term
According to the
Homunculus man, place the
following in order (from
medial to lateral). hand, foot,
tongue, face, trunk
Definition
foot, trunk, hand, face,
tongue
Term
Can Bell's palsy occur
idiopathically?
Definition
true
Term
Can fasiculations be
present in a LMN lesion?
Definition
true
Term
Is the anterior nucleus
of the thalamus part of the
limbic system?
Definition
true
Term
Is the cingulate gyrus
part of the limbic system?
Definition
true
Term
Is the Entrorhinal
cortex part of the limbic
system?
Definition
true
Term
Is the hippocampal
formation part of the limbic
system?
Definition
true
Term
Is the mammillary
body part of the limbic
system?Is the mammillary
body part of the limbic
system?
Definition
true
Term
Is the septal area part
of the limbic system?
Definition
true
Term
Thoracic outlet
syndrome results in atrophy
of the interosseous muscles?
Definition
true
Term
Thoracic outlet
syndrome results in atrophy
of the thenar and hypothenar
eminences?
Definition
true
Term
Thoracic outlet
syndrome results in
disappearance of the radial
pulse upon moving the head
to the opposite side?
Definition
true
Term
Thoracic outlet
syndrome results in sensory
deficits on the medial side of
the forearm and hand?
Definition
true
Term
A lesion of the globus
pallidus causes what disease?
Definition
Wilson's disease
Term
A lesion of the mammillary
bodies (bilateraly) produces
what?
Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff's
encephalopathy
(confabulations, anterograde
amnesia)
Term
A lesion of the optic chiasm
produces?
Definition
bitemporal hemianopsia
Term
A lesion of the right dorsal
optic radiation (parietal
lesion) produces?
Definition
left lower quadrantic anopsia
(a temporal lesion)
Term
A lesion of the right Meyer's
loop (temporal lobe)
produces?
Definition
left upper quadrantic anopsia
(a temporal lesion)
Term
A lesion of the right optic
nerve produces?
Definition
right anopsia
Term
A lesion of the right optic
tract produces?
Definition
left homonymous
hemianopsia
Term
A lesion of the right visual
fibers just prior to the visual
cortex produces?
Definition
left hemianopsia with macular
sparing
Term
A lesion of the Striatum can
cause which 2 diseases?
Definition
Huntington's and Wilson's
disease
Term
A positive Babinski is an
indicator for a (UMN or LMN)
lesion?
Definition
UMN lesion
Term
A rupture of the middle
menigeal artery causes what
type of hematoma? (epidural
or subdural)
Definition
epidural hematoma
Term
A rupture of the superior
cerebral veins causes what
type of hematoma? (epidural
or subdural)
Definition
subdural hematoma
Term
An aneurysm of the anterior
communicating artery may
cause what type of defects?
Definition
visual defects
Term
An aneurysm of what artery
may cause CN III palsy?
Definition
posterior communicating
artery
Term
Are D1 neurons in the basal
ganglia inhibitory or
excitatory?
Definition
Excitatory
Term
Are D2 neurons in the basal
ganglia inhibitory or
excitatory?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
Beginning with anterior
communicating artery
describe the path around the
circle of Willis.
Definition
ant. comm. - ACA - ICA -
post. comm. - PCA - PCA -
post. comm. - ICA - ACA -
ant. comm.
Term
Bell's Palsy is seen as a
complication in what 5
things?
Definition
AIDS, Lyme disease,
Sarcoidosis, Tumors,
Diabetes (ALexander Bell with
STD)
Term
Brodmann's area 17 is?
Definition
principal visual cortex
Term
Brodmann's area 22 is?
Definition
Wernicke's area (associative
auditory cortex)
Term
Brodmann's area 3,1,2 is?
Definition
principal sensory area
Term
Brodmann's area 4 is?
Definition
principal motor area
Term
Brodmann's area 41, 42 is?
Definition
primary auditory cortex
Term
Brodmann's area 44, 45 is?
Definition
Broca's area (motor speech)
Term
Brodmann's area 6 is?
Definition
premotor area
Term
Brodmann's area 8 is?
Definition
frontal eye movement and
pupilary change area
Term
CN I has what function?
Definition
smell
Term
CN I passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
cribriform plate
Term
CN II has what function?
Definition
sight
Term
CN II passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
optic canal
Term
CN III has what 4 functions?
Definition
eye movement, pupil
constriction, accommodation,
eyelid opening
Term
CN III inervates what 5
muscles.
Definition
medial rectus, superior
rectus, inferior rectus, inferior
oblique, levator palpebrae
superioris
Term
CN III passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
CN IV has what function?
Definition
eye movement
Term
CN IV inervates what muscle.
Definition
superior oblique
Term
CN IV passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
CN IX passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
CN V has what 2 functions?
Definition
mastication, facial sensation
Term
CN V1 passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
CN V2 passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
foramen rotundum
Term
CN V3 passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
CN VI has what function?
Definition
eye movement
Term
CN VI inervates what muscle?
Definition
lateral rectus
Term
CN VI passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
CN VII has what 4 functions?
Definition
facial movement, anterior 2/3
taste, lacrimation, salivation
(SL, SM glands)
Term
CN VII passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
internal auditory meatus
Term
CN VIII has what 2 functions?
Definition
hearing, balance
Term
CN VIII passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
internal auditory meatus
Term
CN X has what 5 functions?
Definition
taste, swallowing, palate
elevation, talking,
thoracoabdominal viscera
Term
CN X passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
CN XI has what 2 functions?
Definition
head turning, shoulder
shrugging
Term
CN XI passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
jugular foramen (descending)
-- foramen magnum
(ascending)
Term
CN XII has what function?
Definition
tounge movements
Term
CN XII passes through what
'hole'?
Definition
hypoglossal canal
Term
Complete the muscle spindle
reflex arc by placing the
following in order: alpha
motor, Ia afferent, muscle
stretch, extrafusal
contraction, intrafusal
stretch.
Definition
muscle stretch - intrafusal
stretch - Ia afferent - alpha
motor - extrafusal
contraction
Term
Extrafusal fibers are
innervated by what motor
neuron?
Definition
alpha motor neuron
Term
From which 3 spinal roots
does long thoracic nerve
arises?
Definition
C5, C6, C7
Term
General sensory/motor
dysfunction and aphasia are
caused by stroke of the? (ant.
circle or post. circle)
Definition
anterior circle
Term
Give 3 characteristics of a
LMN lesion.
Definition
atrophy, flaccid paralysis,
absent deep tendon reflexes
Term
Give 3 charateristics of
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
(INO)
Definition
medial rectus palsy on lateral
gaze, nystagmus in abducted
eye, normal convergence.
Term
Give 4 characteristics of an
UMN lesion.
Definition
spastic paralysis, increased
deep tendon reflexes, +
Babinski, minor to no atrophy
Term
Golgi tendon organs send
their signal via what nerve?
Definition
group Ib afferents
Term
Horner's Syndrome is present
if the lesion in Brown-
Sequard is above what level?
Definition
T1
Term
How are the fibers of the
corticospinal tract laminated?
(legs/arms medial or lateral?)
Definition
arms- medial, legs-lateral
Term
How are the fibers of the
dorsal column laminated?
(legs/arms medial or lateral?)
Definition
legs-medial, arms-lateral
Term
How are the fibers of the
spinothalmic tract laminated?
(sacral/cervical medial or
lateral?)
Definition
cervical-medial, sacral-lateral
Term
How do glucose and amino
acids cross the blood-brain
barrier?
Definition
carrier-mediated transport
mechanism
Term
How does the hypothalamus
control the adenohypophysis?
Definition
via releasing factors (ie. TRH,
CRF, GnRF, etc.)
Term
Huntington's patients
typically have what type of
movements?
Definition
Chorea
Term
If the radial nerve is lesioned,
what 2 reflexes are lost?
Definition
triceps reflex and
brachioradialis reflex
Term
If you break your humerus
mid-shaft, which nerve would
likely injure?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
If you break your medial
epicondyle of the humerus,
which nerve would likely
injure?
Definition
ulnar nerve
Term
If you break your
supracondyle of the humerus,
which nerve would likely
injure?
Definition
median nerve
Term
If you break your surgical
neck of the humerus, which
nerve would likely injure?
Definition
axillary nerve
Term
In a lesion of the radial nerve,
what muscle is associated
with wrist drop?
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
Term
Intrafusal fibers are
encapsulated and make up
muscle spindles that send
their signal via what nerve?
Definition
group Ia afferents
Term
Intrafusal fibers are
innervated by what motor
neuron?
Definition
gamma motor neuron
Term
Is Bell's palsy an UMN or a
LMN lesion?
Definition
LMN
Term
Is the Babinski reflex (positive
or negative) when the big toe
dorsiflexes and the other toes
fan-out?
Definition
positive (pathologic)
Term
Name 2 locations for lesions
in Syringomyelia?
Definition
ventral white commissure and
ventral horns
Term
Name 3 locations for lesions
in Vit.B12 neuropathy
(Friedreich's ataxia)?
Definition
dorsal columns, lateral
corticospinal tracts, and
spinocerebellar tracts
Term
Name 7 functions of the
hypothalamus?
Definition
Thirst/waterbalance,
Adenohypophysis control,
Neurohypophysis control,
Hunger/satiety, Autonomic
regulation, Temperature
regulation, Sexual emotions.
TAN HATS
Term
Name the 4 foramina that are
in the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
internal auditory meatus,
jugular foramen, hypoglossal
canal, and foramen magnum.
Term
Name the 5 foramina that are
in the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
optic canal, superior orbital
fissure, foramen rotundum,
foramen ovale, and foramen
spinosum.
Term
Name the 5 functions of the
Limbic system?
Definition
Feeding, Fighting, Feeling,
Flight, sex (F--K) [the
famous 5 F's]
Term
Name the 5 segments of the
brachial plexus in order from
proximal to distal.
Definition
roots - trunks - divisions -
cords - branches
Term
Name the type of movement
with slow writhing
movements (esp. the fingers)?
Definition
Athetosis
Term
Name the type of movement
with sudden, jerky,
purposeless movements?
Definition
Chorea
Term
Name the type of movement
with sudden, wild flailing of
one arm?
Definition
Hemiballismus
Term
Neurons from the globus
pallidus have what action on
the ventral anterior nucleus?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
Neurons from the striatum
have what action on the
globus pallidus?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
Place the following in order
(from light entering the eye to
reflex). Pretectal nuclei,
pupillary constrictor muscle,
retina, ciliary ganglion,
Edinger-Westphal nuclei, CN
II, CN III.
Definition
retina, CN II, pretectal nuclei,
Edinger-Westphal nuclei, CN
III, ciliary ganglion, pupillary
constrictor muscle
Term
Stimulation from the
paraventricular nucleus cause
the release of what hormone?
Definition
oxytocin
Term
Stimulation from the
supraoptic nucleus cause the
release of what hormone?
Definition
ADH (vasopressin)
Term
The Blood-Brain Barrier is
formed by what 3 structures?
Definition
choriod plexus epithelium,
intracerebral capillary
endothelium, astrocytes.
(First Aid says Arachnoid but
the brains say that’s a typo)
Term
The central retinal artery is a
branch off what larger artery?
Definition
ophthalmic artery
Term
The embryologic defect of
having a cervical rib can
compress what 2 structures?
Definition
subclavian artery and inferior
trunk of the brachial plexus
Term
The fasciculus cuneatus
contains fibers from the
upper or lower body?
Definition
upper extremities
Term
The fasciculus gracilis
contains fibers from the
upper or lower body?
Definition
lower extremities
Term
The hippocampal formation is
connected to the mammillary
body and septal area via what
structure?
Definition
fornix
Term
The hippocampus has input
from what two areas?
Definition
entorhinal cortex, septal area
Term
The hippocampus has output
to what two areas?
Definition
mammillary body, septal area
Term
The infraorbital nerve is a
branch off what larger nerve?
Definition
CN V2
Term
The Nucleus Ambiguus has
fibers from what 3 CNs?
Definition
CN IX, X, XII
Term
The Nucleus Solitarius has
fibers from what 3 CNs?
Definition
CN VII, IX, X
Term
Traction or tear of the
superior trunk of the brachial
plexus causes what
syndrome?
Definition
Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's
tip)
Term
Vertigo, ataxia, visual deficits,
and coma are caused by
stroke of the? (ant. circle or
post. circle)
Definition
posterior circle
Term
Visual fibers from the lateral
geniculate body terminate on
the upper and lower banks of
what fissure?
Definition
Calcarine fissure
Term
What 1 nerve root is assoc.
with the achilles reflex?
Definition
S1
Term
What 1 nerve root is assoc.
with the biceps reflex?
Definition
C5
Term
What 1 nerve root is assoc.
with the patella reflex?
Definition
L4
Term
What 1 nerve root is assoc.
with the triceps reflex?
Definition
C7
Term
What 2 areas have sensation
deficit in a lesion of the
median nerve?
Definition
lateral palm/thumb and the
radial 2 1/2 fingers
Term
What 2 areas have sensation
deficit in a lesion of the ulnar
nerve?
Definition
medial palm and the ulnar 1
1/2 fingers
Term
What 2 cutaneus nerves are
lost in a lesion of the radial
nerve?
Definition
posterior brachial cutaneous
and posterior antebrachial
cutaneous
Term
What 2 spinal roots make up
the inferior trunk of the
brachial plexus?
Definition
C8, T1
Term
What 2 spinal roots make up
the superior trunk of the
brachial plexus?
Definition
C5, C6
Term
What 2 structures pass
through the internal auditory
meatus?
Definition
CN VII, VIII
Term
What 2 symptoms are seen
with a lesion of the
musculocutaneus nerve?
Definition
difficulty flexing the arm,
variable sensory loss
Term
What 2 symptoms are seen
with a lesion of the ulnar
nerve?
Definition
weak intrinsic muscles of the
hand, Pope's blessing
Term
What 3 blood barriers does
the body have?
Definition
blood-brain, blood-gas,
blood-testis
Term
What 3 muscles are lost in a
lesion of the
musculocutaneous nerve?
Definition
coracobrachialis, biceps
brachii, and brachialis
Term
What 3 muscles are lost in a
lesion of the radial nerve?
Definition
triceps brachii,
brachioradialis, and extensor
carpi radialis longus
Term
What 3 structures pass
through the foramen
magnum?
Definition
spinal roots of CN XI
(ascending), brainstem,
vertebral arteries
Term
What 3 structures pass
through the optic canal?
Definition
CN II, ophthalmic artery,
central retinal vein
Term
What 4 'muscles' does the
radial nerve innervate?
Definition
Brachioradialis, Extensors of
the wrist and fingers,
Supinator, Triceps. (BEST)
Term
What 4 areas is there
decreased output in
Parkinson's?
Definition
substantia nigra pars
compacta, globus pallidus,
ventral anterior nucleus,
cortex
Term
What 4 movements are
limpaired in a lesion of the
ulnar nerve?
Definition
wrist flextion, wrist
addduction, thumb
adduction, and adductiont of
the 2 ulnar fingers
Term
What 4 movements are
limpaired in a lesion of the
ulnar nerve?
Definition
wrist flextion, wrist
addduction, thumb
adduction, and adductiont of
the 2 ulnar fingers
Term
What 4 movements are lost in
a lesion of the median nerve?
Definition
forearm pronation, wrist
flexion, finger flexion, and
several thumb movements
Term
What 4 structures pass
through the jugular foramen?
Definition
CN IX, X, XI(descending),
jugular vein
Term
What 4 things do the lateral
striate arteries supply?
Definition
internal capsule, caudate,
putamen, globus pallidus
Term
What 5 spinal nerves that
make up the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Term
What 5 structures pass
through the supperior orbital
fissure?
Definition
CN III, IV, V1, VI, ophthalmic
vein
Term
What 5 types of cells make up
the suportive cells of the
CNS/PNS?
Definition
Astrocytes, Microglia,
Oligodendroglia, Schwann
cells, Ependymal cells.
Term
What are 2 characteristics of
Tabes Dorsalis?
Definition
impaired proprioception and
locomotor ataxia
Term
What are 3 clinical findings of
the arm in Erb-Duchenne
palsy?
Definition
arm hangs by the side,
medially rotated, forearm is
pronated
Term
What are the 2 classic causes
of Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
blow to the shoulder and
trauma during birth
Term
What are the 3 classic
symptoms of Horner's
syndrome?
Definition
ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
Term
What are the 4 classic
findings of Brown-Sequard
syndrome?
Definition
ipsi motor paralysis(spastic),
ipsi loss of dorsal column,
contra loss of spinothalamic,
ipsi loss of ALL sensation at
the level of the lesion
Term
What are the input and output
of the anterior nucleus of the
thalamus?
Definition
input - mammillary body,
output - cingulate gyrus
Term
What are the input and output
of the cingulate gyrus?
Definition
input - anterior nucleus of
the thalamus, output -
entorhinal cortex
Term
What are the input and output
of the entorhinal cortex?
Definition
input - cingulate gyrus,
output - hippocampal
formation
Term
What are the input and output
of the mammillary body?
Definition
input - hippocampal
formation, output - anterior
nucleus of the thalamus
Term
What are the input and output
of the septal area?
Definition
input - hippocampal
formation, output -
hippocampal formation
Term
What artery do the lateral
striate branch off of?
Definition
internal carotid artery
Term
What artery does the anterior
inferior cerebellar artery
branch off of?
Definition
basilar artery
Term
What artery does the anterior
spinal artery branch off of?
Definition
vertebral artery
Term
What artery does the
posterior inferior cerebellar
artery branch off of?
Definition
vertebral artery
Term
What artery does the superior
cerebellar artery branch off
of?
Definition
basilar artery
Term
What artery supplies Broca's
and Wernicke's speech areas?
Definition
middle cerebral artery
Term
What artery supplies the
medial surface of the brain
(foot-leg area)?
Definition
anterior cerebral artery
Term
What bone do all the
foramina of the middle
cranial fossa pass through?
Definition
sphenoid bone
Term
What CN arises dorsally?
Definition
CN IV trochlear
Term
What CN is the afferent limb
of the pupillary light reflex?
Definition
CN II
Term
What CN is the efferent limb
of the pupillary light reflex?
Definition
CN III
Term
What CNs lie medially at the
brain stem?
Definition
CN III, VI, XIII (3 - 6 - 12)
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive
cell has the following
functions: central myelin
production?
Definition
Oligodendroglia
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive
cell has the following
functions: inner lining of the
ventricles?
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive
cell has the following
functions: peripheral myelin
production?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive
cell has the following
functions: phagocytosis?
Definition
Microglia
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive
cell has the following
functions: physical support,
repair, K+ metabolism?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
What disease does Tabes
Dorsalis result from?
Definition
tertiary syphilis
Term
What disorder results from a
lesion in the medial
longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).
Definition
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
(INO)
Term
What embryologic defect is
thoracic outlet syndrome
caused by
Definition
by having a cervical rib.
Term
What happens if a swinging
light test is performed on a
Marcus Gann pupil (afferent
pupil defect)?
Definition
results in pupil dialation of
the defective eye as the light
is swung from the normal eye
to the defective eye
Term
What happens if you
illuminate one pupil in a
normal patient?
Definition
both eyes constrict
(consensual reflex)
Term
What hypo/hyper-kinetic
disorder is marked by
decreased serum ceruloplasm
and Keyser-Fleischer rings in
the eyes.
Definition
Wilson's disease
Term
What is a Argyll Robertson
pupil?
Definition
the eyes DO NOT constrict to
light, but DO accommodate
to near objects
Term
What is affected in a central
VII lesion (lesion above the
facial nucleus - UMN)?
Definition
paralysis of the contralateral
lower quadrant
Term
What is affected in a
peripheral VII lesion (lesion at
or below the facial nucleus -
LMN)?
Definition
paralysis of the ipsilateral
face both upper and lower.
Term
What is the common name for
a peripheral VII lesion?
Definition
Bell's palsy
Term
What is the consequence
when your CNS stimulates the
gamma motor neuron and the
intrafusal fibers contract?
Definition
increased sensitivity of the
reflex arc
Term
What is the direct pathway
from the striatum to the
cortex?
Definition
The striatum to the
substantia nigra pars
reticularis /medial globus
pallidus to the thalamus to
the cortex (excitatory path)
Term
What is the embryologic
tissue origin of Microglia
(ecto/meso/edo)?
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
What is the indirect pathway
from the striatum to the
cortex?
Definition
The striatum to the lateral
globus pallidus to the
subthalamic nucleus to the
substantia nigra/medial
globus pallidus to the
thalamus to the cortex
(inhibitory pathway but still
increases the thalamic drive)
Term
What is the lesion in Brown-
Sequard syndrome?
Definition
hemisection of the spinal
cord
Term
What is the most common
circle of Willis aneurysm?
Definition
anterior communicating
artery
Term
What is the name for the
small muscle fiber type that
regulates muscle length?
Definition
Intrafusal fibers
Term
What lesion produces coma?
Definition
reticular activating system
Term
What lesion produces
conduction aphasia, poor
repetition w/ poor
comprehension, and fluent
speech?
Definition
Arcuate fasiculus
Term
What lesion produces Kluver-
Bucy syndrome (hyperorality,
hypersexuality, disinhibited
behavior)?
Definition
Amygdala (bilateral)
Term
What lesion produces motor
(expressive) aphasia with
good comprehension?
Definition
Broca's area (motor speech)
Term
What lesion produces
personality changes and
deficits in concentration,
orientation, judgement?
Definition
frontal lobe - these are
frontal release signs
Term
What lesion produces sensory
(fluent/receptive) aphasia
with poor comprehension?
Definition
Wernicke's area (associative
auditory cortex)
Term
What lesion produces spatial
neglect syndrome?
Definition
right parietal lobe --
contralateral neglect.
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
Broca's area in?
Definition
frontal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
frontal eye movement and
pupillary change area in?
Definition
frontal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
premotor area in?
Definition
frontal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
primary auditory cortex area
in?
Definition
temporal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
principal motor area in?
Definition
frontal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
principal sensory area in?
Definition
parietal
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
principal visual cortex area
in?
Definition
occipital
Term
What lobe of the brain is the
Wernicke's area in?
Definition
temporal
Term
What midbrain structure is
important in mitigating
voluntary movements and
making postural adjustments?
Definition
Basal Ganglia
Term
What mineral causes the
pathology of Wilson's disease
Definition
copper
Term
What muscle depresses and
extorts the eye?
Definition
inferior rectus
Term
What muscle elevates and
intorts the eye?
Definition
superior rectus
Term
What muscle extorts,
elevates, and adducts the
eye?
Definition
inferior oblique
Term
What muscle fiber type makes
up the muscle bulk and
provides the force for
contraction?
Definition
Extrafusal fibers
Term
What muscle intorts,
depresses, and abducts the
eye?
Definition
superior oblique
Term
What muscle sensor senses
tension and provides
inhibitory feedback to alpha
motor neurons?
Definition
golgi tendon organs
Term
What muscular disorder is a
medial longitudinal fasciculus
syndrome associated with?
Definition
Multiple Sclerosis (MLF=MS)
Term
What nerve is known as the
great extensor nerve?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
What neurotransmitter is
decrease in Parkinson's
disease
Definition
dopamine
Term
What nucleus if typically
lesioned in hemiballismus?
Definition
contralateral subthalamic
nucleus
Term
What nucleus of the
hypothalamus controls
circadian rhythms?
Definition
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Term
What nucleus of the
hypothalamus controls
hunger?
Definition
lateral nucleus
Term
What nucleus of the
hypothalamus controls
satiety?
Definition
ventromedial nucleus
Term
What nucleus of the
hypothalamus controls sexual
emotions?
Definition
septate nucleus
Term
What nucleus of the
hypothalamus controls thirst
and water balance?
Definition
supraoptic nucleus
Term
What part of the
hypothalamus (ant./post.)
controls autonomic
regulation?
Definition
anterior hypothalamus
Term
What part of the
hypothalamus (ant./post.)
controls cooling when hot?
Definition
anterior hypothalamus
Term
What part of the
hypothalamus (ant./post.)
controls heat conservation
when cold?
Definition
posterior hypothalamus
Term
What part of the ventral
spinal cord is spared with
complete occlusion of the
ventral artery?
Definition
dorsal columns
Term
What passes through the
cavernous sinus? (nerves and
artery
Definition
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, postganglionic
SNS and the
Internal carotid artery
Term
What reflex is lost in a lesion
of the musculocutaneous
nerve?
Definition
biceps reflex
Term
What structure passes
through the foramen ovale?
Definition
CN V3
Term
What structure passes
through the foramen
rotundum?
Definition
CN V2
Term
What structure passes
through the foramen
spinosum?
Definition
middle meningeal artery
Term
What structure passes
through the hypoglossal
canal?
Definition
CN XII
Term
What symptom is seen with a
lesion of the axillary nerve?
Definition
Deltoid paralysis
Term
What symptom is seen with a
lesion of the median nerve?
Definition
decreased thumb function
Term
What syndrome is seen with a
lesion of the long thoracic
nerve?
Definition
Winged scapula
Term
What syndrome is seen with a
lesion of the lower trunk of
the brachial plexus?
Definition
Claw hand
Term
What syndrome is seen with a
lesion of the posterior cord of
the brachial plexus?
Definition
Wrist drop
Term
What syndrome is seen with a
lesion of the radial nerve?
Definition
Saturday night palsy
Term
What syndrome is seen with a
lesion of the upper trunk of
the brachial plexus?
Definition
Waiter's tip (Erb-Duchenne
palsy)
Term
What two bones do all the
foramina of the posterior
cranial fossa pass through?
Definition
temporal and occipital bones
Term
What two hypothalamic nuclei
does the posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis) receive
neuronal projections from?
Definition
supraoptic nucleus and
paraventricular nucleus.
Term
What type of fibers do the
corticospinal tracts carry?
Definition
motor
Term
What type of fibers do the
dorsal columns carry?
Definition
sensory - pressure, vibration,
touch, proprioception
Term
What type of fibers do the
spinothalmic tracts carry?
Definition
sensory - pain and
temperature
Term
What type of function does
CN I have? (sensory, motor, or
both)
Definition
sensory
Term
What type of function does
CN II have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
sensory
Term
What type of function does
CN III have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
motor
Term
What type of function does
CN IV have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
motor
Term
What type of function does
CN IX have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
both
Term
What type of function does
CN V have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
both
Term
What type of function does
CN VI have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
motor
Term
What type of function does
CN VII have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
both
Term
What type of function does
CN VIII have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
sensory
Term
What type of function does
CN X have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
both
Term
What type of function does
CN XI have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
motor
Term
What type of function does
CN XII have? (sensory, motor,
or both)
Definition
motor
Term
What type of lesion is seen in
Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis?
Definition
combo of UMN and LMN
lesions with no sensory
deficit
Term
What type of lesion is seen in
Multiple Sclerosis?
Definition
random asymmetric lesions in
mostly white matter of the
cervical region
Term
What type of lesion is seen in
Poliomyelitis and is it genetic
or acquired?
Definition
acquired LMN lesion causing
flaccid paralysis
Term
What type of lesion is seen in
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease
and is it genetic or acquired?
Definition
genetic LMN lesion causing
flaccid paralysis (aka. Floppy
infant disease)
Term
What type of molecule can
cross the blood-brain barrier
most easily? (lipid/nonlipid,
polar/nonpolar)
Definition
Lipid-soluable/nonpolar
molecules
Term
What vagal nuclei controls
motor innervation to the
pharynx, larynx, and upper
esophagus?
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus
(Motor=aMbiguus)
Term
What vagal nuclei controls
visceral sensory in formation
like taste and gut distention?
Definition
Nucleus Solitarius
(Sensory=Solitarius)
Term
What vagal nuclei sends
parasympathetic fibers to the
heart, lungs, and upper GI?
Definition
dorsal motor nucleus of CN X
Term
What would happen
temperature regulation if you
lesioned your posterior
hypothalamus?
Definition
lose the ability to conserve
heat
Term
What would happen
temperature regulation if you
lesioned your ventromedial
nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Definition
have hyperphagia and
become obese
Term
When is a positive Babinski a
normal reflex?
Definition
during the first year of life
Term
Where is the lesion in a
patient with hemiballismus?
Definition
Subthalamic nucleus
Term
Where is the lesion in
Parkinson's?
Definition
Substantia nigra pars
compacta
Term
Which CN is the only nerve
that does not abut the wall in
the cavernous sinus?
Definition
CN VI (abducens)
Term
Which CNs pass through the
middle cranial fossa?
Definition
CN II - VI
Term
Which CNs pass through the
posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
CN VII - XII
Term
Which division of the facial
motor nucleus has duel
innervation? (upper or lower)
Definition
upper division
Term
Which thalamic nucleus has a
visual function?
Definition
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
(LGB)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus has
an auditory function?
Definition
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
(MGB)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus has
pre-motor function?
Definition
Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus has
the function of body senses
(proprioception, pressure,
pain, touch, vibration)?
Definition
Ventral Posterior Lateral
Nucleus (VPL)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus has
the function of facial
sensation and pain?
Definition
Ventral Posterior Medial
Nucleus (VPM)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus is the
primary motor cortex?
Definition
Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)
Term
Which way does the head
deviate in a unilateral lesion
(LMN) of CN XI? (toward or
away)
Definition
toward the lesion -- note:
First-Aid is wrong in the
book)
Term
Which way does the jaw
deviate in a unilateral lesion
(LMN) of CN V? (toward or
away)
Definition
toward the lesion
Term
Which way does the patient
tend to fall in a unilateral
lesion (LMN) of the
cerebellum? (toward or away)
Definition
toward the lesion
Term
Which way does the tongue
deviate in a unilateral lesion
(LMN) of CN XII? (toward or
away)
Definition
toward the lesion
Term
Which way does the uvula
deviate in a unilateral lesion
(LMN) of CN X? (toward or
away)
Definition
away from the lesion
Term
Why does the arm hang by
the side in Erb-Duchenne
palsy?
Definition
paralysis of shoulder
abductors
Term
Why is L-dopa use for
parkinsonism instead of
dopamine?
Definition
L-dopa crosses the bloodbrain
barrier while dopamine
does not.
Term
Why is the arm medially
rotated in Erb-Duchenne
palsy?
Definition
paralysis of the lateral
rotators
Term
Why is the forearm pronated
in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
loss of the biceps brachii
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