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Anatomy Pre-Midterm
Info on Midterm
284
Medical
Graduate
12/06/2011

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Term
Ileum vs. jejunum
Definition
the ileum has thinner walls, shorter vasa recta, more mesenteric fat & more arterial arcades
Term
Duodenal ulcers
Definition
-Posterior duodenal ulcers erode into the gastroduodenal artery or the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
-Can cause hemorrhage - > death.
-Tx: surgical ligation of the vessels
-Anteriorduodenal ulcers erode into the peritoneal cavity -> peritonitis
Term
Barium Swallow
Definition
Examines the bowel lumen by having the pt swallow Barium sulfate and then uses S-Ray fluoroscopy.
Term
Endoscopy
Definition
Examination of the bowel wall & extrinsic masses using a flexible camera. Bleeding areas are cauterized or injected with drugs to stop it.
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
-Distal end of the ileum to the anus. -Absorbs fluids & salts.
-Consists of: cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse and descending), rectum, & anal canal
-Colon has a large diameter & the peritoneal has fat accumulations.
Term
Cecum
Definition
-First part of the large intestine
-Continuous w/ the ascending colon at the entrance of the ileum & usually in contact w/ the anterior abdominal wall
Term
Appendix
Definition
-Has large aggregations of lymphoid tissue
~Base is at the junction of the lateral & middle 1/3 of a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus (McBurney’s point)
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
-Usually occurs when the appendix is obstructed (bacteria grow & invade the appendix)
-After 6-10 hours the pain localizes in the right iliac fossa & becomes constant.
-Pt’s may get temp, nausea, & vomiting
Term
Colon
Definition
-The ascending & descending segments are retroperitoneal & the transverse & sigmoid segments are intraperitoneal
-Major vessels & lymphatic are on the medial & posteromedial sides of the ascending & descending colon a relatively blood free mobilization of the ascending & descending coon is possible
Term
Liver
Definition
largest visceral organ in the body. In the right hypochondrium & epigastric regions. It extends into the left upper quadrant
-Has diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces
Term
Diaphragmatic Surface of Liver
Definition
Lies against the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Term
Falciform ligament
Definition
-Divides the liver into right & left
-Helps attach diaphragm.
Term
Subphrenic Recess
Definition
Separates the diaphragmatic surface from the diaphragm
Term
Hepatorenal Recess
Definition
On the right side b/t the liver & the right adrenal gland
Term
Visceral Surface of Liver
Definition
•Right anterior part of the stomach
•Superior part of the duodenum
•Lesser omentum
•Gallbladder
•Right colic flexure
•Right transverse colon
•Right kidney
•Right adrenal gland
•Porta hepatis
Term
Porta Hepatis
Definition
Entry point of the hepatic arteries & portal vein & exit for hepatic ducts
Term
Ligaments that connect liver to diaphragm
Definition
Right & left triangular ligaments & anterior/posterior coronary ligaments
Term
Lobes of liver
Definition
-Right & left lobes
-Quadrate lobe
-Caudate lobe
Term
Quadrate Lobe
Definition
-Anterior
-Visible on the upper part of visceral surface related to the left lobe of the liver
Term
Caudate Lobe
Definition
-Posterior lobe
-Visible on the lower part of the visceral surface
-Separate from left or right lobes
Term
Metabolic Functions of Liver
Definition
Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
Term
Sugar metabolism in liver
Definition
Stored as glycogen, converted to glucose, used to make fats
Term
Protein metabolism in liver
Definition
Synthesized from amino acids; ammonia made into urea
Term
Fat metabolism in liver
Definition
oxidized for energy, synthesized, packaged into lipoproteins
Term
Drug and hormone metabolism in liver
Definition
–Biotransformation into water-soluble forms
–Detoxification or inactivation
Term
Other metabolic activities in liver
Definition
Bile production
Clotting Proteins
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
• B/t the right & quadrate lobes
-Concentrates bile that is formed in the liver
-Head, body, tail
Term
Duct System for Bile
Definition
• Right + left hepatic ducts = common hepatic duct –> descends toward gallbladder.
• Cystic duct (from the gallbladder) + common hepatic duct =common bile duct
• Bile duct + pancreatic duct (@ the Hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater} enter the descending part of the duodenum passing through the sphincter of Oddi.
• At this papilla, it goes from foregut (celiac trunk) to midgut (superior mesenteric)
Term
Gallstones
Definition
Common patient: 3 F's-female fat and forty
• If the stone lodges in the neck or bile duct the gallbladder cannot empty normally & contractions produce severe pain. Sometimes the pain may be referred to the shoulder on the right side b/c of the innervation of the visceral peritoneum by C3-C5
Term
Gallstone Make up
Definition
Crystalized cholesterol vs. Pigment (calcium salts - firm, but can be broken up)
Term
Jaundice Types
Definition
•Pre-hepatic: Excessive breakdown of red blood cells (bilirubin is the end product of heme degradation)
•Hepatic jaundice: inability to conjugate fat soluble into water soluble bilirubin
•Post hepatic: jaundice Obstruction of the bile ducts common causes are gallstones or a tumor at the head of the pancreas
Term
Pancreas
Definition
-Extends from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left
-Retroperitoneal except for a small part of the tail
-The pancreatic duct begins in the tail & passes to the right through the body of the pancreas
-Pancreatic duct joins the bile duct forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampulla of Vater
-Accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum just above the major duodenal papilla
Term
Annular Pancreas
Definition
-Normal Pancreatic Development: develops from the ventral & dorsal diverticula of the foregut. Dorsal bud forms the head, neck & body of pancreas. The ventral bud forms part of the head & the uncinate process. If the ventral bud becomes bifid, segments may encircle the duodenum.
-After birth the child may fail to thrive & vomit due to poor gastric emptying.
-Pancreas encircles the vasculature. Embryologic. Can = duodenal obstruction.
Term
Spleen
Definition
-Near ribs 9 and 10 (L hypochondrium of the abdomen)
-Connected to the left kidney by the splenorenal ligament; connected to the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament.
-Splenic hilum is the entry point for the splenic vessels
-Spleen has upper & lower lobe. May not always connect or may have spleen parts in abd/pelvic cavity.
Term
Spleen Disorders
Definition
• Blunt trauma – emergency b/c of it’s blood supply = hemorrhagic.
• Splenic enlargement in diseases & infections. (Ex. leukemia, lymphoma)
• Spleen is a bag of blood- gets rid of old, dying rbc. Can also be hematopoietic tissue in a pinch.
Term
Abdominal Aorta Anterior Branches
Definition
Supply GI viscera, celiac trunk & superior/inferior mesenteric arteries
Term
Celiac Trunk
Definition
Supplies the foregut
Term
Foregut Make up
Definition
Abdominal esophagus, stomach, duodenum superior to the major papilla, liver, pancreas & gall bladder
Term
Celiac Trunk Make Up
Definition
Left Gastric Artery, Right Gastric Artery, Splenic Artery, and Common Hepatic Artery
Term
Left/Right Gastric Artery
Definition
supplies esophagus and surface of the stomach
Term
Splenic Artery
Definition
Supplies spleen and pancreas
Term
Common hepatic artery
Definition
Feeds into hepatic artery proper -> divides into right & left hepatic arteries
Term
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Definition
Supplies midgut
Term
Midgut Make Up
Definition
Duodenum inferior to the major duodenal papilla, jejunum, ileum, cecum appendix, ascending colon & right 2/3 of the transverse colon
Term
Branches of Superior Mesentery Artery
Definition
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Jejunal & Ileal
Term
Middle, right & ileocolic arteries
Definition
Supply terminal ileum, cecum, ascending and 2/3 of the transverse colon
Term
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Definition
Supplies the hindgut
Term
Hindgut Make Up
Definition
Left 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum & upper anal canal
Term
Inferior Mesenteric Artery Branches
Definition
•left colic artery
•sigmoid arteries
•superior rectal artery
Term
Portal System
Definition
-spleen, pancreas, gallbladder & the GI tract (except inferior rectum). Everything goes through the liver for detox, lipid/protein creation. Then feeds into Inferior Vena Cava
Term
Make Up of Portal Vein
Definition
Splenic and superior mesenteric veins
Term
Tributaries of Portal Vein
Definition
–Right and left gastric veins
–Cystic veins
–Para-umbilical veins
Term
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Definition
Drains rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon & splenic flexure
Term
Innervation of Abdominal Cavity
Definition
•Visceral efferents are part of the sympathetic & parasympathetic ANS
•Sympathetic trunks & Splanchnic nerves
•Parasympathetic fibers (pelvic ganglia & the vagus)
Term
Sympathetic Trunks
Definition
•Two parallel nerve cords extending on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx (chain ganglion)
•3 in cervical region
•12 in the thoracic region
•4 in the lumbar
•4or 5 in the sacral region
•Ganglion impart in the coccyx
•Neuronal fibers found in the sympathetic trunks include preganglionic & postganglionic sympathetic fibers & visceral afferent fibers
Term
Splanchnic Nerves
Definition
-Pass from the sympathetic trunk or sympathetic ganglia associated with the trunk
-Three types: thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
Term
Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Definition
Carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic trunk in thorax to ganglia in the prevertebral plexus and ganglia associated with abdominal aorta
Term
Greater Splanchnic Nerve
Definition
(5-9 thoracic ganglia) -> celiac ganglion in the abd (prevertebral ganglion associated w/ the celiac trunk)
Term
Lesser Splanchnic Nerve
Definition
(9th & 10th or 10th & 11th thoracic ganglia) -> aortiocorenal ganglion
Term
Least Splanchnic Nerve
Definition
(12th thoracic ganglion) -> renal plexus
Term
Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves
Definition
(L2-L4) pass from the lumbar sympathetic trunk & enter the prevertebral plexus
Term
Sacral Splanchnic Nerves
Definition
pass from the sacral sympathetic trunk & enter the inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
Abdominal Prevertebral Plexus and Ganglia
Definition
•A collection of nerve fibers (most postganglionic sympathetic) that surround the abdominal aorta (& branches) - Some of the cell bodies form ganglia
Term
Celiac Plexus
Definition
A/w roots of the celiac trunk & superior mesenteric artery
ganglia a/w the celiac plexus are: celiac, superior mesenteric and aorticorenal)
Term
Aortic Plexus
Definition
-nerve fibers on the anterior & lateral surface of the abdominal aorta
-below the superior mesenteric artery, at the bifurcation of the aorta into the common iliac arteries
-Major ganglion: inferior mesenteric
Term
Parasympathetic Roots of Pelvic Splanchnic nerves
Definition
carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the S2-S4 spinal nerves to the inferior hypogastric or pelvic plexus.
~ Innervation of distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon & sigmoid colon
Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition
-Local neuronal circuit in the wall of the GI tract
-Regulates Gastric secretory activity, blood flow & peristalsis
-Motor and Sensory neurons organized into two interconnected plexuses
–Myenteric
–Submucosal (auerbach’s plexus)
-Enteric is the small post ganglionic cells
Term
Parasympathetic Innervation of Abdomen
Definition
By vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
Posterior Abdominal Wall Bones
Definition
-Lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum and Coccyx
Ribs:
-11 and 12
-Rib 11 is posterior to the superior part of the left kidney
-rib 12 is posterior to the superior part of both kidneys
Term
Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles
Definition
Psoas Major/Minor
Quadratus Lumborum
Iliacus
Term
Psoas Major/Minor
Definition
O: transverse process of L-Spine & sides of bodies of T12-L5
I: Lesser trochanter if femur
Nerve: Lumbar plexus (L2-L4 central branches)
Function: hip flexion, vertebral column flexion, trunk balance (sitting), trunk flexion
Term
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
O: 12th rib (medial, inferior boarder) & tips of lumbar transverse processes
I: Illiolumar ligament & iliac crest
Nerve: Ventral branches T12 & L1-L4
Function: Flexion/Extension vertebral column; fixes 12th rib during inspiration
Term
Iliacus
Definition
O: Superior 2/3 iliac fossa, ala of sacrum & anterior sacroiliac ligaments
I: Lesser trochanter & shaft of femur and psoas major tendon
N: femoral nerve
Function: flexes/stabilizes hip joint along with psoas major
Term
Kidneys
Definition
•4-5 in long, 2-3 in wide, 1 in thick
•Found just above the waist b/t the peritoneum & posterior wall of abdomen
•retroperitoneal (along with adrenal glands & ureters)
•Protected by 11th & 12th ribs with right kidney lower
•Superior to the kidneys is the adrenal gland. – dented side of kidney is hilum.
Term
Renal capsule
Definition
Transparent membrane maintains kidney shape- protection
Term
Adipose capsule
Definition
Protects kidney from trauma
Term
Renal Fascia
Definition
dense, irregular connective tissue that holds against back body wall
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
protective covering all over kidney
Term
Internal Anatomy of Kidney
Definition
•Consists of cortex, medulla, pyramids, papillae, columns, calyces, & pelves
Term
Nephron
Definition
Functional unit of kidney
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
Functional portion of kidney
Term
Renal Cortex
Definition
Superficial layer of kidney
Term
Renal Medulla
Definition
-inner portion consisting of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by renal columns
-renal papilla point toward center of kidney
Term
Kidney Drainage system
Definition
-Fills renal sinus cavity
-cuplike structure (minor calyces) collect urine from the papillary ducts of the papilla
-minor & major calyces empty into the renal pelvis which empties into the ureter
Term
Gluteal
Definition
B/t iliac crest & gluteal fold
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
"I, I Get Laid on Fridays"

-Iliohypogastric [L1]
-Ilioinguinal [L1]
-Genitofemoral [L1, L2]
-Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3]
-Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]
-Femoral [L2, L3, L4]
Term
Abdominal Muscles
Definition
Spare TIRE
-Transversus Abdominis
-Internal Abdominal Oblique
-Rectus Abdominis
-External Abdominal Oblique
Term
L4 Landmark
Definition
2 B4U
-Bifurcation of aorta
-Umbilicus
Term
Retroperitoneal Structures
Definition
SAD PUCKER:
- Suprarenal glands
- Aorta & IVC
- Duodenum (half)
- Pancreas
- Ureters
- Colon (ascending & descending)
- Kidneys
- Esophagus (anterior & left covered)
- Rectum
Term
Median Nerve Innervation
Definition
MEAT LOAF
Lumbricals (1&2)
Opponens Pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Term
Bowel Components
Definition
Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report
-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum
-Cecum
-Appendix
-Colon
-Sigmoid
-Rectum
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
-Thin plates of bone that form a latticework
-Oriented along lines of stress
-Spaces in between struts are filled with red marrow
-Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
Term
Red marrow
Definition
Where blood cell production occurs in bone
Term
Yellow bone marrow
Definition
Energy storage
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
-Found over joint surfaces of growing bones
-Acts as friction reducer & shock absorber
Term
Medullary cavity
Definition
Marrow cavity in long bones
Term
Where is IGF produced?
Definition
-In liver and bone tissue
Term
What does IGF stimulate osteoblasts to do?
Definition
-Promote cell division at epiphyseal plate in periosteum
Term
What does IGF do in protein synthesis?
Definition
-Enhances synthesis necessary to produce response to hGH
Term
Mesenchymal cells
Definition
Embryo stem cells that act as blueprint for all tissue development
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes.
Term
Endochondrial ossification
Definition
Formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models.
Term
Skin Structure
Definition
Made up of layers:
-Epidermis
-Dermis
Term
Epidermis
Definition
-Superficial portion of the skin -Epithelial tissue
-No blood vessels or lymphatics
-Supplied with afferent nerve endings
Term
Dermis
Definition
-Deep layer of the skin
-Composed of:
-Connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers)
-Hair follicles
-Sebaceous glands (part of sweat glands)
-Capillary beds
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
-Subcutaneous layer
-Deep to the dermis
-NOT a part of the skin
-Consists:
-Areolar/adipose tissue
-Sweat glands
-Blood vessels
-Lymphatic vessels
-Nerves
Term
Hypodermis functions
Definition
-Fat storage
-Blood vessel passage
-Area of pressure-sensing nerve endings
Term
Skin ligaments
Definition
-Small fibrous bands
-Length/density of ligaments determines skin mobility
-Longer/sparse skin ligaments=more mobile (back of hand)
-Short and abundant skin ligaments are firmer and attached to the underlying deep fascia (palms and soles)
Term
Fascia
Definition
-Wrapping, packing, and the insulating material of the deep structures of the body
-Underlies the subcutaneous
Term
Deep fascia
Definition
-Dense and organized connective tissue devoid of fat
-Never passes freely over bone
-Blends with periosteum
-Works with contracting muscles and venous valves to create a musculovenous pump to return blood to the heart
-Forms retinaculum to hold tendons in place near joints, wrist and ankle the
Term
Investing fascia
Definition
-Extension from deep fascia
-Covers individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
Term
Subserous fascia
Definition
Lies between the internal surfaces of the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membranes lining the body cavities
Term
Vaso vasorum
Definition
Small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins
Term
Arterial wall layers
Definition
-Tunica interna (intima)
-Tunica media
-Tunica externa
Term
Tunica interna (intima)
Definition
-Made up of endothelium
-Creates basement membrane and internal elastic lamina
Term
Tunica media
Definition
Made up of circular smooth muscle & elastic fibers
Term
Tunica externa
Definition
Made up of elastic & collagen fibers
Term
Elastic/conducting arteries
Definition
-Large arteries
-More elastic fibers/less smooth muscle
-Able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward
-Conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries
-Function as a pressure reservoir
Term
Muscular arteries (distributing arteries)
Definition
-Medium-sized arteries with more muscle than elastic fibers in the tunica media
-Capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust rate of flow
-Walls are relatively thick
-Direct blood flow
Term
Anastomoses
Definition
-Communication between multiple branches of an artery
-Detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed
-Provides collateral circulation that ensures blood supply to structures distal to the blockage
-Areas where collateral circulation does not exist (terminal arteries)
-True terminal arteries supply the retina ( blindness)
Term
Vein anatomy
Definition
-Proportionally thinner walls than same diameter artery
-Consist of the same three tunics as arteries
-Thinner tunica interna/media
-Thicker tunica externa
-Less elastic tissue and smooth muscle
-Thinner-walled than arteries
-Contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood
-Made up of thin folds of tunica interna
-Tunica media contain less muscle
-Lack external & internal elastic lamina
-Adaptable to variations in volume & pressure
Term
Vascular (venous) sinuses
Definition
-Veins with very thin walls and no smooth muscle to alter their diameters -Ex)Brain’s superior sagittal sinus and the coronary sinus of the heart
Term
Venule anatomy
Definition
-Tunica media contains only a few smooth muscle cells & scattered fibroblasts
-Very porous endothelium allows for escape of many phagocytic white blood cells
-Venules that approach size of veins more closely resemble structure of vein
Term
Components of lymphatic system
Definition
-Plexuses
-Vessels
-Lymph Nodes
-Lymphocytes
-Tissue
Term
Principal lymph trunks
Definition
-Formed from the exiting vessels of lymph nodes
Trunks include:
-Lumbar
-Intestinal
-Bronchomediastinal
-Subclavian
-Jugular trunks
Term
Thoracic Duct
Definition
-Begins the cisterna chyli
-Main collecting duct of the lymphatic system
-Body except for right side head, arm and chest empty into duct
Term
Cisterna chyli
Definition
dilation that begins thoracic duct
Term
Lymph trunks/ducts
Definition
-Created by uniting of lymph vessels
-Lymph is dumped directly into left & right subclavian veins
Term
Right lymphatic duxt
Definition
Drains lymph from right side head, arm & chest
Term
Metastasis
Definition
Cells in a primary tumor develop the ability to escape and travel in the blood or lymphatic system
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
-Located between the pia and the arachnoid
-80-50 ml of CSF surround brain/spinal cord
-CSF is changed 3-4 times a day
-400-500ml produced/absorbed by body
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
-Delicate membrane that loosely covers brain
Passes over sulci
Enters cerebral longitudinal and transverse fissures
Term
Arachnoid granulations
Definition
-Project into sinuses of dura mater, -Where CSF diffuses into bloodstream
Term
Dural sinuses
Definition
-Found between layers of dura
-Created by dural infoldings
-Invagination of meningeal layer of dura
-Endothelial lined
-Venous channels
-
Term
Cerebral pia mater
Definition
-Closely invests brain surface
-Can invaginate into ventricles to take part in the formation of choroid plexus
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
4 ventricles that contain specialized cells that create CSF
Term
Efferent nerves
Definition
-Towards body
-Convey impulses from the CNS to effector organs and muscles (General Somatic Efferents)
Term
General Somatic Afferent nerves (GSA)
Definition
Convey from skin:
-Pain, temperature, touch, and pressure
From muscles/tendons/joints:
-Proprioception
-Combined with vestibular system
Term
General Somatic Efferent nerves (GSE)
Definition
Impulses to skeletal voluntary muscles
Term
General Visceral Afferent nerves (GVA)
Definition
Convey info on pain, distension, blood gas, and blood pressure to brain
Term
General Visceral Efferent nerves (GVE)
Definition
Conveys impulses to involuntary muscle in glands
Term
Rhizotomy
Definition
-Sites where motor and sensory fibers of a spinal nerve are separated in the posterior and anterior roots
-Where the surgeon can selectively section either function for the relief of pain or spastic paralysis
Term
Compression of the vaso nervorum
Definition
-Prolonged ischemia
-"Saturday night syndrome"
-Intoxicated person passes out with limb dangling or sleeps on a limb -Causes serious, permanent paresthesia
Term
ANS Regulation
Definition
Hypothalamus and brain stem
Term
Preganglionic Neuron
Definition
-Cell body in brain or spinal cord
-Axon is myelinated type B fiber that extends to autonomic ganglion
Term
Postganglionic Neuron
Definition
-Cell body lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion
-Axon is unmyelinated type C fiber that terminates in a visceral effector
Term
Prevertebral ganglia
Collateral ganglia
Definition
Lie anterior to the spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries
Term
Sympathetic trunk
Vertebral chain
Paravertebral ganglia
Definition
-Synonyms
-Lies in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column
Term
Parasympathetic ganglia
Definition
-Terminal/intramural ganglia
-Located very close to or actually within the wall of a visceral organ
-Ex) ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia
Term
Structure of sympathetic NS
Definition
-Thoracolumbar
-Rami communicantes
-Sympathetic chain ganglia along the spinal column
-Prevertebral ganglia at a distance from spinal cord
Term
Thoracolumbar division
Definition
-Preganglionic cell bodies at T1 to L2
-Part of sympathetic NS
Term
White rami
Definition
Myelinated, preganglionic fibers of sympathetic CNS
Term
Gray Rami
Definition
Unmyelinated, postganglionic fibers of sympathetic CNS
Term
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
Definition
-Pass to sympathetic trunk
-Connect to postganglionic neurons in the following ways:
-Synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches.
-Ascend or descend to a higher of lower ganglion before synapsing with postganglionic neurons
-Continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to a prevertebral ganglion where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron.
Term
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
Definition
Synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia
Term
Spinal nerve route
Definition
Sympathetic fibers go out same level
Term
Sympathetic chain route
Definition
Sympathetic fibers go up chain and up spinal nerve
Term
Collateral ganglion route
Definition
Sympathetic fibers go out splanchnic nerve to collateral ganglion
Term
Each spinal nerve in sympathetic nervous system innervates:
Definition
Sweat glands, arrector pili muscle, blood vessels to skin & skeletal muscle.
Term
Thoracic & cranial plexuses supply:
Definition
-Heart, lungs, esophagus & thoracic blood vessels
-Plexus around carotid artery to head structures
Term
Splanchnic nerves to prevertebral ganglia supply:
Definition
GI tract from stomach to rectum, urinary & reproductive organs
Term
Intermediolateral cell column
Definition
-Constitutes the lateral horn of gray matter of spinal cord segments T1-L2 -Consists of cell bodies of presynaptic neurons
Term
Sympathetic supply to medulla of adrenal gland
Definition
-Secretory cells are postsynaptic
-The neurotransmitters produced by
medullary cells are released into the Bloodstream to produce widespread Sympathetic responses
Term
Postsynaptic neurons
Definition
-Sympathetic neurons that lack axons or dendrites
Term
Cranial Outflow
Definition
Made up of:
Four pairs of ganglia and the plexuses associated with the vagus (X) nerve
Term
Sacral parasympathetic outflow
Definition
-Consists of preganglionic axons in the anterior roots of S2-S4
-Forms pelvic splanchnic nerve
Term
Parasympathetic Sacral Nerves
Definition
-Form pelvic splanchnic nerves
-Preganglionic fibers end on terminal ganglia in walls of target organs
-Innervate smooth muscle and glands in colon, ureters, bladder & reproductive organs
Term
Sympathetic Responses
Definition
-Dominance caused by physical or emotional stress
-“E situations”
emergency, embarrassment, excitement, exercise
Causes:
-Dilation of pupils
-Increase of heart rate, force of contraction & BP
-Decrease in blood flow to nonessential organs
-Increase in blood flow to skeletal & cardiac muscle
-Airways dilate & respiratory rate increases
-Blood glucose level increase
Term
Neurotransmitter in sympathetic system
Definition
NE:
-Causes long lasting sympathetic response
-Lingers in synaptic gap
-Released by the adrenal gland
Term
Parasympathetic Responses
Definition
-Enhance “rest-and-digest” activities
-Mechanisms that help conserve and restore body energy during times of rest
-Normally dominate over sympathetic impulses
-SLUDD type responses = salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion & defecation and 3 “decreases”--- decreased HR, diameter of airways and diameter of pupil
-Paradoxical fear when there is no escape route or no way to win
causes massive activation of parasympathetic division
-loss of control over urination and defecation
Term
Superficial back muscles
Definition
Concerned with positioning and moving the limbs
Term
Deep back muscles
Definition
Concerned with moving or maintaining the position of the axial skeleton (posture)
Term
Movements of spinal column:
Definition
-Extension/flexion
-Lateral flexion
-Rotation
-Circumduction
Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition
C1-C7
In neck
Develops as child starts to hold head erect
Term
Thoracic vertebrae
Definition
T1-T12
In thorax
Term
Lumbar vertebrae
Definition
L1-L5
Lower back
Develops as child starts to walk
Term
Saccrum
Definition
S1-S5
Fused
Low back
Term
Coccyx
Definition
4 bones
Fused
Tail bone
Term
4 Normal Spinal Curves
Definition
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Term
Cervical spinal curve
Definition
Anteriorly convex
Posteriorly concave
Term
Thoracic spinal curve
Definition
Anteriorly concave
Posteriorly convex
Term
Lumbar spinal curve
Definition
Anteriorly convex
Posteriorly concave
Term
Sacral spinal curve
Definition
Anteriorly concave
Posteriorly convex
Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition
-Form strong joints between adjacent vertebrae
-Permit various movements of the vertebral column
-Absorb vertical shock
Term
Vertebrae Make Up
Definition
Body
-Weight bearing
Vertebral arch made up of:
-Pedicles
-Laminae
Vertebral foramen
Seven processes
-2 transverse
-1 spinous
-4 articular
Vertebral notches
Term
Vertebral foramen
Definition
-Filled with fat, areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels.
-Surrounds spinal cord
Term
Spinal canal
Definition
All vertebral foramen together
Term
Intervertebral foramen
Definition
2 vertebral notches together
Term
Spinal stenosis
Definition
-Primarily afflicts elderly patients -Caused by degenerative changes that result in enlargement of the facet joints.
-Enlarged joints place pressure on the nerves
-Pressure may be effectively relieved with a lumbar laminectomy
Term
Laminectomy
Definition
-Open decompression
-Surgical procedure performed to alleviate pain caused by neural impingement.
-Surgery designed to remove a small portion of the bone over the nerve root and/or disc material from under the nerve root
-Gives the nerve root more space and a better healing environment
Term
Laminectomy Procedure
Definition
-Back is approached through a 2-5 inch long incision in the midline of the back
-The left and right back muscles (erector spinae) are dissected off the lamina on both sides and at multiple levels
-After the spine is approached, the lamina is removed (laminectomy) which allows visualization of the nerve roots
-Facet joints, which are directly over the nerve roots, may then be undercut (trimmed) to give the nerve roots more room.
-Post-operatively, patients are in the hospital for one to three day
-Pt's mobilization is largely dependent on his/her pre-operative condition and age
-Directly following the procedure, patients are encouraged to walk -Patients should avoid excessive bending, lifting or twisting for six weeks to avoid pulling on the suture line before it heals
Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition
-Foramen in each transverse process
-Vertebral body is short in height
-Spinous process is bifid
-Vertebral foramen is triangular
Term
Atlas
Definition
-C1
-Articulates with the skull
-No vertebral body
Term
Axis
Definition
-C2
-Has a dens to act as a pivot
-Allows the atlas and head to rotate
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae Rib articulation
Definition
-All articulate with ribs
-Superior and inferior costal facets
-Articulate with head of the rib above and head of the rib below
-Transverse process has a face for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
-Larger and stronger bodies than cervical
-Longer transverse & spinous processes
-Facets or demifacets on body for head of rib
-Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition
-Largest and strongest
-Transverse processes thin and long -Spinous process short, thick and point down
-Support back musculature
Term
Sacrum
Definition
-Fusion occurs by age 30
-Median sacral crest was spinous processes
-Sacral ala is fused transverse processes
-Sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
-Auricular surface & sacral tuberosity of SI joint
Term
Coccyx
Definition
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
-Fusion by age 30
-No vertebral canal
Term
Caudal/epidural anesthesia
Definition
-During delivery
-Injected into sacral hiatus -Anesthetizes sacral & coccygeal nerves
-Sacral and coccygeal cornu are important landmarks
Term
Extrinsic Muscles
Definition
-Involved with movement of upper limbs and thoracic wall
-Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
Term
Intrinsic Muscles
Definition
-Deep
-Innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
-Support and move the vertebral column -Participate in moving the head
Term
Superficial layer of extrinsic muscles
Definition
Involved with upper limb
Term
Intermediate layer of extrinsic muscles
Definition
Associated with thoracic wall
Term
Vertebral Canal
Definition
-Holds spinal cord
-Made up of adjacent vertebrae and soft tissue
Term
Anterior wall of vertebral canal
Definition
Formed by:
-Vertebral bodies of the vertebrae
-Intervertebral discs and ligaments
Term
Lateral walls/roof of vertebral canal
Definition
-Formed by the vertebral arches and ligaments
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
-31 pairs
-Emerge from vertebral column between pedicles
-C8, T12, L5, S5 and Co1
-Attached to the cord by a posterior and anterior root
-After leaving canal, branch into posterior and anterior rami
Term
Posterior Rami
Definition
Innervate back
Term
Anterior Rami
Definition
Innervate rest of body besides head
Term
Herniated (slipped) disc
Definition
-Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
-Most common in lumbar region
-Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain
-Surgical removal of disc after laminectomy
Term
Intervertebral foramina
Definition
-Allows spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal
-Formed by the inferior vertebral notch on the pedicle of the vertebra above and the superior vertebral notch of the pedicle of the vertebra below
Term
Cervical Rib
Definition
-Common anomaly
-Occurs when transverse process of C7 anterior to transverse foramen becomes enlarged
-May become a complete rib
-Occurs bilaterally about 60% of time -Puts pressure on the subclavian artery and inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
Term
Jefferson fracture
Definition
-Fracture of C1 ring
-Results from an axial loading injury to the head with compression force to C1
-Typically from diving
-Fracture consists of unilateral or bilateral fractures of the anterior and posterior arches of C1
-Unstable injury
Term
Hangman's Fracture
Definition
-Unstable fracture of the C2 pedicles -Forward displacement of C1 and the body of C2 on C3.
-Traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2
-Caused by hyperextension of the head relative to the neck.
-MVA, hanging and hyperextension possible causes.
-Create a hyperextension or flexion force (leverage) of the cervical spine as a fulcrum.
-The upper portion of the cervical spine (skull, C1, C2) then separates from the lower cervical spine. -Hyperextension will initially cause fracture of the C2 neural arch (pedicles) and disruption of the anterior ligaments.
-Return to neutral position will then cause the body of C2 to become anteriorly displaced over C3
Term
Symphyse joints in back
Definition
-Between vertebral bodies
-Formed by a layer of hyaline cartilage on each vertebral body
-Each include a vertebral disc
Term
How many joints does a vertebra have with adjacent vertebrae?
Definition
6
-4 synovial (2 above/2 below)
-2 symphyses (1 above/1 below)
Term
Vertebral movement
Definition
-Determined by the shape and orientation of joint surfaces on the articular processes and on the vertebral bodies
Term
Intervertebral Disc
Definition
-Absorbs vertical shock
-Permit various movements of the vertebral column
-Fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center consisting of:
-Annulus fibrosus
-Nucleus pulposus
Term
Zygapophysial joints
Definition
-Joints between vertebral arches superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae
-Articular capsule attached to the margins of the articular facets encloses each joint
-In cervical region the zygapophysial joints slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior
-Facilitates flexion and extension
In thoracic regions the joints are oriented vertically and limit flexion and extension but facilitate rotation
-In lumbar regions the joint surfaces are curved and adjacent processes interlock
-Limit movement, flexion and extension are major movements in the lumbar region
Term
Lumbar degenerative disc disease
Definition
-Age causes discs to lose hydration, gain collagen and become more fibrous
-Horizontal intranuclear cleft develops as early sign
-Signal loss on T2
-Height loss
Term
Lumbar DDD
Definition
-Horizontal nuclear cleft
-Signal loss
-Height loss
Term
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
-Attached to the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
-Runs from the base of the skull to the anterior surface of the sacrum
Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
-Posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
-Lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal
-Attached to the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
Term
Ligamentum flava
Definition
-Passes between lamina of adjacent vertebrae
-Made of elastic connective tissue
-Form part of posterior surface of vertebral canal
-Runs between posterior surface of lamina on vertebra below to the anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above
-Resist separation of lamina in flexion and assist in extension
Term
Supraspinous Ligament
Definition
-Connects tips of the vertebral spinous processes from CVII to the sacrum
Term
Ligamentum nuchae
Definition
-CVII up to the skull
-Continuation of suprasinous ligament -Structurally different
-Shaped like a triangle
-Base runs from occipital protuberance to foramen magnum
-Apex is attached to the tip of the spinous process of CVII
Term
Spinal Stenosis
Definition
Causes:
-Hypertrophy of ligamentum flava and Zygapophsial joint
-Mild disc protrusion

-Results in reduction of vertebral canal side
Term
Lumbar spondylolysis
Definition
-Lesion in pars interarticularis of neural arch
-Most common cause of adolescent back pain
-Usually at L5
Term
Xray presentation of lumbar spondylosis
Definition
Looks like a scotty dog
-Ear (superior articular process)
-Head (transverse process)
-Neck (pars interarticularis)
-Body (lamina/spinous process)
-Feet (inferior articular process)
Term
Fractures/Dislocations of vertebrae
Definition
-Sudden violent movement or movement of a type not permitted in a specific region is likely to result in fracture, dislocation, and or fracture dislocation of the vertebral column
Term
Superficial Group of Extrinsic Back Muscles
Definition
Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
-Trapezius
-Latissimus dorsi
-Thoracodorsal
-Rhomboid major
-Rhomboid minor
-Levator scapulae
Term
Levator scapulae
Definition
Nerve: Thoracodorsal C6-C8
Function: Lifts scapula
Where: Top of neck (C1) to shoulder
Term
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Definition
Nerve: Dorsal Scapular C4 and 5
Function: Retract scapula, hold scapula on rib cage
Where: Connects scapula with vertebrae
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Nerve: Thoracodorsal C6-C8
Function: Extension/flexion, rotation, adduction/abduction of scapula at rotator cuff
Where: Large, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior arm, and partly covered by trapezius on its median dorsal region
Term
Trapezius
Definition
Nerve: CN XI Spinal Accessory
Function: Moves scapula (shrugs and rotates shoulder)/support arm
Where: Back of skull to lower thoracic, trapazoidal shaped
Term
Intermediate group of extrinsic back muscles
Definition
-Serratus posterior superior
-Serratus posterior inferior
Term
Serratus posterior superior
Definition
Nerves: Anterior rami T9-T12
Function: Elevates ribs (helps in breathing)
Where: Upper back part of thorax
Term
Serratus posterior inferior
Definition
Nerves: Anterior rami of T9-12
Function: Depresses ribs (helps in breathing)
Where: Junction of thoracic and lumbar regions
Term
Shoulder
Definition
-Segment of the limb that overlaps parts of the trunk (thorax and back) and lower neck.
-Includes the pectoral, scapular, and lateral supraclavicular regions
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
Formed scapulae and clavicles and manubrium of the sternum
Term
Muscles that connect scapula to trunk
Definition
Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids
Term
Muscles that connect the clavicle, scapula and body wall to the proximal end of the humerus
Definition
Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and deltoid, and rotator cuff
Term
Rotator Cuff Make Up
(SITS)
Definition
-Supraspinatus, infraspinatus teres minor and subscapularis
-Provide support for the glenohumeral joint
Term
Anterior compartment of forearm
Definition
Flexors
Innervated by median C6-C8 and T1 and ulnar nerve C7/8 and T1
Superficial layer
–Flexor carpi ulnaris
–Palmaris longus- tendon for flexion
–Flexor carpi radialis
–Pronator teres

Intermediate layer
–Flexor digitorum superficialis

Deep layer
–Flexor digitorum profundus
–Flexor pollicis (thumb) longus
–Pronator quadratus

Nerves:
Median nerve innervates all but flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus (ring/little fingers), which are the ulnar nerve
Proximal to wrist it becomes the superficial nerve
Lies between the tendons of the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles
Passes through the carpal tunnel deep to the flexor retinaculum

Vasculature
Radial artery lies lateral to the large tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle and anterior to the pronator quadratus muscle
Ulnar artery
-Passes down the medial side of the forearm. Passes between the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus.
Lateral to ulnar nerve
Passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist
Term
Posterior compartment of arm
Definition
Extensors
Radial C5-8, T1
Innervated by radial nerve
deep branch/posterior interosseus

Arteries:
Ulnar artery branches:
Posterior Interosseus artery
Anterior Interosseus artery
Radial Artery

Muscles:
Superficial layer:
–Brachioradialis
–Extensor carpi radialis longus
–Extensor carpi radialis brevis
–Extensor digitorum
–Extensor digiti minimi
–Extensor carpi ulnaris
– Anconeus

Deep Layer:
–Supinator
–Abductor pollicis longus
–Extensor pollicis brevis- forms snuff box
–Extensor pollicis longus
–Extensor indicis
Term
Muscles of arm/forearm
Definition
Separated into anterior and posterior compartments.
Muscles in arm move the forearm and the elbow
Forearm muscles move the hand at the wrist and the fingers and thumb
Term
Palmaris Longus
Definition
Tendon for flexion (Tommy John)
Term
Nerves of upper arm
Definition
Median, ulnar, musculocutaneous
Term
Hand Muscles
Definition
Intrinsic muscles:
Thenar (thumb) muscles and hypothenar muscles
lumbericals (flex your phalanges) and dorsal and palmar interossi (ab and adduct your fingers)
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
Made up of anterior spinal rami of C5-T1
Forms in neck, continues through axillary inlet into axilla
Term
C5 Myotome
Definition
Abduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint (can’t lift arm)
Term
C6 Myotome
Definition
Flexion of forearm
Musculocutaneous innervates brachialis and biceps brachioradialis
Term
C8 Myotome
Definition
Flexion of fingers
Term
C7 Myotome
Definition
Extension of arm at elbow (can't straighten arm..radial nerve)
Term
T1 Myotome
Definition
Abduction and adduction of the index, middle and ring fingers
(Ab/Add of fingers, dorsal/palm interossie)
Term
Anterior Compartment of arm
Definition
Innervation by musculocutaneous C5-C7
Term
Intrinsic Muscles of Hand
Definition
Mostly Ulnar Nerve C7/8 and T1
Also Median Nerve C6-8, T1
Term
Carpal Bones
(Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle)
Definition
Proximal row:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row:
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Term
Anatomical Snuffbox
Definition
Lateral border:
Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Medial border:
Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
Floor:
Scaphoid, trapezium, and distal ends of tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Term
Carpal Tunnel
Definition
Ulnar artery/ulnar nerve and tendon of plamaris longus pass into the hand anterior to the flexor retinaculum
-Radial artery passes dorsally
-The extensor tendons pass into the hand on the medial, lateral and posterior surfaces of the wrist in a compartment defined by an extensor retinaculum
Term
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Definition
Entrapment syndrome caused by pressure on median nerve. Caused by overuse, swelling of tendon cysts, anoxic damage to the capillary endothelium of median nerve
-Causes weakness and loss of muscle bulk in thenar muscles
Term
Tinel's Sign
Definition
Positive sign for carpal tunnel syndrome
Term
Sternoclavicular Joint
Definition
–Joint cavity movements limited
-Include those in an anteroposterior and vertical plane--some rotation can occur
–Ligaments are anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Term
Interclavicular Joint
Definition
Top of sternum between clavicles
Term
Costoclavicular Joint
Definition
Articulates with 1st rib
Term
Acromioclavicular Joint
Definition
–Synovial joint
-Limited movement in the anteroposterior and vertical planes with some axial rotation
–Ligaments acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular
Term
Glenohumeral Joint Make Up
Definition
–Synovial ball and socket joint -Articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
–Wide ROM Very unstable
–Movements are flexion, extension, abd. and adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction
–Synovial membrane is loose inferiorly. It protrudes between tendons of muscles
–Bursa Fluid filled sacs
-Most famous of these are the subacromial bursa and the bursa of the subscapularis
Term
Glenohumeral Joint Stability Provided By:
Definition
Cuff muscles, long head of biceps, extrascapular ligaments
Term
Glenoid Labrum
Definition
Deepens glenoid cavity
Fibrocartilaginous Collar
Holds the humerus in place
Term
Glenohumeral Joint Ligaments, Nerves, and Arteries
Definition
Ligaments:
•Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
•Coracohumeral ligament
•Transverse humeral ligament

Vascular supply:
anterior and posterior humeral and suprascapular arteries

Nerves:
Posterior cord of brachial plexus, suprascapular, axillary and lateral pectoral nerves
Term
Transverse Humeral Ligament
Definition
Holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii in the intertubercular sulcus in the glenohumeral joint
Term
Stability of Glenohumeral joint provided by:
Definition
•Superiorly:
-Coracoid acromion and coraco-acromial ligament
-Rotator cuff muscles
-Long head of biceps restricts superior movement
-Nerves and Arteries
Anterior part:
Rotator cuff muscles

Posterior:
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Term
Scapular Muscles and Nerves
Definition
Trapezius- accessory nerve
Deltoid- axillary nerve (posterior, middle, anterior parts- different directions)
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor and major
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Long head of Triceps (extensor muscle- posterior part, radial nerve!)
Term
Flexor Digitorum Insertion onto Fingers
Definition
Superficialis Splits in two,
To Permit Profundus Passing through.
Term
SITS Muscles
Definition
Clockwise from top:
-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres minor
-Subscapularis
Term
Interossei muscles
Dorsal/palmar
Definition
"PAd and DAb":
The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct.
-Use your hand to dab with a pad.
Term
Lumbricals action
Definition
Lumbrical action is to hold a pea, that is to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint and extend the interphalangeal joints. When look at hand in this position, can see this makes an "L" shape, since L is for Lumbrical.
Term
Elbow muscle flexors
Definition
Three B's Bend the elBow:
Brachialis
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
Function: Its the Beer Raising muscle, flexes elbow, strongest when wrist is oriented like holding a beer.

Innervation: Breaks Rule: it's a flexor muscle, But Radial. (Radial nerve usually is for extensors: Recall BEST
rule: B was for brachioradialis).
Important relation: Behind it is the Radial nerve in the cubital fossa.

Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of Radius.
Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition
"C5-6-7 raise your wings up to heaven":
C567 injury causes inability to raise arm past 90 degrees up to heaven, and results in a winging of the scapula.

Long thoracic nerve roots (567) innervate Serratus anterior.
Term
Anterior Forearm Muscles
Definition
"Pimps Fuck Prostitutes For Fun":
-Pronator teres
-Flexor carpi radialis
-Palmaris longous
-Flexor carpi ulnaris
-Flexor digitorum superficialis
Term
Bicipital Groove
Definition
"The lady between two majors":
Teres major attaches to medial lip of groove.
Pectoralis major to lateral lip of groove.
Latissimus (Lady) is on floor of groove, between the 2 majors.
Term
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Definition
"All For One And One For All":

Thenar:
-Abductor pollicis longus
-Flexor pollicis brevis
-Opponens pollicis
-Adductor pollicis.

Hypothenar:
-Opponens digiti minimi
-Flexor digiti minimi
-Abductor digiti minimi
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