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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 Terms
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 Terms
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Nursing
Professional
08/12/2010

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Term
acid
Definition

substance that denotes or releases hydrogen ions when it ionizes in water

Term
acidosis
Definition

imbalance caused be excess H+ which causes the blood pH to decrease below 7.35

 

there is respiratory acidosis & metabolic acidosis

Term
adenohypophysis
Definition

anterior pituitary gland

Term

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

Definition

energy-storing & energy-transferring molecule found in all cells

Term
alkalosis
Definition

imbalance associated with a decrease in H+ concentration & an increase in blood pH >7.45

 

There is a respiratory alkalosis & metabolic alkalosis

Term
anion
Definition

negatively charged ion

Term
atom
Definition

basic unit of an element

 

composed of 3 subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, & electrons

Term
base
Definition

substances such as hydroxyl ion (OH-) that combines with hydrogen ion (H+)

Term
buffer
Definition

substance that resists changes in pH

 

"This" can either remove or add H+ thereby agjusting the pH

Term

carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Definition

the waste product of cellular metabolism

Term
catalyst
Definition

any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Term
cation
Definition

positively charged ion

Term
compound
Definition

substance that forms two or more chemical elements (differing atoms)

 

ex: wather (H2O)

Term
covalent bond
Definition

bond or attraction formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Term
electrolyte
Definition

forms into ions when dissolved in water

 

capable of conducting electrical current

Term
element
Definition

- substance composed of only one kind of atom

- a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reaction

- all matter, living or dead, are composed of "these"

- 4 ________ make up 96% of the body weight: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen

Term
energy
Definition

ability to perform work

Term
enzyme
Definition

organic catalyst

 

it speeds of the rate of a chemical reaction

 

when proteins perform the role of catalysts

Term
hydrogen bond
Definition

weak intermolecular bond formed between hydrogen & a negatively charged atom such as oxygen or nitrogen

Term
ion
Definition

an atom that is electrically charged

 

elements that carry an electrical charge are either cations or anions

Term
isotope
Definition

elements that have the same # of protons & electrons but a different # of neutrons

 

a different form of the same atom

 

Remember: "this" has the the same atomic # as an atom but a different atomic weight

Term
matter
Definition

anything that occupies space & has weight

 

may occur as solid, liquid, or gas

 

can undergo physical & chemical changes

Term
mixture
Definition

combination of 2 two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means

 

When separated, the substances retain their original properties.

Term
molecule
Definition

substance formed by 2 or more atoms

Term
pH
Definition

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration

 

a measurement that indicates how many H+ are in a solution

Term
solution
Definition

mixture in which the particles that are mixed together remain evenly distributed

Term
solvent
Definition

substance in which the solute is dissolved or mixed

Term
suspension
Definition

mixture in which the large particles gradually settle to the bottom unless continuously shaken or agitated

Term

4 major elements

in the body

Definition

carbon - 65%

hydrogen - 18.5%

oxygen -9.5%

nitrogen - 3.2%

 

percentage of body weight totaling aprox. 96%

Term
6 forms of energy
Definition

mechanical

chemical

electrical

radiant

thermal

nuclear

Term
ammonium
Definition

symbol - NH4+

 

important in acid base regulation

Term
aqueous solution
Definition

if water is the solvent, then the solution is referred to as "this"

Term
atomic number
Definition

the # of protons in the nucleus

Term
atomic weight
Definition

determined by adding the # of protons & neutrons in the nucleus

Term
bicarbonate
Definition

symbol - HCO3_

 

function - important in acid-base regulation

Term
calcium
Definition

symbol - Ca2+

 

function - component of bones & teeth; blood clotting; muscle contraction

Term
carbon
Definition

symbol - C

 

18.5% of body weight

Term
chemical bond
Definition

the electrical attraction

 

ex: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, & hydrogen bonds

Term
chemical change
Definition

ex: a log being burned would be "this"

Term
chemical energy
Definition

energy stored in chemical bonds

 

When chemical bonds are broken, "this" is released.

 

ex: fuel to do work, like running

Term
chemical reaction
Definition

a process where the atoms of molecules or compounds interact to form new chemical combinations

Term
chemistry
Definition

the study of matter

Term
chloride
Definition

symbol - Cl-

 

function - primary extracellular anion

Term
chlorine
Definition

symbol - Cl

Term
chromium
Definition

symbol - Cr

 

a trace element

Term
colloid
Definition

a gel-like substance that resembles egg whites

Term
colloidal suspension
Definition

where the particles do not disolve, but they are so small that they remain suspended

Term
copper
Definition

symbol - Cu

 

a trace element

Term
cobalt
Definition

symbol - Co

 

a trace element

Term
dioisotopes
Definition

unstable isotopes

Term
electrons
Definition

carry a negativr electrical charge

Term
florine
Definition

symbol - F

 

a trace element

Term
Hydrogen
Definition

symbol - H+

 

9.5% of body weight

 

function - important in acid-base balance

Term
inorganic chemistry
Definition

study of non-carbon-containing substances

Term
iron
Definition

symbol - Fe2+

 

function - component of hemoglobin (oxygen transport)

Term
ionic bond
Definition

caused by a transfer of electrons between atoms

Term
iodine
Definition

symbol - I

 

a trace element

Term
magnesium
Definition

symbol - Mg

Term
mechanical energy
Definition

energy that causes movement

 

ex: movement of legs running, walking; contraction of heart muscle, causing movement of blood

Term
neutrons
Definition

carry no electrical charge

Term
nitrogen
Definition

symbol - N

 

3.2% of body weight

Term
nuclear energy
Definition

energy released during the decay of radioactive substances such as isotopes

 

not used physiologically

Term
organic chemistry
Definition

the study of carbon-containing substances

Term
oxygen
Definition

symbol - O

 

65% of body weight

Term
pH scale
Definition

indicates the H+ concentration

 

A pH of 0 is most acidic

 

If the pH is >7.45, the patient is said to be alkalotic.

Term
phosphate
Definition

symbol - PO34_

 

function - component of bones & teeth

 

component of ATP (energy)

Term
phosphorus
Definition

symbol - P

Term
physical change
Definition

ex: a log being chopped into smaller pieces

Term
polar molecule
Definition

a molecule that has a lopsided charge

 

a positive & negative end

Term
potasium
Definition

symbol - K+

 

function - nerve & muscle function; chief intracellular cation

Term
protons
Definition

carry a positive electricsl charge

Term
radiant energy
Definition

light

Term
radioactivity
Definition

the process of spontaneous breakdown (decay)

Term
sodium
Definition

symbol - Na

 

function - fluid balance (principal extracellular cation) & nerve-muscle function

Term
sulfur
Definition

symbol - S

Term
selenium
Definition

symbol - Se

 

a trace element

Term
thermal energy
Definition

chemical energy converted into heat

 

ex: responsible for body temperature

Term
tincture
Definition

if alcohol is the solvent, the solution is referred as "this"

Term
trace elements
Definition

elements that are presented in tiny amounts

 

despite the tiny amounts "these" are essential to life

Term
zinc
Definition

symbol - Zn

 

a trace element

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