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Anatomy&physiology CH1-4(martini txt)
Over 4 chapters: Overview of the human body, chemistry, cells, tissues and the Integumentary system
206
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/03/2009

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Term

epidermis of integumentary system consists of......

Cells (2) of the epidermis consist of...

 

Definition

keratinized stratified squamous epithelia

melanocytes and kerinocytes

Term
% of melanocytes in lower epidermis
Definition
10-25% in lower epidermis
Term
Epidermal Dendritic(Langerhans)cells
Definition
Macrophages that help activate immune system
Term
Tactile(merkel) cells
Definition
touch receptors
Term
STRATUM CORNEUM(HORNY LAYER)
Definition
the most superficial. consist of 20-30 sheets of dead keratinized cells. Make up 80% of epidermis. Funtions in protecting from abrasion and penetration, waterproofs, serves as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
Term
STRATUM LUCIDUM( CLEAR LAYER )
Definition
thin transparent band only in thick skin. Consists of a few rows of dead Keratinocytes.
Term
STRATUM GRANULOSUM(GRANUAL LAYER)
Definition
Thin. 3-5 layers in which cells flatten, It is where keratohyaline & Lamellated granules accumilate
Term
STRATUM SPINOSUM ( PRICKLY LAYER )
Definition
Contains abundant melanin granules and dendric cells. Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attatched to Desmosomes
Term
STRATUM BASALE ( BASAL LAYER)
Definition
AKA Stratum Germinativum. Deepest epidermal layer that is attatched to the dermis. Consists of a single row of stem cells that undergo rapid division. Journey from Basal (bottom) to surface of skin (corneum) takes 25-45 days.
Term
DESCRIBE DERMIS.........
CELLS IN DERMIS.........
Definition
a strong flexible connective tissue.
Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells & White blood cells.
Term
MAST CELLS PRODUCE
Definition
Histamine
Term
DERMIS OCCASIONALLY HAS THESE 2 CELLS
Definition
Mast cells and white blood cells
Term
DERMIS OCCASIONALLY HAS THESE 2 CELLS
Definition
Mast cells and white blood cells
Term
DERMIS HAS 2 LAYERS...
Definition
papillary and reticular
Term
PAPILLARY LAYER ( OF DERMIS )
Definition
. This layer consists of Areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and blood vessels
Term
DERMAL PAPILLAE CONTAIN(3)
Definition
1. Capillary loops 2. Meissners Corpuscles( they sense touch) 3.Free nerve endings.
Term
RETICULAR LAYER (OF DERMIS)
Definition
80% of the thickness of dermis. Contains collagen fibers that produce strength and resiliency & Elastin fibers that provide stretch recoil properties.
Term
SKIN MARKINGS(2)
Definition
1. Friction Ridges(fingertips)
2. Cleavage lines
Term
FRICTION RIDGES ( SKIN MARKINGS)
Definition
When epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingertips.
Term
Cleavage lines ( skin markings)
Definition
AKA Tension Lines. Consist of collagen fibers arranged in bundles to form tension lines. Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines to heal more easily.
Term
(SKIN COLOR) 3 PIGMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SKIN COLOR
Definition
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin
Term
MELANIN (skin color pigment)
Definition
Produced in melanocytes and then migrates to keratinocytes where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei.
Can be yellow to reddish brown to black(responsible for dark skin colors.) Includes Freckles and Pigmented moles which are local accumilations of melanin.
Term
(skin color pigment) Carotene
Definition
Ranges from yellow to orange. Most obvious in the palms and soles.
Term
(skin color pigment) Hemoglobin
Definition
Responsible for pinkish hue of the skin.
Term
DERIVATIVES OF THE EPIDERMIS(5)
Definition
1. Sweat (subdoriferous)Glands
2. Oil ( sebaceuos) Glands
3. Hairs
4. Hair follicles
5. Nails
Term
2 main types of subodoriferous Glands
Definition
1. Eccrine (aka merocrine)
2. Apocrine
Term
ECCRINE(MEROCRINE)GLAND. (SUBODORIFEROUS GLAND)
Definition
aka merocrine glands. Most abundant gland and funtion in thermoregulation. Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead. DUCTS CONNECT TO PORES. Sweat consists of 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabollic wastes.
Term
APOCRINE GLAND (SUBODORIFEROUS SWEAT GLAND)
Definition
Confined to axillary and anogenital areas. Funtional from puberty onward. Sebum consists of sweat+ fatty substances and protiens. EXamples of 2 specialized apocrine glands are --mammary glands-- and --ceruminous glands--
Term
EXAMPLES OF 2 SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLANDS
Definition
1. Mammary Glands
2. Ceruminous Glands- in external ear canal; secretes cerumen (ear wax)
Term
SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLAND: CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Definition
located in external ear canal; secrete cerumen(ear wax)
Term
DESCRIBE SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Definition
Widely distributed. Most develop from hair follicles & become active at puberty. SEBUM is an oily holocrine secretion; bactericidal; softens hair and skin
Term
2 FUNTIONS OF HAIR
Definition
1. alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
2. Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
Term
DISTRIBUTION OF HAIR
Definition
entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia.
Term
HAIR PROPERTIES
Definition
-Consist of dead keratinized cells
-Contains Hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin. Hair pigment melanins are yellow, rust brown, or black. Gray or white hair results from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft.
Term
HAIR FOLLICLE
Definition
extendes from tbe epidermal surface into dermis. 2 layered cell wall with outer connective tissue root sheath& Inner epithelial root sheath. Hair bulb is the expanded deep end.
Term
HAIR FOLLICLE 2
Definition
consists of a hair follicle receptor(root hair plexus) that has sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb & is stimulated by bending a hair.
Consists of Arrector Pili" which is a smooth muscle attatched to a follicle, responsible for goose bumps.
Term
2 TYPES OF HAIR
Definition
1 Vellus( pale, fine body hair of children and adult females)

2 Terminal- (the coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions)
Term
HAIR GROWTH
Definition
Growth Phase(lasts weeks to years)followed by Regressive Stage & Resting Phase (1-3 months)
Growth phase varies (6-10 years in scalp) and (3-4 months in eyebrows)
Term
STRUCTURE OF NAIL
Definition
A scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal, surface of fingers and toes
Term
EXAMPLE OF PROTECTION THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROVIDES
Definition
The low PH secretions( acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity.
Term
6 PRIMARY FUNTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Definition
1.Form Physical/Mechanical/Biological barriers.
2. Body temperature regulation.
3. Cutaneous sensations( temp, touch and pain)
4. Metabolic Funtions.
5. Blood Reservoir
6.Excretion
Term
(PRIMARY FUNTION OF INTEG. 1 OF 6)
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL/ BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
Definition
EX. OF PHYSICAL: keratin and glycolipids block most of water soluble substances.
EX OF MECHANICAl: Limited penetration of the skin by lipid-soluble substances such as plant oleoresins(poison ivy for ex), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, and some drugs
EX. OF BIOLOGICAL- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA.
Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 2 OF 6)
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Definition
500 ml a day of routine insensible perspiration( at normal body temp.)
Al elevated temperature, the dermal blood vessels become dilated and sweat gland activity increases to cool the body (sensible perspiration)
Term
(FUNTION OF INTEG. 3 OF 6)
CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS
Definition
Temperature, touch, and pain.
Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 4 OF 6)
METABOLIC FUNCTION
Definition
chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones.
Ex: Synthesis of vitamin D precursur and collagenase
Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 5 0F 6)
BLOOD RESERVOIR
Definition
Up to 5% of bodys blood volume in Dermis
Term
3 MAJOR TYPES OF SKIN CANCER
Definition
1.BASAL CELL CARCINOMA- most often found in fair skinned people. Most common but least malignant.
2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA- second most common and often seen in darker complexions.
3. MELANOMA- Most dangerous.
Term
PASSIVE PROCESSES-FACILIATED-USING CARRIER OR CHANEL PROTIENS (what do the molecules do)
Definition
large molecules change shape.
Term
(A type of passive process) SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Definition
Very small, nonpolar molecules can simply diffuse
Term
(skin cancer) MELANOMA
Definition
Most dangerous. Involves melanocytes. Highly Metastatic(spreadable) and resistant to chemotherapy. Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
Term
(skin cancer) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Definition
Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Most common in scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands. Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically.
Term
(4) examples of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS..
Definition
Carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, and nucleic acid.These are all Macromolecules.
Term
RETICULAR LAYER OF DERMIS
Definition
80% of the thickness of dermis. Consist of collagen fibers and elastin fibers. (collagen fibers provide strength and resilency, and elastin fibers provid stretch and recoil properties)
Term
VEHICULAR TRANSPORT USED WHEN
Definition
used when moving large amounts of material in and out of cells
Term
skin color: 3 PIGMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SKIN COLOR
Definition
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin
Term
HEMOGLOBIN
Definition
Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin
Term
DERIVATIVES OF THE EPIDERMIS(5)
Definition
1. Subodoriferous (sweat) Glands
2. Sebaceous (oil) Glands
3. Hairs
4. Hair Follicles
5. Nails
Term
(specialized apocrine glands)CERUMINOUS GLANDS:
Definition
Located in the external ear canal; secretes cerumen(ear wax)
Term
2 MAIN TYPES OF SUBODORIFEROUS GLANDS
Definition
1. Eccrine (merocrine)
2. Apocrine
Term
rules to identify melanoma ABCD Rule
Definition
A- asymetry
B- border exibits indentations
C- Color is black,brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D- Diameter is larger than 6mm( size of pencil eraser)
Term
BURNS RESULT IN
Definition
tissue damage, denatured protiens, and cell death
Term
BURNS CAN BE CAUSED BY..
Definition
Heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals
Term
IMMEDIATE THREAT OF BURN IF...
Definition
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock.
Term
RULES OF NINES
Definition
used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns
Term
Partial-Thickness Burns
Definition
1. FIRST DEGREE BURNS- damage only effects epidermis, there will be localized redness, edema( swelling) and pain.
2. SECOND DEGREE- epidermal and upper dermal damage; blisters appear
Term
FULL THICKNESS BURNS
Definition
3RD DEGREE- where the entire thickness of skin is damaged; color is cherry-red, gray-white, or black. No initial edema or pain(because nerve endings have been destroyed). Skin grafting is usually necessary
Term
severity of burns; CRUCIAL IF
Definition
25% or more of body has second degree burns.
10% or more of body has third degree burns.
Face, hands, or feet bear 3rd degree burns
Term
GLOBULAR (FUNTIONAL) PROTIENS
Definition
they are compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to enviornmental changes. Located in specific funtional regions(active sites) EX: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes
Term
SALTS
Definition
Ionic compounds that dissosciate in water. Contain cations other that H+ and anions(-) other than OH-. Ions (elecrtolyes) conduct electrical currents in a solution; play special role in body funtions. EX: sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron.
Term
ELECROPOSITIVE
Definition
Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons. EX: sodium
Term
ELECRONEGATIVE
Definition
Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons. EX: oxygen
Term
HYDROPHILLIC POLAR MOLECULES RESULT FROM...
Definition
unequal sharing by atoms with different elecron-attracting abilities. EX:H2O
Term
HYRDROPHOBIC NONPOLAR MOLECULES RESULT FROM
Definition
Equal sharing of electrons.EX:CO2
Term
ELECTRONS
Definition
Equal in number to protons in atom. 1/2000 the mass of a proton
Term
THORACIC CAVITY SUBDIVISIONS
Definition
2 Pleural cavity.
Mediastinum (Contains pericardial cavity and surround thoractic organs)
Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
Term
MEDIASTINUM
Definition
contains the pericardial cavity and surround thoracic organs.
Term
DIAPHRAGM SEPARATES...
Definition
thoracic from the abdominopelvic
Term
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Definition
Response enchances or exagerates to original stimulus; usually controls infrequent events. EX: (child birth) Labor.
Term
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Definition
the ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of the body
Term
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Definition
the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus. EX: regulation of body temperature; regulation of blood volume.
Term
STRATIFIED COLUMBNAR EPITHELIA
Definition
Rare; provides protection; only superficial cells are columbnar. Occurs at transition areas between 2 other types of epithelia.Located along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and along a few large excretory Ducts.
Term
decription of GLAND
Definition
ONE or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid; range from scattered cells to complex grandular organs/
Term
GLANDULAR EPITHELIA CLASSIFIED BY (2)
Definition
Site of product release -endocrine or exocrine.
Relative number of cell forming the gland(unicellular or multicellular)
Term
6 FUNTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS
Definition
Transport, receptors for signal transduction, attatchment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, Intracellular joining, and cell-to-cell recognition
Term
MEMBRANE LIPIDS CONTAIN(3)
Definition
75% PHOSPHOLIPIDS
5% GLYCOLILPIDS
20% CHOLESTEROL(increases membrane stability and fluidity)
Term
CHROMATIN
Definition
threadlike strands of 30% DNA, 60% Histone Protiens, and 10% RNA.
Shortens, thickens, condenses, and organizes to form chromosomes. when a cell is dividing, chromatin becomes chromosomes.
Term
NUCLEOLI
Definition
where RNA is produced
Term
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Definition
Double membrane barrier containing pores with outer layer being continuous with Rough ER and bearing ribosomes.
Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of cell.
Nuclear Lamina( inner lining) maintains the shape of nucleus.
Term
MULTINUCLEATE
Definition
exists in Skeletal Muscle Cells, Bone Destruction Cells, and some Liver Cells
Term
NUCLEAR LAMINA
Definition
Inner lining of nuclear envelope, maintains shape of nucleus
Term
CELLULAR EXTENSIONS: CILIA AND FLAGELLA
Definition
Only on the surfaces of certain cells. Contain Microtubules and Motor Molecules. Cilia move substances across cell surfaces. Longer flagella propel whole cells(ex: tail of sperm)
Term
MICROFILAMENTS
Definition
Dynamic actin strands attatched to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane. Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis. EX: Actin and Myosin
Term
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Definition
They are tough, insoluble, ropelike protien fibers that resist pulling forces on the cell and attatch to desmosomes.
Term
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Definition
Type of GLANDULAR EPITHELIA; DUCTLESS GLANDS; secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid.
Term
EXOCRINE GLANDS
Definition
it is a GLANDULAR EPITHELIA; IT HAS DUCTS; secretes products into ducts which are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities. More numerous than endocrine. EX: Mucous, Sweat, Oil, and Salivary Glands
Term
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Definition
most abundant and widely distributed
Term
4 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Definition
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone Tissue
4. Blood
Term
THE MOST DISTINGUISHED CHARACTERISTIC OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Definition
Cells are separated by nonliving extracellular matrix(fibers and ground substance)
Term
CONNECTIVE TISSUES HAVE
Definition
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
Varying degrees of vascularity( blood vessels)
Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix(ground substance and fibers)
Term
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS
Definition
Ground Substance
Fibers
Term
GROUND SUBSTANCE
Definition
also known as the "glue" that joins all connective tissue together. Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells.
Term
(connective tissue) 3 TYPES OF FIBERS
Definition
1. Collagen ( white fibers )- makes it strong; most abundant and provides high tensile strength.
2. Elastic- stretches and recoil
3. Reticular- Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; make up some major organs like liver and spleen.
Term
(connective tissue) RETICULAR FIBER
Definition
Short, fine, highly-branched collagenous fibers; make up some major organs like liver and spleen
Term
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER TYPES..
Definition
1. Loose
2. Dense
Term
(Structural elements of connective tissue-cells) "BLASTS"
Definition
means mitotically active and secretory cells
Term
(structural elements of connective tissue) "CYTES"
Definition
mature cells
Term
FIBROBLASTS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
Definition
produce fibers and serve as a structural element of connective tissue.
Term
HEMATOPHOIETIC STEM CELLS IN BONE MARROW
Definition
produce red blood cells and serve as a structural element of connective tissue.
Term
STRUCTUAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE(cells)
Definition
"blasts" , "cytes," fibroblasts, chrondoblasts and chrondocytes in cartilage, osteoblasts and osteocytes, hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Term
CHRONDOBLASTS PRODUCES...
Definition
chrondocytes in cartilage.
Term
(connective tissue proper type) LOOSE-3 TYPES OF (LOOSE)
Definition
1. AREOLAR: holds water, fills space, and wraps and cusions organs
2. ADIPOSE: fat cells
3. RETICULAR:(branched)connective tissue that forms inner framework
Term
(connective tissue type) DENSE-3 TYPES OF DENSE->
Definition
1. DENSE REGULAR- when fibers run parallel
2.DENSE IRREGULAR: Fibers run in different directions
3.ELASIC

Example of Dense: tendons and ligaments
Term
CONECTIVE TISSUE: CARILAGE (3 TYPES)
Definition
HYALINE- most common ex: nasal cartilage
ELASTIC- Ex: outer ear
FIBROCARTILAGE: Extremely durable and tough. Ex: Between the vertebrae
Term
NERVOUS TISSUE CONSIST OF 2 THINGS( :):):) the two "N"s:):):) )
Definition
NEURONS
NEUROGLIA
Term
SEROUS MEMBRANE
Definition
LINES a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and COVERS organs within the cavity
EX: Mesothelium & Areolar tissue
Term
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES
Definition
Lines Joints. Contain only connective tissue no epithelium. Secretes a lubricating synovial fluid.
Term
MICROVILLI ABUNDANT ON EPITHELIAL SURFACES WHERE....
Definition
Most abundant in places where absorption and secretions take place, such as long portions of the digestive and urinary tracts
Term
DESMOSOME
Definition
They are anchoring juntions, they anchor the cells together. These exist where lots of stress occur such as heart muscle cells.
Term
INTEGRAL PROTIENS
Definition
AKA transport protiens, they go all the way through. Firmly inserted into membrane and transport protiens(channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors
Term
NONCELLULAR BASAL LAMINA OF GLYCOPROTIEN & COLLAGEN LIES ADJACENT
Definition
To Basal Surface
Term
EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF WHAT KIND OF CELLS?
Definition
Tightly packed
Term
EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF CONTINUOS SHEETS HELD TOGETHER BY WHAT 2 JUNTIONS?...
Definition
Tight Juntions and Desmosomes
Term
CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN EPITHELIA LIES UNDER..
Definition
the basal lamina
Term
EPITHELIAL TISSUE: DOES IT HAVE BLOOD VESSELS OR NERVES?
Definition
epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated which mean that it has no blood vessels but has nerves
Term
DOES EPITHELIAL TISSUE HAVE A HIGH RATE OF REGENERATION?
Definition
YES IT DOES:)
Term
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA
Definition
Most delicate and located where absorption and diffusion takes place. Located in slippery places to reduce friction. Located in respiratory exchange (alveoli) of lungs, endothelium and mesothelium.
Term
ENDOTHELIUM
Definition
lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
Term
MESOTHELIUM
Definition
the epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity.
Term
MICROTUBULES
Definition
they are dynamic hollow tubes. Most radiate from the centrosome. They determine the overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles.
Term
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Definition
RARE; typically two layers thick. Located along the ducts of sweat glands & in larger ducts of the mammary glands.
Term
CELL THEORY
Definition
- cells are the basic unit of life
-organismal funtions depend on individual and collective cell funtions
-biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcellular structures.
-continuity of life has a cellular basis
Term
PASSIVE PROCESSES(4)
Definition
Osmosis
Simple diffusion
Carrier-mediated diffusion
Channel-mediated faciliated diffusion
Term
"QUATERNARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE
Definition
two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own unique shape combined to form a structure
Term
"TERTIARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE
Definition
When the folding of a peptide chain happens
Term
"SECONDARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE
Definition
Structure forms spirals or pleats formed by a hydrogen bond
Term
STEROIDS
Definition
Type of lipid. These are waxes like cholesterol. From cholesterols nucleus we can make things like estadiol, estrogen, and testosterone
Term
(neutral fats) UNSATURATED FATS
Definition
Considered an oil. (plant fat) These have one or more double bonds and fewer hydrogens. EX: peanuts, and plants storing oil in their seeds
Term
NEUTRAL FATS
Definition
(type of lipid) Can be oils or solids depending on if they are saturated or unsaturated.
Term
LIPIDS( FATS )
Definition
consist of FATS, OILS, AND WAXES. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen( but less than in carbs). They are nonsoluble and nonpolar. FATS ARE MADE UP OF glycerol and a fatty acid. different types of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Term
(type of muscle tissue) SMOOTH (VISCERAL)
Definition
It is found in walls of hollow internal structures(blood vessels and viscera);Nonstriated; usually involuntary. Provides motion (Ex: constriction of blood vessels and airways)
Term
(types of muscle tissue) CARDIAC
Definition
Forms most of heart wall; striated and usually involuntary
Term
(types of muscle tissue) SKELETAL
Definition
attatched to bones; striated and voluntary.
Term
3 CLASSES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Definition
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Term
Neuralglia_____ and _________ Neurons
Definition
Protects
Supports
Term
Neuroglia are often the sites of..
Definition
tumors in the nervous system
Term
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID found in
Definition
Blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid.
The Efc Filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is called interstitial fluid.
Term
SMOOTH ER
Definition
Tubules arranged in a looping network.
ENZYME FUNTIONS:
In the liver- lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen
Kidneys- detoxification of drugs, pesticides and carcinogens.
In intestinal cells- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
In skeletal and cardiac muscle- Storage and release of calcium.
ALSO Synthesized steroid based hormones
Term
(skin cancer) Basal Cell Carcinoma
Definition
happens when stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis.
It is cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases
Term
(Primary funtions of the integ. sytem 6 of 6) EXCRETION example....
Definition
example are nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
Term
STRUCTURE OF A NAIL
Definition
A scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
Term
HAIR FOLLICLE
Definition
extends from epidermal surface to dermis. 2 layered wall :outer connective root sheath and inner epithelial root sheath
Hair bulb is the expanded deep end.
Term
HAIR BULB
Definition
the expanded deep end.
Term
PERIPHERAL PROTIENS
Definition
Loosely attatched to integral protiens, include filaments on intracellular surface & Glycoprotiens on extracellular surface.
Only on one side of the protien, they do not go all the way through.
Funtions for enzymes, motor protiens, and cell to cell links.
Provides support on intracellular surface and form part of the glycocalyx
Term
(skin markings) CLEAVAGE(TENSION) LINES
Definition
Consists of collagen fibers arranges in bundles to form tension(cleavage) lines
Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more easily
Term
(skin markings) Friction Ridges
Definition
When epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingertips.
Term
example of the PROTECTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Definition
the low PH sectetions ( acid mantle ) and defensins retard bacterial activity
Term
HAIR PROPERTIES
Definition
Cosists of dead, keratinized cells that contain HARD keratin unlike the keratin of skin. Hair pigment melanins are yellow, rust brown, or black. Gray or White hair results from decreased melanin production, and increased air bubbles in shaft.
Term
SEBACEOUS OIL GLANDS
Definition
widely distributed and most develop from hair follicles and become active at puberty. SEBUM is and oily holocrine secretion, it is bacteriacidal, and softens hair and skin
Term
2 SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLANDS
Definition
mammary glands and ceruminous(external ear canal; secretes cerumen-ear wax-)
Term
SUBODORIFEROUS SWEAT GLAND: APOCRINE
Definition
confined to the axillary and anogenital areas, become active at puberty. 2 specialized appocrine glands: ceruminous and mammary. SEBUM consists of Sweat+ fatty acid substances and protiens
Term
SUBODORIFEROUS GLAND: ECCRINE
Definition
aka merocrine. most widely distributed in the body. Most abundant on forehead soles, and palms.Ducts connect to pores and funtion in thermoregulation. SWEAT CONSISTS OF 99% WATER, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabolic wastes
Term
NEURONS CONSIST OF A ________ AND 2 TYPES OF PROCESSES CALLED _______ AND _______.
Definition
cell body
Dendrites
axons
Term
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF 2 PRINCIPLE KIND OF CELLS
Definition
Neurons(nerve cells)
Neurolglia ( Protectiv and supporting cells)
Term
(skin color pigment) CAROTENE
Definition
Ranges from yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles
Term
(skin color pigment) Melanin
Definition
produces in melanocytes and migrate to keratinocytes where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei. Can be yellow to reddish brown to black. Includes freckles and pigmented moles which are all local accumilations of melanin
Term
PAPILLARY LAYER (OF DERMIS)
Definition
Consists of Areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and blood vessels. Dermal papillae contain free nerve endings, capillary loops, meisners corpuscles
Term
DERMIS IS A _________
CELLS IN THE DERMIS______________________
Definition
-is a strong connective tissue
-cells include fibroblasts, macrophages and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Term
STRATUM BASALE (BASAL LAYER)
Definition
AKA Stratum GERMINATIVUM. Deepest epidermal layer firmly attatched to dermis. Consists of a SINGLE ROW of STEM cells, cells undergo rapid division. the JOURNEY from the basal layer to the surface (corneum) takes 25-45 days.
Term
DISTRIBUTION OF HAIRS
Definition
Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples and portions of the external genitalia
Term
Stratum Spinosum (PRICKLY LAYER)
Definition
Contain abundant MELANIN GRANULES and DEDRITIC CELLS.
Cells contain a weblike of intermediate prekeratin filaments attatched to desmosomes
Term
PELVIC CAVITY CONTAINS
Definition
urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
Term
ABDOMINAL CAVITY CONTAINS
Definition
Stomach, Intestines, spleen, and liver
Term
MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
Definition
Within the skull just medial to the eardrums, and house the bones that transmut sound vibrations to the internal ears.
Term
VISCERAL SEROSA (membranes in the ventral cavity)
Definition
Covers the outer surfaces of organs, and is names for specific cavities it is associated with.
Term
SULCUS
Definition
a narrow groove
Term
(membranes in the ventral body cavity) SEROUS MEMBRANES
Definition
Covers the inner walls of the ventral cavity and surfaces of organs
Term
MEMBRANES COVER__________________
MEMBRANES LINE___________________
Definition
Surfaces of body and organs
Body Cavities
Term
FISSURE
Definition
Elognated Cleft
Term
CANAL OR MEATUS
Definition
passageway
Term
Sinus or Antrum
Definition
Chamber with in a bone, normally filled with air
Term
PROCESS
Definition
any projection or bump
Term
RAMUS
Definition
Extension of bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
Term
TROCHANTER
Definition
Large, rough projection
Term
TUBEROSITY
Definition
Smaller, rough projection
Term
TUBERCLE
Definition
Small rounded projection
Term
CREST
Definition
Prominent ridge
Term
LINE
Definition
low ridge
Term
SPINE
Definition
pointed narrow process
Term
CONDYLE
Definition
smooth, rounded, articular process
Term
TROCHLEA
Definition
Smooth, grooves articular process shaped like a pulley
Term
FACET
Definition
Small, flat, articular surface
Term
PEROXISOMES
Definition
Degrade hydrogen peroxide and detoxify harmful or toxic substances
Term
GAP MEMBRANE JUNTION
Definition
Connections between the cells that allow materials to pass through freely.
Term
URINARY FUNTION
Definition
Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary eliminaiton, and regulates blood ion concentrations and PH
Term
APICAL SURFACES MAY BEAR________
EX________________
Definition
microvilli
lining of trachea
Term
ACTIN AND MYOSIN
Definition
Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
STRATUM GRANULOSUM (GRANUAL LAYER)
Definition
It is thin. Where KERATOHYALINE and lamellated granules accumilate. 3-5 layers in which the cells flatten
Term
CARBOHYDRATES
Definition
Consist of sugars and starches. Examples are bread, potatoes, sugar, and cellulose. Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
HAVE 3 CLASSES: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Term
what do MONOSACCHARIDES consist of ....?
Definition
1. Glucose(blood sugar)
2. Fructose( fruit sugar)
3. Galactose
Term
what do DISACCHARIDES consist of....?
Definition
1. Maltose (glucose+ glucose)
2. Sucrose (glucose+ fructose)
3. Lactose (glucos + galactose)
Term
what do POLYSACCHARIDES consist of ...
Definition
1. STARCHES. examples are pasta, bread, ect. Digestible and easily convertable into energy.
2. GLYCOGEN- considered an animal starch, Serves as an energy resevor. Stored in the muscles and liver.
3. CELLULOSE- ex: plants and salad. Not digestible and needed in diet for fiber.
Term
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Definition
Lines cavities that open to tbe exterier, such as gastro intestinal tract; keeps organs moist
Term
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
Definition
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
Mucous membranes
Term
PARIETAL SEROSA(membranes in the ventral body cavity)
Definition
lines the body cavity walls and is names for specific cavities it is associated with.
Term
BODIES CAVITIES AKA
Definition
viscera
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