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Anatomy & Physiology 33 - Blood
Functions and origination of blood cells in the body
115
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/07/2010

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Term
What are the five functions of blood?
Definition
The five functions of blood are transportation, regulation, temperature control, protection and clot formation.
Term
What does blood transport?
Definition
Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste molecules, processed molecules and regulatory molecules.
Term
What does blood regulate?
Definition
Blood regulates pH and osmosis via disbursement of hormones throughout the body.
Term
What does blood protect against?
Definition
Blood (via white blood cells) protects the body against foreign substances.
Term
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Definition
Aplastic Anemia is the decreased marrow production of cell lines resulting from exposure to chemicals, radiation or bacterial toxins.
Term
Where is blood produced in the fetus?
Definition
Blood cells are formed in the fetus in the spleen and the liver due to the fact that bones are not yet formed.
Term
Where is blood formed in the child?
Definition
In children blood is formed in the red bone marrow of most bones and lymphatic tissue.
Term
Where is blood formed in the adult?
Definition
In the adult blood is formed in the proximal femur and humerus, the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs and sternum.
Term
How is adult blood cell production checked?
Definition
Adult blood cell production is checked by taking a bone marrow sample.
Term
What is the term for the production of blood?
Definition
The production of blood is called hematopoieses.
Term
What can be found in Plasma?
Definition
Plasma has low levels of potassium, low levels of sodium, and five times the protein as found in the interstitial space.
Term
What types of protein are found in Plasma?
Definition
Plasma contains Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.
Term
What is the function of Albumin?
Definition
Albumin helps to maintain the osmotic gradient.
Term
What are the functions of Globulins?
Definition
Globulins are antibody building material. They help to build hemoglobin.
Term
What is the function of Fibrinogen?
Definition
Fibrinogen is chemically triggered to help form blood clots.
Term
What is the composition of Plasma?
Definition
Plasma is composed of greater than 90% H2O, has five times the protein as the fluid in the interstitial space, and composes 20% or approximately three liters of the extracellular fluid.
Term
What are the formed elements in the blood?
Definition
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Term
What percentage of the extracellular fluid is made up of the interstitial space?
Definition
80% or 12 liters of fluid is found in the interstitial space.
Term
What is the composition of the interstitial space?
Definition
The interstitial space has five times less protein than plasma, high levels of sodium and low levels of potassium.
Term
What percentage of the extracellular fluid is plasma?
Definition
Plasma comprises 20% or three liters of the extracellular fluid.
Term
What is blood composed of?
Definition
Blood is composed of 55% plasma, 45% erythrocytes and less than one percent of a buffy coat.
Term
What are stem cells?
Definition
Stem cells are cells which have not gone through the process of differentiation yet. They are found in bone marrow.
Term
What are Hemocytoblasts?
Definition
Hemocytoblasts are the youngest type of formed elements.
Term
Where should hemocytoblasts be found?
Definition
Hemocytoblasts should be found in the bone marrow.
Term
Why would you not want to find hemocytoblasts in the blood?
Definition
Finding hemocytoblasts in the blood shows an uncontrolled mitotic process, which may be indicative of a tumor or cancer.
Term
List qualities of red blood cells.
Definition
Red blood cells have no nucleus, a shorter life span than white blood cells, they are unable to self repair, and they are present in blood in a rate of 500 red blood cells to 1 white blood cell.
Term
What does the amount of red blood cells in the blood determine?
Definition
The amount of red blood cells in the blood determines blood viscocity and the oxygen carrying capacity.
Term
What is the normal red blood cell count?
Definition
The normal red blood cell count varies by sex. For males the normal rbcs count is ~5.4 million rbcs per microliter with a range of 4.6-6.2. For females the normal red blood cell count is 4.8 million rbcs per microliter, with a range of 4.6-6.2.
Term
Define Hemolysis.
Definition
Hemolysis is the rupture of a red blood cell.
Term
What is the structure of a red blood cell?
Definition
A red blood cell in its normal form is a biconcave disk with no nucleus.
Term
Define Hemoglobin.
Definition
Hemoglobin is a heme pigment with Fe + globulin protein.
Term
Define Oxyhemoglobin.
Definition
Oxyhemoglobin is a hemoglobin molecule with added oxygen. This is a bright red colored blood, and provides the basis of most oxygen transport.
Term
Define Deoxyhemoglobin.
Definition
Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin without oxygen. It is the darker and bluer form of blood.
Term
How is carbon dioxide transported throughout the body?
Definition
Carbon dioxide is transported throughout the body primarily by plasma, however some transportation is performed by hemoglobin. The majority of carbon dioxide is broken down into a biocarbonate ion for the trip to the lungs.
Term
What occurs when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide?
Definition
Hemoglobin and carbon monoxide form a toxin for human species. When CO binds to hemoglobin the CO molecule fills spaces that are usually filled by oxygen. Eventually there are not enough spots left for the person to get adequate oxygen into their body. Smokers blood in particular may contain 5-15% less open oxygen transportation spots.
Term
Define Anemia.
Definition
Anemia is when there is a decreased amount of hemoglobin either due to a decreased amount of red blood cells or an abundance of improperly formed red blood cells.
Term
Name two inherited abnormal hemoglobin conditions.
Definition
Sickle cell anemia (change in the shape of the cell) and Thalassemia. Sickle cell is found predominately in the black African gene pool, and Thalassemia is found predominantly in the Mediterranean gene pool.
Term
Name a parascitic infection with impact on the red blood cells.
Definition
Malaria is one of the "big two" diseases (the other being TB) and it is caused by parasites rupturing red blood cells and resulting in anemia.
Term
What are the benefits of EPO (Erythropoietin)?
Definition
Erythropoietin increases RBC count by stimulating hemopoiesis. It is released when a lack of O2 is detected in the kidneys, this in turn stimulates an increase in rbc production in marrow and in increase in O2 carrying capacity.

Because of EPOs ability to increase O2 carrying capacity a bioengineered form has been injected by athletes, this is referred to as "blood doping".
Term
Which nutrients are instrumental in the formation and production of blood?
Definition
Iron and Vitamin B complex (B-12 & folic acid) are both instrumental in proper blood production.
Term
Define Pernicious Anemia.
Definition
Pernicious Anemia is anemia from the lack of B-12 absorption.
Term
Define Folate Deficiency Anemia.
Definition
Folate Deficiency Anemia is anemia brought on by a lack of Folic Acid.
Term
Define Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Definition
Iron Deficiency Anemia is anemia brought on by a lack of iron. This shows up as fatigue, irritability, hair loss, and a change in pallor.
Term
What is the lifespan of a normal red blood cell?
Definition
The usual life span of a red blood cell is 90-120 days before its eventual rupture.
Term
How would early release of red blood cells present in a blood smear?
Definition
The early release of red blood cells would be distinguished by nucleated red blood cells present in the blood draw.
Term
How do Microphages help break down red blood cells?
Definition
Microphages help break down red blood cells by breaking off the Globin into amino acids for reuse, transporting the iron and storing it in the liver and bown marrow, and converting the non iron remainder to bilirubin which is then converted by the liver cells into bile and expelled through the digestive system.
Term
How can the recycling route of blood be bypassed?
Definition
Blood recycling routes can be bypassed by blood loss. Too much blood loss may result in anemia.
Term
What is a Leukocyte?
Definition
A Leukocyte is a white blood cell.
Term
What is the normal white blood cell count for the body?
Definition
The normal white blood cell count for the body is 5,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter.
Term
Define Leukocytosis.
Definition
Leukocystosis is an elevated white blood cell count.
Term
Define Leukemia.
Definition
Leukemia is cancer of a population of white blood cells. Leukemia is named after the cell system that it is attacking (i.e. monocytic leukemia or lymphocytic leukemia.)
Term
Define Leukopenia.
Definition
Leukopenia is too few white blood cells as a result of drugs or anti-cancer therapy.
Term
How are white blood cells transported to the site of need?
Definition
White blood cells use ameboid movement to leave circulation. White blood cells utilize chemotaxis and they also appear in pus.
Term
Define ameboid movement.
Definition
Ameboid movement is a crawling type movement accomplished by pushing the cytoplasm of the cell into a pseudopod.
Term
Define Chemotaxi.
Definition
Chemotaxi is s the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.
Term
What does pus consist of?
Definition
Pus consists of a group of white blood cells, dead cells and bacteria. It is inherently used to mean "white blood cells".
Term
Name the different types of white blood cells.
Definition
Term
Name the different types of white blood cells.
Definition
Term
Name the two primary groupings of white blood cells.
Definition
White blood cells are broken into two compartments, granulocytes (most common) and agranulocytes (less common).
Term
What three types of cells make up Granulocytes?
Definition
Granulocytes are made up of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
Term
What percentage of white blood cells are made up of Neutrophils?
Definition
Neutrophils make up 40-70% of white blood cells.
Term
What causes a rise in the percentage of Neutrophils in the body?
Definition
The numbers and percentage of neutrophils in the body rise in response to acute bacterial infection. The neutrophils contain active migrating phagocytes which are attracted by inflammation and irritation and are large with lobed nuclei.
Term
What percentage of white blood cells are Eosinophils?
Definition
Eosinophils make up 1-4% of white blood cells.
Term
Define Eosinophil.
Definition
Eosinophils are covered with large red granulas, attracted to areas of inflammation and allergic response, and increased in mucous secretions from allergies and some parasitic infestations.
Term
Define Basophils.
Definition
Basophils are large purple granules which are attracted to areas of injury and inflammation and release histamine causing increased vessel permeability.
Term
What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
Definition
Agranulocytes are made up of Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Term
What percentage of white blood cells are composed of Lymphocytes?
Definition
Lymphocytes compose 20-45% of white blood cells.
Term
How big are Lymphocytes?
Definition
Lymphocytes are approximately the same size as a red blood cell.
Term
When would you see an increased Lymphocyte count?
Definition
Percentage of Lymphocytes increase in viral infections, while overall numbers of white blood cells may decline.
Term
What is the appearance of a Lymphocyte?
Definition
Lymphocytes are small with a large nucleus and little cytoplasm.
Term
What are the two types of cells found within Lymphocytes and what are their functions?
Definition
Lymphocytes contain T-Cells and B-Cells. T-Cells in Lymphocytes act as messengers to other white blood cells or attack foreign invaders directly, they are the target of the AIDS virus. B Cells provide antibody production.
Term
What percentage of the white blood cells are made up of Monocytes?
Definition
Monocytes make up 4-8% of white blood cells.
Term
Define Monocyte.
Definition
A monocyte is a very large white blood cell that contains a single nucleus. It is phagocytic and migrates through tissues as a microphage.
Term
Define Phagocyte.
Definition
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
Term
Define Microphage.
Definition
Microphages are white blood cells found within tissues.
Term
Define Platelet.
Definition
A platelet is a small fragment of a much larger blood cell that has been released from the marrow.
Term
What are platelets used in?
Definition
Platelets are used in clotting.
Term
What is the life span of a platelet?
Definition
The platelets have an average life span of only 5-9 days.
Term
Define Thrombocytopenia.
Definition
Thrombocytopenia is too few platelets in the blood, is the first thing that is noticed in blood draws due to the short life span of platelets.
Term
Define Petechiae.
Definition
Petechiae are small localized hemorrhages.
Term
Why might the first sign of aplastic anemia in a patient be unexpected nose bleeds or excessive bruising?
Definition
The first sign of aplastic anemia in a patient may be unexpected nose bleeds or excessive bruising because platelets aren't being produced in the marrow, which shows a decreased clotting ability and decreased rbc production over all.
Term
Define Hemostasis.
Definition
Hemostasis is how the body stops bleeding.
Term
How does hemostasis occur?
Definition
Hemostasis occurs by a vessel spasm where smooth muscle temporarily contracts from the trauma of the blood vessel tear, then a platelet plug froms in the hole, and then the blood coagulates.
Term
What steps are involved in a platelet plug forming in a hole?
Definition
Pltelets get sticky from contact with disrupted cells at the injury site. Fibrinogen protein joins platelets together to form a soluble plug.
Term
Define Clotting Factors.
Definition
Clotting factors are chemicals other than platelets or fibrinogen produced by the liver to help with clotting.
Term
Define coagulation.
Definition
Coagulation is clotting which continues to form an insoluble blood clot if needed.
Term
How does coagulation occur?
Definition
Coagulation occurs when soluble fibrinogen is changed to insoluble fibrin threads.
Term
What is necessary for clot formation?
Definition
Platelets, fibrinogen, vitamin K, calcium, and clotting factors.
Term
When would someone be given vitamin K injections?
Definition
Before surgery children are given vitamin K injections to help ensure clotting.
Term
What two methods are involved in dissolving existing or preventing new clots?
Definition
Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants are involved in dissolving existing or breaking down new clots.
Term
Define Fibrinolysis.
Definition
Fibrinolysis is the breaking down of established clots. This is accomplished by a natural chemical mechanism already existing in the body at low levels, or by the introduction of t-PA.
Term
What is t-PA given for?
Definition
t-PA is given if an unwanted clot is suspected as in a stoke (disruption of blood flow to the brain). t-PA forms a localized reaction and allows tissue resolution to commence.
Term
Define Anticoagulant.
Definition
An anticoagulant is a medication that prevents clot formation.
Term
Name three medications that act as anti-coagulants.
Definition
Three medications that act as anticoagulants are heparin, coumadin, and low doses of aspirin.
Term
How is Heparin given?
Definition
Heparin is given via injection to stop clots from forming at the IV site.
Term
What is Coumadin used in?
Definition
Coumadin is an oral anticoagulant used in former stroke or heart attack victims to prevent blood clotting.
Term
What happens to blood specimens drawn into tubes?
Definition
Blood specimens drawn into tubes that have an added EDTA do not clot in the tube, they separate into plasma and rbcs.
If no anticoagulant is added blood will clot in the tube, leaving a liquid portion called serum.
Term
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Definition
Serum is similar to plasma but minus fibrin and clotting factors which are used when the blood in the drawn tube clots.
Term
Name four clotting disorders.
Definition
Four clotting disorders are hemophilia, embolus, thrombus, and deep vein thrombosis.
Term
Define Hemophilia.
Definition
Hemophilia is genetically incorrect or missing blood clotting factors.
Term
Define embolus.
Definition
Embolus is a floating blood clot. When it sticks in a vessel the tissue dies from hypoxia creating an embolism.
Term
Define Thrombus.
Definition
Thrombus are blood clots attached to the vessel wall. May grow and form "plaque" in arteries eventually closing off the lumen.
Term
Define Deep Vein Thrombosis.
Definition
Deep Vein Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. It is a form of thrombophlebitis.
Term
Name three ways to collect blood for analysis.
Definition
Three ways that blood is collected for analysis are venipuncture, finger/heel stick, or an arterial stick.
Term
Define Venipuncture.
Definition
Venipuncture is a puncture of the surface veins which are easily located, thin walled, and have low blood pressure.
Term
What would a finger stick or heel stick be used for?
Definition
A finger stick or heel stick is used for small volumes or blood smears. Is drawn from surface capillaries.
Term
What is an arterial stick used for?
Definition
An arterial stick is used for analysis of blood gasses. It is rare to do this type of test as it involves deep veins.
Term
What is tested for in a CBC (Complete blood count) test?
Definition
In a CBC the patient has their red cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels tested. The patients white blood cell count, differential white count and clotting factors are also tested.
Term
Why would you perform a CBC?
Definition
You would perform a CBC to test a patient for anemia or polycythemia. You could also check for different types of wbcs present which would tell you if the patient was currently fighting an infection.
Term
What is considered to be anemic for a patient?
Definition
An RBC faction of <35% in females and <37% in males is determined to be anemic.
Term
What is Poly
Definition
Term
What is Polycythemia?
Definition
Polycythemia is considered to be an rbcs level of greater than 55-80% this results in too much blood. Is created by an over production of EPO. In these patients blood is taken to relieve the pressure.
Term
What is the ratio of Hemoglobin to Hematocrit?
Definition
Hemoglobin is generally 1/3 of the Hematocrit.
Term
What is Prothrombin time taken for?
Definition
Prothrombin time is taken to test how quickly your blood clots.
Term
How is your blood chemistry tested?
Definition
Your blood chemistry (glucose, etc) is usually tested on the plasma portion of your blood draw.
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