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Anatomy Part I
Prior to Midterm
206
Medical
Graduate
12/01/2011

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Cards

Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
Superficial, palpable, viewable
Term
Midsagittal
Sagittal
Median
Definition
Divides body into left and right sides
Term
Frontal
Coronal
Definition
Divides body into front and back
Term
Transverse
Definition
Divides body into top and bottom
Term
Oblique
Definition
Any plane that is not sagittal, coronal, or transverse
Term
Cartilage make up
Definition
Dense network of collagen fibers and Elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
Term
Cartilage strength comes from...
Definition
Its collagen fibers
Term
Cartilage resilience is due to...
Definition
Chondroitin sulfate
Term
Where do chondrocytes occur?
Definition
Lacunae spaces in the cartilage matrix
Term
Perichondrium
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
Term
How is cartilage unique as a connective tissue?
Definition
Does not contain blood vessels or innervation
Term
Types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Term
Hyaline Cartilage Characteristics
Definition
-Most abundant, but weakest
-Fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix
-Affords flexibility and support and
at joints
-Reduces friction and absorbs shock
-Found in most movable joints
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
-Bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix
-Lacks perichondrium
-Strongest type of cartilage
-Found in intervertebral discs and mandible
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
-Threadlike network of elastic fibers
-Perichondrium is present
-Provides strength and elasticity
-Maintains the shape of certain organs (ears, nose, vocal cords)
Term
Bone (Osseus) Tissue Function
Definition
-Supporting & protecting soft tissues
-Attachment site for muscles (makes movement possible)
-Mineral homeostasis--stores calcium & phosphate
-Red bone marrow--produces blood cells(hemopoiesis)
-Yellow bone narrow--Energy storage
Term
Bone tissue make up
Definition
-Consists of a matrix containing: -Mineral salts
-Collagenous fibers and cells
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Bone cells
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
-Sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae
-No osteons (cellular organization)
-Light
-Consists of trabeculae surrounding many red marrow filled spaces
-Supports/protects marrow
-Forms most of the structure of:
-Short bone
-Flat bone
-Irregular bones
-Epiphyses of long bones.
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
Solid, dense bone
-Basic unit of structure is osteon -Haversian system
Term
Osten
Definition
-Basic unit of structure in compact bone
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
Production of blood cells
Term
Anatomy of long bones
Definition
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
One end of a long bone
Term
Metaphyses
Definition
-Areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis
-Includes epiphyseal plate
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Where growth occurs in immature bones
Term
Cancellus bone
Definition
Spongy bone
Term
Types of Bones
Definition
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Sutural
Term
Long Bone
Definition
Compact
Term
Flat Bone
Definition
Plates of compact surround spongy bone
Term
Irregular Bone
Definition
Variable
Term
Sesamoid
Definition
Develop in tendons or ligaments
ex) patella
Term
Bone Remodeling
Definition
-Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
-Osteoclasts and osteoblasts main cells involved
-Regulated by hormones and calcitrol
-Continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of continuous stress
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
-Destroy old bone
-Carve out small tunnels in osteons
-Create leak-proof cell around cell edges
-Release calcium and phosphorus into interstitial fluid
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
-Create new bone
-Rebuild osteons
Term
Factors Affecting Bone Growth/Remodeling
Definition
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Hormones (Growth and sex)
Term
Minerals Necessary for Bone Growth
Definition
-Large amounts of Ca and P needed
Term
Vitamins Necessary for Bone Growth
Definition
-C, K, B12, and A
Term
Vitamin C in bone
Definition
Needed for:
-Synthesis of collagen and main bone protein
Differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes
Term
Vitamin K in bone
Definition
Needed for protein synthesis
Term
Vitamin B12
Definition
Needed for protein synthesis
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Stimulates the activity of osteoblasts
Term
Hormones Necessary for Bone Growth
Definition
-IGF
-T3 & T4
-hGH
-Androgen & Estrogen
Term
IGF in bone growth
Definition
-Enhances protein synthesis
-Promotes bone growth
Term
T3 & T4 in bone growth
Definition
-Thyroid hormones
-Promote bone growth
-Stimulates osteoblasts
Term
Sex hormones necessary for bone growth:
Definition
Androgen and Estrogen
Term
Sex hormones' role in bone growth
Definition
Increase osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone extracellular matrix
Term
Estrogen in bone growth
Definition
-Promotes changes in the female skeletal (widened pelvis)
-Shut down growth at epiphyseal plates -Slows resumption of Ca
Term
Hormonal Abnormalities and Height
Definition
-Over secretion of hGH during childhood produces giantism
-Under secretion of hGH produces pituitary dwarfism
-Lack of estrogen or estrogen receptors cause taller than normal height
Term
Osteogenisis/Ossification
Definition
Bone growth
Term
Joint classification
Definition
Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
-Lack a synovial cavity
-Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
-Little or no movement (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
Fibrous joints that only move a little
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
Fibrous joints that do not move
Term
Structural types of fibrous joints
Definition
-Sutures
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Term
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Term
Symphyse Joint
Definition
Made up of two separate bones. Usually occur midline in body
Term
Synchondrose Joint
Definition
Two ossification centers in a developing bone that remain separated by cartilage
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
-Synovial cavity separates articulating bones
-Freely movable
-Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock
-Articular capsule surrounds joint
-Ligaments
-Synovial membrane
inner lining of capsule
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
Freely movable joints
Term
Ligament
Definition
Thickenings in fibrous capsule
Connect bone to bone
Term
Articular capsule function
Definition
-Surrounds a diarthrosis
-Encloses the synovial cavity
-Unites the articulating bones
-Flexibility permits considerable movement at a joint
-Great tensile strength helps prevent bones from dislocating
Term
Articular capsule make up
Definition
Two layers:
-Fibrous capsule
-Synovial membrane
-Also includes ligaments, articular discs, and bursae
Term
Fibrous capsule
Definition
-Outer layer of an articular capsule
-May contain ligaments
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
Secretes a lubricating and joint-nourishing synovial fluid
Term
Planar joint
Definition
-Has articular surfaces that are fat or slightly curved
-Non-axial diarthrosis
-Moves in a gliding motion
-Ex)Intercarpals, intervertebrocostal joints
Term
Hinge joint
Definition
-Convex surface fits into concave surface
-Monaxial diathrosis
-Flexion/extension
-Ex) Elbow, ankle
Term
Pivot joint
Definition
-Rounded/pointed surface fits into a ring partially formed by bone and partially by ligament
-Monaxial diathrosis
-Rotation
-Ex) Radioulnar joint
Term
Condyloid joint
Definition
-Oval shaped projection fits into an oval shaped depression
-Biaxial diathrosis
-Flexion/extension
-Abduction/adduction
-Circumduction
Ex) radiocarpal joint
Term
Circumduction
Definition
-Movement of a limb in a circle
-Combination of flexion/extension, and adduction/abduction
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
-Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone "sits" in the saddle
-Biaxial diarthrosis
-Flexion/extension
-Abduction/adduction
-Circumduction
-Ex) carpometarcarpal joint between trapezium and thumb
Term
Ball and socket joint
Definition
-Ball-like surface fits into cup-like projection
-Multiaxial diarthrosis
-Flexion/extension
-Abduction/adduction
-Circumduction
-Rotation
-Ex) Shoulder and hip joints
Term
Joint Nerve Characteristics
Definition
-Transmit proprioception
-Sensory nerve endings respond to rotational movement and stretching
-Nerves are branches of nearby muscles
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Awareness of movement and position of body in a space
Term
Synovial membrane innervation
Definition
Not well innervated
Term
Innervation of Fibrous Layer
Definition
-Numerous pain fibers
-Sensory fibers
Term
Ligament Innervation
Definition
-Numerous pain fibers
-Sensory fibers
Term
Joint Blood Supply
Definition
-Branches from nearby structures
-Supply nutrients to all joint tissues except the articular cartilage
Term
Articular Cartilage Nutrition
Definition
Comes from the synovial fluid
Term
Afferent nerve endings in skin
Definition
-Sensitive to touch, pain and temperature
Term
Stretch Marks
Definition
-Bands of wrinkled skin that are red, then purple, and finally white
-Usually found on abdomen, buttock, thighs, and breasts during pregnancy or obesity.
Term
Function of collagen and elastic fibers in dermis
Definition
-Forms a flexible mesh work
-Allows skin to stretch and grow to accommodate size increase
Term
Stretch mark causes
Definition
-Marked and fast size increases can stretch skin too far
-Damages the collagen fibers in the dermis
-Results from loosening of the deep fascia and reduced cohesion between the collagen and the skin as it stretches
Term
Tension lines in skin and their importance
Definition
-Indicate the predominant direction of the collagen fiber bundles in the dermis.
-Incisions/lacerations running parallel to these lines have less of a tendency to gape than those crossing them
Term
Burns
Definition
-Tissue damage from excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that destroys (denatures) proteins in the exposed cells
-Systemic effects worse than localized effects
Term
Systemic effect of burns
Definition
-Shock due to water, plasma and plasma protein loss
-Circulatory & kidney problems from loss of plasma
-Bacterial infection
Term
Rule of Nines
Definition
Way to categorize extent of burns:
-9% head/neck
-18% upper limbs
-36% trunk
-36% lower limbs
-1% perineum
Term
Superficial burn (1st degree)
Definition
Only epidermis (sunburn)
Term
Partial-thickness burn (2nd degree)
Definition
-Destroys entire epidermis & part of dermis
-Fluid-filled blisters separate epidermis & dermis
-Epidermal derivatives are not damaged
-Heals without grafting in 3 to 4 weeks -May scar
Term
Full-thickness burn (3rd degree)
Definition
-Destroy epidermis, dermis & epidermal derivatives
-Damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves
Term
Bursae
Definition
-Closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting fluid to lubricate an internal surface
-Located in areas subject to friction
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
-Voluntary control of contraction & relaxation
-Striated with light and dark bands
-Attaches to bone, skin or fascia
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
-Forms wall of heart
-Striated
-Involuntary
-Auto-rhythmic b/c of built-in pacemaker
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
-Visceral
-Attached to hair follicles in skin
-In walls of hollow organs (blood vessels & GI)
-Non-striated (smooth)
-Involuntary
Term
Reflexive Contractions
Definition
-Skeletal muscle that is automatic (reflexive)
- Includes internal and external intercostals (respiratory movement)
-Diaphragm (respiratory)
Term
Tonic Contraction
Definition
-Create tone in relaxed muscles
-Does not produce movement
Term
Phasic Contraction
Definition
-Creates movement
-Made up of isotonic and isometric movement
Term
Types of isotonic contraction
Definition
-Concentric
-Eccentric
Term
Concentric contraction
Definition
-Shortening of a muscle
-Often when a prime mover is undergoing a concentric contraction, the antagonist is undergoing eccentric contraction
Term
Eccentric contraction
Definition
Lengthening of a muscle
Term
Isometric contraction
Definition
Holds muscle in place
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
Creates movement
Term
Muscle agonist
Definition
Prime mover
Term
Muscle antagonist
Definition
Opposes action of prime mover (triceps and biceps)
Term
Muscle synergist
Definition
Complements action of prime mover
Term
Muscle fixator
Definition
Steadies limb through isometric contraction while movement occurs in a distal part
Term
Blood vessels
Definition
Closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, transport it to the tissues of the body, and then return it to the heart
Term
Arteries
Definition
Carry blood from heart to tissues
Term
Arterioles
Definition
-Small, almost microscopic, arteries that connect to capillaries
-Assume a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues
Term
Venules
Definition
Connect capillaries to larger veins
Term
Veins
Definition
Convey blood from tissues back to heart
Term
Endothelium
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Increase in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
-Lipids get into the vascular endothelium
-White blood cells try to clear them away (foam cells)
-WBCs and vascular endothelium release growth factors that promote plaque formation
-Plaques block the arteries
Term
Varicose veins
Definition
-Twisted, dilated superficial veins
-Caused by leaky venous valves
created in congenital or mechanically stressed veins
-Allow backflow and pooling of blood
-Extra pressure forces fluids into surrounding tissues
-Nearby tissue becomes inflamed and tender
-Found in esophagus, superficial veins of the lower limbs, and veins in the anal canal (hemorrhoids)
-Deeper veins not susceptible because of support of surrounding muscles
Term
Treatment for varicose veins
Definition
-Sclerotherapy
-Radiofrequency endovenous occlusion -Laser occlusion
-Surgical stripping
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
-Brain/spinal cord
-Integrates incoming and outgoing signals
-Carries out higher mental functions

Consists of:
-Gray matter nerve cell bodies
-White matter tracts
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
-Consists of cranial and spinal nerves -Contains both sensory and motor fibers
-Connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors
Term
Meningeal coverings of CNS
Definition
Pia
Arachnoid
Dura mater
Term
Somatic subdivision of CNS
Definition
-Innervates skin and skeletal muscle -Responds to external environment
Term
Visceral subdivision of CNS
Definition
-Innervates organ systems in the body such as smooth muscle and glands
-Responds to internal environment
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
-Voluntary
-Made up of:
-Neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS
-Motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue
Term
Autonomic Nervous System make up
Definition
-Involuntary
-Made up of:
-Autonomic sensory neurons
-Integrating centers in the CNS
-Autonomic motor neurons.
-Two divisions
-Sympathetic division
-Parasympathetic division
Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition
Made up of:
-Involuntary sensory & motor neurons -Controls GI tract
-Neurons function independently of ANS & CNS
Term
Sympathetic Division of PNS
Definition
-Fight
-Speeds up heart rate
Term
Parasympathetic Division of PNS
Definition
-Flight
-Slows down heart rate
Term
Afferent nerves
Definition
-Away from body
-Convey impulses to the CNS from sensory organs and from sensory receptors in various parts of the body
Term
Cranial nerves
Definition
-Exit cranial cavity
-11 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain
-CNXI arises from the spinal cord
-Some convey special sensory fibers for the special senses (smell, sight, hearing, balance and taste)
-Some convey only sensory fibers and some only motor fibers
Term
Spinal nerves
Definition
-Exit the vertebral column
-Anterior root: motor efferent fibers
-Posterior root: afferent dorsal root ganglion
Term
Dermatome
Definition
Area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve
Term
Myotome
Definition
Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level or by a single spinal nerve
Term
Crushing injuries of peripheral nerve
Definition
-Damages or kills axons distal to the injury site
-Neuronal cell usually survive
-No surgical repair is needed because the connective tissue coverings remain -Growing axons can usually get to their destination
Term
Cutting injury in a peripheral nerve
Definition
-Requires surgical intervention because regeneration of the axon requires apposition of the cut ends
Term
Anterograde degeneration
Definition
Degeneration of axons detached from the cell body
Term
ANS Function
Definition
-Operates via reflex arcs
-Maintains homeostasis
-Depends on a continual flow of: -Sensory afferent input from receptors in organs
-Efferent motor output to the same effector organs
-Usually operates without conscious control.
Term
Dual innervation
Definition
Organs that receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
-Sympathetic speeds up organ
-Parasympathetic slows up organ
Term
Oculomotor Nerve
Definition
-CN III
-Parasympathetic
Functions:
-Ciliary ganglion in orbit
-Cciliary muscle & pupillary constrictor muscle inside eyeball
Term
Facial Nerve
Definition
-Parasympathetic
-CN VII
Facial nerve
Functions:
Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglions
-Supply tears, salivary & nasal secretions
Term
Glossopharyngeal
Definition
-CN IX
-Parasympathetic
-Otic ganglion supplies parotid salivary gland
Term
Vagus Nerve
Definition
-CN X
-Parasympathetic
-Many branches supply:
-heart, pulmonary and GI tract as far as the midpoint of the colon
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Abnormal lateral bending of spine
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
Term
Lordosis
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
Term
Arm (Brachium)
Definition
-First segment of the free upper limb -Independent of the trunk
-Longest segment of the limb
-Connects the shoulder and the elbow -Centered around the humerus
Term
Forearm (Antebrachium)
Definition
-Second longest segment of the limb -Between the elbow and wrist
-Contains the ulna and radius
Term
Functions of Upper Limb
Definition
-Mobility
-Grasp
-Manipulation ( fine motor skills)
-Interplay between the joints of the upper limb to coordinate and perform smooth efficient motion in one segment while the other stabilizes
Term
Upper Limb Joints
Definition
Scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, elbow, radioulnar, wrist and fingers
Term
Hand (manus)
Definition
-Distal to the forearm
-Formed around the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges.
-Composed of the wrist, palm, dorsum of the hand, and fingers including the thumb
-Richly supplied with sensory endings for touch, pain, and temperature
Term
Glenohumeral Joint
Definition
-Allows the arm to move around 3 axes
Protraction, retraction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation and circumduction
Term
Elbow Joint
Definition
Flexion/extension, and, because the wrist articulates with the radius, pronation and supination occurs
Term
Wrist Joint
Definition
Abduction adduction flexion, extension and circumduction
Term
C5 Dermatome
Definition
Upper lateral region of arm (radial side)
Thumb
Term
C6 Dermatome
Definition
Palmar Pad of Thumb
Term
C7 Dermatome
Definition
Pad of index finger
Term
C8 Dermatome
Definition
Pad of ring finger
Term
T1 Dermatome
Definition
Skin on medial aspect of elbow
Term
L1 Level Characteristics
Definition
➢Midway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis
➢9th costal cartilage
➢Crosses through the body of the pancreas
➢Approximates the position of the hila of the kidney
Term
Increased Abdominal Pressure
Definition
Caused by contraction of abdominal wall assists defecation, micturition, & giving birth
Term
Abdominal Wall Make Up
Definition
Consists mainly of muscle & some bone (5 lumbar vertebrae & Pelvic bones)
Term
Inferior Thoracic Wall
Definition
Includes the costal margin rib XII, the end of rib XI & the xiphoid process
Term
Posterior Aspect of Abdominal Wall
Definition
Supported by the quadratus lumborum, psoas major, and iliacus
Term
Lateral Aspect of Abdominal Wall
Definition
Transversus abdominis, internal & external obliques
Term
Anterior Aspect of Anterior Wall
Definition
Rectus Abdominus
Term
Diaphragm Innervation
Definition
Phrenic Nerve
C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive
Term
Inferior thoracic aperture margin of the diaphragm
Definition
consists of vertebra T12 rib 12, and the distal end of rib 11
Term
Posterior Attachment of Diaphragm
Definition
extends further inferior (to the Lumbar vertebra) than the anterior attachment., thus creating a posterior wall.
Term
Medial and lateral arcruate ligaments
Definition
cross muscles of the posterior abdominal wall & attach to the transverse processes of vertebra L1 and rib XII
Term
Medial arcruate ligament
Definition
crosses the aorta & is continuous with the crus on each side
Term
Crus
Definition
muscular extension that anchors the diaphragm to the vertebral column L3 on the right and vertebra L2 on the left
Term
Domes of Abdomen
Definition
liver (right), fundus of the stomach & spleen(left)
Term
Inspiration
Definition
muscular part of the diaphragm contracts -> central tendon of the diaphragm draws inferior to enlarge the thoracic cavity
Term
Anterior aperture
Definition
-Connects abdomen to thigh
Structures passing through aperture:
-Major arteries and veins of lower limb
-Femoral nerve that innervates the quads
-Lymphatics
-Distal ends of the psoas major and iliacus
Term
What can expand into the abdominal cavity when needed?
Definition
The bladder and uterus
Term
Nerve supply to skin and muscles of abdomen are:
Definition
T7-T11 and subcostal T12
Term
What innervates the upper external obliques?
Definition
T5/6
Term
What innervates the skin in the inguinal and suprapubic regions?
Definition
L1
Term
What lines the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Parietal Peritoneum
Term
What covers the abdominal organs?
Definition
Visceral Peritoneum
Term
What is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called?
Definition
Peritoneal cavity
Term
Intraperitoneal Organs
Definition
Organs suspended in abdominal cavity
Term
Organs outside peritoneal cavity are called:
Definition
Retroperitoneal
Term
Subdivisions of peritoneal cavity
Definition
Greater and lesser sac
Term
Omentum foreman
Definition
Also called foramen of winslow
Connects greater and lesser sacs
Term
Hemodialysis
Definition
-Blood is taken, dialysed & returned to the body.
-Usually done by an arterioveous fistula, connects an artery to a vein or a large cannula is placed into the right atrium
Term
Peritoneal Dialysis
Definition
Peritoneal cavity is used as a dialysis membrane for fluid and electrolyte exchange.
Term
Peritoneal spread of disease
Definition
Infection & malignancy can spread rapidly in the peritoneal cavity b/c of the large surface area
Term
Greater Omentum
Definition
-Derived from the dorsal mesentery -Apron-like peritoneal fold that attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach
-Drapes over the transverse colon
-Site for metastatic tumor spread – b/c vascular/lymph/nerve supply
Term
Lesser Omentum
Definition
-Derived from the ventral mesentery -Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the inferior surface of the liver
Term
Duoden/Jejunomal ligament
(Ligament of Trietz)
Definition
has a little muscle in the ligament firmer- potential site of herniation.
Term
Peritoneal Folds
Definition
Attaches organs to the abdominal wall. Conduit for vessels, nerves, & lymphatics
Term
Mesentary
Definition
Connects jejunum and ileum to abdominal wall
Term
Transverse mesocolon
Definition
Connects transverse colon to abdominal wall
Term
Sigmoid mesocolon
Definition
Attaches sigmoid colon to abdominal wall
Term
Organs in Abdomen
Definition
-Anterior/posterior vagal trunks of the esophagus
-Stomach
-Small Intestine
-Large Intestine
-Appendix
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Kidneys
Term
Regions of Stomach
Definition
–Cardia
–Fundus
–Body
–Pyloris
Term
Anatomic features of stomach
Definition
–Greater curvature
–Lesser curvature
–Cardial notch
–Angular incisure
Term
How many layers of smooth muscle in the stomach and their functions?
Definition
3-
Longitudinal (propel)
Circular (squeeze)
Oblique (churn)
Term
What causes GERD?
Definition
H. Pylori in the mucous brush boarder of the pylorus
Term
Parts of Small Intestine
Definition
Duodenum, ileum, and jejunum
Term
Duodenum
Definition
first part - adjacent to the head of the pancreas above the level of the umbilicus
–Superior part = ampulla. (Where most duodenal ulcers occur)
–Descending part (right of midline). Contains the major duodenal papilla, which is the entrance for the bile & pancreatic ducts
–Inferior part - crosses the inferior vena cava, the aorta & vertebral column
–Ascending part (left of the aorta)
Term
Jejunum
Definition
In ULQ
Term
Ileum
Definition
In LRQ, opens into large intestine
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