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anatomy final (respiratory+digestive)
n/a
106
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/07/2012

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Cards

Term

Respiratory System

(primary function)

Definition
to supply the blood, and the cells that need it, with oxygen and to dispose of                                                                                                    carbon dioxide (respiration)
Term
other functions of Respiratory System
Definition

To assist/allow for olfaction

·         To assist/allow for speech-movement of air across the vocal cords(vibration)

-couldn’t speak if this weren’t true

Term
olfaction
Definition
the sense of smell 
Term
4 Stages of Respiration 
Definition

1)      Pulmonary Ventilation (movement of air by the lungs): the movement of air into and out of the lungs, with gas and the outside world, so that the gases are continuously changed and refreshed (breathing)

1)      External respiration: the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, and also the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.

1)      The transport of respiratory gases: This is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the lungs. This transport is accomplished by the cardiovascular system using the blood as a transporting fluid.

1)      Internal respiration: the movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the blood. This is known as the exchange of respiratory gases between the body’s blood and into the tissue cells.

 

Term
Conducting Zone
Definition
is not involved in gas exchange rather it is just used as a pathway that is                        carrying the gases. The organs of this zone cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air. As a result air reaching the lungs are cleaner(less dust and bacteria) then when it first entered the system and it is now warm and damp.
Term
Respiratory Zone
Definition

is the actual site of gas exchange.


upper(above): air that enters this system before the right and the left main bronchi

 

lower(below):  air that enters the system after the right and the left main bronchi 

Term

Conducting Zone- The Nose

Definition
- to moisten and warm the entering air                                                                                                                      -to filter and to clean the inspired air                                                                                                                                             -to serve as a resonating chamber for speech                                                                                                                 -house olfactory (smell) receptors 
Term
3 parts of nose
Definition

  1) The external nose- fashioned by the nasal and the frontal bones superiorly. Hair follicles, and                                   oil and sweat glands are found at the very opening of the nose.

                2) The nostrils- also referred to as the nares or the external nares           

                3) the nasal cavity- lies in and posterior to the external (inner nose) this is a hollow chamber of                                        the nose that is responsible for getting air prepared for the exchanging of gases. When air                                enters the nasal cavity it is in the nasal vestibule

Term
Parts of the nasal cavity:
Definition

respiratory mucosa

olfactory epithelium

nasal conchae

paranasal sinuses (nasal sinuses):

soft and hard palates

 

Term
respiratory mucosa
Definition
made up of ciliated pseudo stratified(looks like more than one layer but is really only one layer) columnar epithelial tissue containing scattered goblet cells that rests on the lamina propria that is richly supplied with mucous and serous glands(secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes) 
Term
cilia
Definition
-cilia is like “oars on a boat” meaning that they move in the same direction in order to propel the junk or liquidly material across a surface something across a surface. They contain multicellular mucous glands
Term
the layers below the epithelial tissue 
Definition
- the layers below the epithelial tissue (multi cellular exocrine gland)is what dumps the mucous into the nasal cavity.      
Term
-the multi cellular exocrine glands 
Definition

the multi cellular exocrine glands secrete natural protective substances(antioxidants)that are called lysozymes and defenins that help to kill junk                                                                                               

 -about a quart of mucosy substance ends up in the stomach per day

Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
 this is a small area of specialized nervous tissue tucked in the roof of                         the nasal cavity. These specialized neurons are capable of reproducing themselves and this is                              very rare for the nervous system to do this. Location is a thin layer of bone made up of bony                                  structures of the face and the head that separates them from the olfactory bulb and the above                      neurons.
Term
nasal conchae
Definition
these are like speed bumps. We have 3 on either sides of the nasal cavity. The point of    the nasal conchae is to create turbulence which gives them an increased chance of filtering more junk out.
Term
paranasal sinuses (nasal sinuses): 
Definition
we have a total of eight of these( 4 in pairs). These are like caves which are connected by narrow tunnels to the nasal cavity.(tunnel coming off of the nasal cavity) Their function is to create a situation where air(when breathing in) is forced to stay up in the nasal cavity in order so that it can get cleaned until it is ready to go to the lungs.
Term
why do we get nose bleeds
Definition
because the blood vessels are so close to the surface and it is very easy for them to break through the surface
Term
soft and hard palates
Definition
this is a portion that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. Both of these combined make up a wall that separate this two cavities.                                                                  hard-is made up of bone                                                                                                                                               soft- is made up of soft tissue structure           
Term

Conducting Zone- Pharynx

Definition

-          The pharynx, or often referred to as the throat, is the membrane-lined cavity which is located behind the nose and the mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. It often resembles a garden hose. 

Term
three main parts that are part of the pharynx
Definition
nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
this serves only as an airway passageway that is made up of ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells in order to propel the mucosa  down the passageway
Term
Eustachian Tube
Definition
is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the inner ear. Ear infections occur when junk gets into the tubes. This tube opens up in the nasopharynx. The tonsils are found here. We have 4 pairs of tonsils and two are located here.
Term
Tonsils
Definition
are involved with immunity. These are structures of the lymphatic system where white blood cells are found to catch small amounts of junk hanging out there. This is like the body’s natural vaccine program. The two that are located here are the tubal tonsils and the pharyngeal tonsils.
Term
tubal tonsils
Definition
surround the auditory tube
Term

 - pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids): 

Definition
located in the nasopharynx and they trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx in the air.
Term

-Uvula: 

Definition
when we swallow food the uvula( little grape) swings upwards so that the food won’t go up the nose
Term

Oropharynx: 

Definition
this is located behind the hanging ball and posterior to the oral cavity. Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it because it extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis. It is made up of protective stratified squamous epithelium this allows for increased friction and greater chemical trauma accompanying food passage.
Term

Laryngopharynx: 

Definition
serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. This lies directly posterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx where the  respiratory and digestive pathways diverge.
Term

Conducting Zone- Larynx

Definition
a protective structure referred to as the voice box, is made up of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments. The largest of these cartilages is the thyroid cartilage, which is a shield shape located just above the trachea. It contains more testosterone that’s why the Adam’s apple is so big. All of these cartilages are made up of hyaline except for one which is the epiglottis(elastic cartilage). The second largest is the cricoid cartilage which is inferior to the trachea cartilage
Term
6 other cartilages that are paired
Definition
arytenoid(2): anchor points for the vocal chords                                                                                                -9 cartilages of the larynx: cuneiform(2) and corniculate(2), whose location is on the                            posterior and lateral walls of larynx, arytenoid(2), thyroid(1), cricoid(1), epiglottis(1)
Term
-hyoid bone
Definition
this is a floating bone that is tucked under the jaw and does not make any contact with any other bone   
Term
-epiglottis:    
Definition
is the ninth cartilage which is flexible and  spoon shaped composed of elastic cartilage. This is flap of connective tissue that serves as a gate. This is almost entirely covered by a taste bud containing mucosa.  
Term
-glottis :  
Definition
is the part of the voice box that consists of vocal cords, two fibrous sheets of tissue in the larynx, and the v shaped slit like opening in between them.    
Term
-laryngitis: 
Definition
this is the inflammation of the larynx, and the vocal cords don’t vibrate the way that they are supposed to.
Term
conducting zone – trachea
Definition
-divides into right and left main bronchi
Term
histology of trachea
Definition

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium

                        -lamina propria

                        -submucosa

                        -cartilage rings

                        -adventitia

Term
-carina of trachea 
Definition
(end of trachea, splits into bronchi)
Term

respiratory tree

       

Definition

   -right and left main bronchi (hilum – medial surface where bronchi enter lungs)

            -secondary, tertiary, etc. bronchi

Term

-bronchioles

                        

Definition

-smaller than 1 mm diameter

                        -no more hyaline cartilage in walls

Term

terminal bronchioles

                        

Definition
-last area where gas exchange can’t occur
Term

-Respiratory zone

            

Definition
-defined by presence of alveoli
Term

-respiratory bronchioles

                                    

Definition

-smaller than 0.5 mm diameter

                                    -contain alveoli

Term
-alveolar ducts
Definition
 (stem)
Term
-alveolar sac 
Definition
(bunch of grapes)
Term
-alveoli 
Definition
(individual grape)
Term

-movement of air through respiratory tree

            

Definition

-from trachea to right and left main bronchi

            -series of bronchi (secondary, tertiary etc.)

            -series of bronchioles

            -terminal bronchioles

            -respiratory bronchioles

            -alveolar ducts

            -alveolar sacs

            -alveoli

Term

**stroma – 

Definition
elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue (framework)
Term

-bronchopulmonary segments

            

Definition

-served by own artery/vein

            -surrounded by CT

            -importance relating to disease/surgery

            -further segmented into CT enveloped lobules 

Term

**lobules of lungs – 

Definition
about size of  pencil eraser
Term

-circulations serving lungs

            -pulmonary circulation

                        

Definition

-pulmonary trunk/arteries (right ventricle)

                        -pulmonary veins (left atrium)

Term

-bronchial circuit

                        

Definition

-bronchial arteries and branches

                        -veins of bronchial circuit

Term

**anastomoses – 

Definition
rejoining of blood vessels
Term

**pleuracy – 

Definition
infection of pleura, build-up of fluid
Term

-physiology of breathing

Definition

            -pressure gradient (high to low)

            -inspiration vs. espiration

Term

pressure gradient (high to low)

                        -dependent upon…

                                    

Definition

-muscle contraction

                                    -elastic recoil of lungs

                                    -adhesion (pleural fluid)

Term

inspiration

            

Definition

-contraction of ispiratory muscles

                        -external intercostal muscles

                        -diaphragm

            -increase in volume of lungs (pressure inside lungs decreases

            -air rushes in – down its pressure gradient

            -pressure equalizes

Term

expiration

            

Definition

-relaxation of inspiratory muscles

            -decrease in volume of lungs (pressure in lungs becomes greater than outside pressure)

            -air leaves lungs – down its pressure gradient

            -pressure equalizes

Term

**accessory muscles – 

Definition
other muscles to increase process (abdominal muscles)
Term

amount of air moved in+out of lungs

Definition
**6 liters of air moved in + out of lungs
Term

how many liters when desperate for air

Definition
**200 liters when desperate for air
Term

The Digestive System

Definition

-gastrointestinal tract (GI) / alimentary canal

-accessory digestive organs

Term

-gastrointestinal tract (GI) / alimentary canal

            -

Definition

mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

            -carries food during its entire trip though body

Term

-accessory digestive organs

            

Definition
-teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Term

-Digestive system processes

 

Definition

-ingestion (eating)

-propulsion (moving food, swallowing {deglutition}, peristalsis

 -mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, stomach contraction, segmentation

-chemical digestion (saliva, stomach acid)

-absorption (nutrient absorption)

-defecation (removal of undigestible food)

Term

-Peritoneum

 

Definition
-serous membrane lining the inside of abdominopelvic cavity + covering surface of
Term

abdominopelvic organs

           

Definition

 -visceral peritoneum (individual organ)

            -parietal peritoneum (cavity wall)

            -serous fluid

            -mesentery

Term

mesentery

            

Definition

-two layers of serous membrane fused back to back

            -acts like a rope – holds intraperitoneal organs in place

            -intraperitoneal organs vs. retroperitoneal organs

            -intra=organs inside abdominopelvic cavity

            -retro=organs behind abdominopelvic cavity

Term

-layers of gastrointestinal tract

Definition

-mucosa (innermost)

            -lamina propria

-submucosa

-muscularis externa (muscularis)

-serosa (outermost)


Term

-mucosa (innermost)

         

Definition

   -epithelial layer

                        -protection

                        -secretion / absorption

                        -tight junctions

Term

            -lamina propria

                       

Definition

 -areolar CT

                        -blood vessels

                        -location of mucosa associated lymphatic tissues (MALT)

                        -muscularis mucosa

Term

muscularis mucosa

                                    

Definition

-smooth muscle tissue

                                    -increases surface area

                                    -always semi-contracted

Term

-submucosa

            

Definition

-areolar CT

            -connects mucosa to muscularis externa

            -location of larger vessels

            -rich with elastic fibers

            -submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

Term

-muscularis externa (muscularis)

            

Definition

-inner circular layer of smooth muscle

                        -sphincters

            -outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

            -myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system

Term

-serosa (outermost)

            

Definition

-visceral peritoneum

            -areolar CT covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Term

-enteric nervous system

 

Definition

-semi-autonomous nervous system of alimentary canal, capable of reflex activities w/o

  communication with CNS

-more than 100 mil neurons

Term

-organs of digestive system

Definition

-oral cavity

-salivary glands

-saliva

-pharynx

esophagus

-stomach

-stomach walls

-gastric juice


Term

-oral cavity

 

Definition

-mucous lined cavity (defensins)

-continuous w/ oropharynx

-contains teeth / gums / tongue

            -bolus formation

            -presence of papillae

Term

- (ankyloglossia)

Definition
“tied tongue”
Term

-salivary glands

 

Definition

-intrinsic SG (buccal glands)

-extrinsic salivary glands

-control of salivation

            -buccal glands – maintenance moisture

            -extrinsic SG – parasympathetic stimulation

Term

**halitosis – 

Definition
chronic bad breath
Term

-saliva

 

Definition

-cleanses / rinses mouth

-dissolves food particles so they can be tasted

-moistens food (bolus formation)

-begins chemical breakdown of food

            -lingual lipase (breaks down fats)

            -salivary amylase (breaks down sugars)

-97 – 99.5% water

-very slightly acidic pH 6.75 – 7.00

-contains ions, mucus (mucin), enzymes, antibodies, antimicrobials

Term

**mucin: 

Definition
concentrated mucus
Term

pharynx

 

Definition

-pathway of food (oral cavity – oropharynx – laryngopharynx)

-histology

            -inner stratified squamous epithelium layer (mucous production)

            -two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, outer circular) – responsible for

              Deglutition

Term

-esophagus

 

Definition

-approx. 25cm long

-peristalsis begins following deglutition

-contains all four alimentary canal layers

-collapsable

-gastrointestinal sphincter

Term

-gastrointestinal sphincter

Definition
opening between esophagus and stomach
Term

**esophageal hiatus: 

Definition
hole in diaphragm punctured by esophagus
Term

*cardiac orifice: 

Definition
connection of esophagus and stomach
Term

-heart burn

-gastric juice regurgitates into esophagus through gastroesophageal sphincter

-common with hiatal hernia (esophageal hiatus)

-chronic heart burn can be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (aka acid reflux)

Definition

-gastric juice regurgitates into esophagus through gastroesophageal sphincter

-common with hiatal hernia (esophageal hiatus)

-chronic heart burn can be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (aka acid reflux)

Term

-Barrett’s esophagus

       

Definition

     -pre cancerous condition

            -stratified squamous changes into simple columnar (like stomach) due to acid exposure

Term

stomach

 

Definition

-temporary “storage tank”

-upper left quadrant of peritoneal cavity

            -cardiac stomach – fundus – body – lesser + greater curvatures, pyloric antrum, pyloric

               canal

Term

-pyloric sphincter – 

Definition
separates pyloric canal from duodenum 
Term
length of stomach – 
Definition
15-25 cm
Term

-stomach walls

 

Definition

-contain all four alimentary canal layers

-modifications:

            -epithelial layer

            -muscularis externa – contains an innermost oblique layer

Term

-gastric juice

 

Definition

-pH of gastric juice is 1.5-3.5 – very potent

            -contents

                        -mucous, H+ and Cl- ions – form hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic facto

Term

**intrinsic  factor: 

Definition

substance that allows absorption of vitamin B12, injections

            -vitamin B12 essential for red blood cell formation

Term
gastritis – 
Definition
breach of gel-like mucosal barrier of stomach
Term

-gastric ulcers – 

Definition
persistent damage to underlying tissue
Term

-causes of gastric ulcers & gastritis 

                        

Definition

-bacterial infection – helicobacter pylori (90%)

                        -non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) inhibits prostaglandins

                                    -prostaglandins (hormone helpers)

                                    -inhibit production of alkaline mucous

Term

-digestive processes of stomach

 

Definition

-continues the mechanical demolition begun in oral cavity

-beginning of protein degradation – HCL / Pepsin

-continued activity of lingual lipase

Term

-regulation of gastric secretion

Definition

-cephalic (reflex) phase

-gastric phase

-intestinal phase


Term

-cephalic (reflex) phase

            

Definition

-prepares stomach for digestion

            -short term (few minutes)

            -triggered by aroma, sight, taste, though of food

            -autonomic nervous system innervation

Term

-gastric phase

           

Definition

 -lasts 3-4 hours

            -stretch sensitive cells – detect distention

            -pH regulation – negative feedback loop 

Term

-intestinal phase

            

Definition

-partially digested food (chyme) enters small intestine

                        -causes release of intestinal (enteric) gastrin

Term

-duodenum 

Definition

-beginning of small intestine

-fills / distends – enterogastric reflex

                        -tightens pyloric sphincter – puts “brakes” on food entry

                        -release of enterogastrones – inhibit gastric juice release

Term

-gastric emptying

 

Definition

-on average, emptying take 4 hours

-peristaltic waves

-highly dependent upon movement of food through duodenum

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