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anatomy final
346 questions
326
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2008

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Term
peripheral
Definition
the two principal divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the _________ nervous system
Term
refractory
Definition
period of time in which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential is called the __________ period.
Term
brain; spinal cord
Definition
central nervous system contains the ________ and the ________.
Term
Afferent (sensory)
Definition
_________ neurons carry nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.
Term
autonomic
Definition
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the ______ nervous system.
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
the neuroglia that produce the myelin sheath in the cnetral nervous system are the _________
Term
cell body
Definition
the nucleus of a neuron is located in the _______ of the neuron.
Term
dendrites
Definition
nerve impulses are conducted toward the cell body by a neuronal process called a(n) ________.
Term
trigger zone
Definition
nerve impulses arise in an area at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment called the _________.
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
synaptic vesicles store _______
Term
fiber
Definition
general term for any neuronal process is a nerve _________
Term
multipolar
Definition
neuron with several dendrites and one axon is classified as a(n) _______ neuron.
Term
skeletal muscles
Definition
effectors for general somatic efferent neurons are __________
Term
ganglia
Definition
nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system generally are clustered together to form _________
Term
voltage-regulated
Definition
an ion channel that opens in response to direct changes in the membrane potential is called a(n) _________ channel.
Term
polarized
Definition
a cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _________
Term
hyperpolarized
Definition
a membrane that polarization is more negative than the resting level is said to be ______________
Term
depolarization
Definition
rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels brings about _________
Term
repolarization
Definition
recovery of the resting potential due to opening of voltage gated potassium ion channels and closing of voltage gated sodium ion channels is called ________.
Term
saltatory
Definition
impulse conduction that appears to jump from one neurofibral node to the next is called ________ conduction.
Term
A
Definition
largest, fastest conducting, myelinated nerve fibers are called type ____ fibers.
Term
calcium ion
Definition
when a nerve impulse arrives at a synaptic end bulb or varicosity, the depolarization phase opens voltage-gated _______ channels in addition to opening voltage gated sodium ion channels.
Term
inhibitory
Definition
a neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization of the membrane is said to cause a(n) _____ postsynaptic potential.
Term
spatial summation
Definition
integration of the effects of the neurotransmitters from several presynaptic neurons by a postsynaptic neuron is referred to as _______
Term
chloride ion
Definition
GABA and glycine act as inhibitory neurotransmitters because they open chemically gated _______ channels.
Term
increased
Definition
alkolosis results in ___________ excitability of neurons.
Term
converging
Definition
a neuronal circuit in which a postsynaptic neuron receives input from several different soruces is called a ________ circuit.
Term
wallarian
Definition
degeneration of the distal portion of a damaged neuronal process is called ________ degeneration.
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon is called _______
Term
synapse
Definition
site of functional contact between two neurons of between a neuron and an effector is called a(n) _________.
Term
dura mater
Definition
outermost layer of the spinal meninges is the __________
Term
subarachnoid
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the _______ space.
Term
second lumbar
Definition
in the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to the _______ vertebra.
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
the tapering end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement is called the _________.
Term
cauda equina
Definition
roots of the spinal nerves that angle inferiorly in the vertebral canal from the end of the spinal cord form the ________
Term
dorsal root ganglia
Definition
the cell bodies of the peripheral sensory neurons are located in swellings known as __________
Term
ventral
Definition
motor neuron axons are contained in the ________ root of a spinal nerve.
Term
comissures; horns
Definition
the cdross bar of the gray matter H surrounding hte cnetral canal of the spinal cord is called the gray ____, while the arms of the H are called gray _____
Term
nuclei
Definition
clusters of neuron cell bodies within the spinal cord are called __________.
Term
spinothalamic
Definition
sensory information regarding pain, temperature, touch, and deep pressure is transmitted via the ________ tracts.
Term
pyramidal
Definition
motor impulses stimulating precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles are transmitted via the ______ tracts.
Term
receptors
Definition
changes in the internal or external environment are sensed by the component of a reflex arc known as the _______
Term
autonomic
Definition
if the effector in a reflex arc is the heart, a gland, or smooth muscle, the reflex is called a(n) _______ reflex.
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
the receptors in the stretch reflex arc are the ________.
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
when a sensory nerve impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that the motor impulse leaves it, the arrangement is called a(n) _____ reflex arc.
Term
contralateral
Definition
when sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses leave on the opposite side, as in the crossed extensor reflex, the arrangement is called a(n) ______ reflex arc.
Term
intersegmental
Definition
when a single sensory neuron activates several muscles via the action of association neurons in other parts of the spinal cord, the arrangement is called a(n) _______ reflex arc
Term
Babinski sign
Definition
extension of the great toe in response to gentle stroking of the outer margin of the sole of the foot is called a positive ______.
Term
somatic
Definition
if the effector in a reflex arc is a skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a(n) ________ reflex.
Term
31
Definition
there are _________ pairs of spinal nerves
Term
perineurium
Definition
the connective tissue wrapping each fascicle of nerve fibers is called the _________
Term
rami communicantes
Definition
branch of a spinal nerve containing the autonomic components is the _______.
Term
intercostal
Definition
ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 are known as _______ nerves
Term
cervical
Definition
the phrenic nerve arises from the ________ plexus.
Term
median
Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome usually results from the compression of the ______ nerve.
Term
brachial
Definition
the entire nerve supply of the shoulder and upper limb is provided by the ____ plexus.
Term
femoral
Definition
damage to the ____ nerve results in the inability to extend the leg.
Term
sciatic
Definition
largest nerve in the body is the ________ nerve.
Term
dermatome
Definition
the area of the skin providing sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves is called a(n) _________.
Term
chicken pox
Definition
shingles is caused by the same herpes virus that causes __________
Term
catecholamines
Definition
COMT and MAO are enzymes that break down ________
Term
substance P
Definition
__________ is a neuropeptide that transmits pain related input from peripheral pain receptors to the CNS.
Term
oxytocin, antidiuretic
Definition
the neuropeptides produced by the hypothalamus that are released as hormones from the posterior pituitar gland are ________ and __________
Term
trigeminal
Definition
Cranial nerve V is the ________ nerve.
Term
vestibulocochlear
Definition
the _______ nerve conducts sensory information concerning hearing and equilibrium
Term
gray matter
Definition
the mantle layer of the neural tube develops into _______
Term
neural crest
Definition
the cranial nerve and spinal nerves develop from the embryonic structure known as the _________.
Term
prosencephalon
Definition
the cerebrum develops from the primary brain vesicle known as the _________.
Term
falx cerebri
Definition
the extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres is the _________
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
the ventricles of the brain normally are filled with _________
Term
choroid plexuses
Definition
networks of capillaries involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid are called __________
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid passes from the third to the fourth ventricle through the ______ in the midbrain.
Term
arachnoid villi
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the blood through structures called __________
Term
circumventricular organs
Definition
small brain regions in the walls of the third and fourth ventricles that can monitor chemical changes in blood because they lack a blood brain barrier are called
Term
medulla, pons, midbrain
Definition
the brain stem consists of the ____, _______, and ________
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus are prominent nuclei on the dorsal side of the ________.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
rising osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid stimulates the thirst center located in the _________
Term
gyri
Definition
upfolds of the cerebral cortex are called ________ or convulutions
Term
pneumotaxic; apneustic
Definition
regions int he pons that help control respiration are the ___ and the ___ areas
Term
midbrain
Definition
red nucleus is a region of the _______ involved in coordinating muscular movements.
Term
pineal gland
Definition
the _______ produces the hormone melatonin
Term
pons; cerebellum
Definition
the middle cerebellar penduncles conduct afferent impulses from the ______ to the _______
Term
thalamus
Definition
largest portion of the diencephalon is the ______.
Term
pituitary gland; hypothalamus
Definition
infundibulum is a stalklike structure that attaches the ______ to the _______.
Term
central sulcus
Definition
groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum is the ______.
Term
insula
Definition
region/lobe of the cerebrum that cannot be seen from the exterior surface of the brain is the _________
Term
association
Definition
white fibers that connect the transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same central hemisphere are called ______ fibers.
Term
aspartate, glutamate, GABA
Definition
amino acids that act as excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain are ___ and _______; the amino acid, ___________ acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Term
dopamine
Definition
substantia nigra is particularly rich in the neurotransmitter _________
Term
ischemic, hemmoraghic
Definition
two principal types of cerebrovascular accident are _______, due to the decreased blood supply, and ________, due to rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.
Term
generator potential
Definition
sense organ transduces a stimulus into a ________.
Term
first order
Definition
nerve impulses are conducted from a receptor to the central nervous system by _________ neurons.
Term
analgesic
Definition
medical term for pain relief is _______
Term
substantia nigra; basal ganglia
Definition
parkinsons disease is associated with deterioration of neural connections between the _________ of the midbrain and the _________ of the cerebrum.
Term
hippocampus
Definition
long term potentiation is a phenomenon believed to occur in a region of the cerebrum known as _________
Term
circadian
Definition
daily sleep wake cycle is known as ________ rhythm
Term
stereognosis
Definition
the ability to recognize by feel the size, shape, and texture of an object is called __________.
Term
sensation
Definition
__________ is the conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli.
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
receptors that provide information concerning body position and movement are classified as __________
Term
receptor potential
Definition
if a stimulus directly increases or decreases the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, it is said to elicit a ________.
Term
adaptation
Definition
a decrease in sensitivity to a long term stimulus is called ________
Term
referred pain
Definition
visceral pain that is perceived as localized in the skin served by the same segment of the spinal cord is called ________.
Term
phantom pain
Definition
pain that is perceived as occurring in an amputated limb is called _________.
Term
tendon organs
Definition
proprioceptors that monitor the force of muscle contraction are the _________.
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
receptors that detect changes in temperature are called ________.
Term
REM
Definition
most dreaming occurs during the ________ stage of sleep.
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
awakening from sleep involves increased activity in fibers known as the ________ that project from the brain stem through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
Term
primary motor area
Definition
the ______ of the cerebral cortex is the major control region for initiation of voluntary movement.
Term
otoliths
Definition
the hair cells of the utricle and saccula are covered in part by a layer of calcium carbonate crystals called _____.
Term
semicircular ducts
Definition
the _______ have the primary role in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium.
Term
glaucoma
Definition
________ is an abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup in aqueous humor.
Term
taste buds
Definition
the receptors for gustatory sensations are located in the __________
Term
lysozyme
Definition
bactericidal enzyme present in lacrimal fluid is _________
Term
sclera, cornea
Definition
fibrous tunic of the eyeball consists of the ________ and the ________
Term
ciliary muscle
Definition
shape of the lens is altered for near or far vision by the _________
Term
pupil
Definition
hole in the center of the iris is the ________
Term
rods; cones
Definition
photoreceptors called ________ are most important for seeing shades of gray in dim light, while _________ provide color vision in bright light.
Term
macula lutea
Definition
the area in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina whose name translates literally as yellow spot is the _________
Term
cataract
Definition
leading cause of blindness is a loss of transparency of the lens known as a ________
Term
iris
Definition
anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye are separated by the _________
Term
lens
Definition
the anterior and posterior cavities of the eye are separated by the ________
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
intraocular pressure is produced mainly by _____
Term
vitreous jelly
Definition
jellylike substance filling the posterior cavity of the eye is the ____
Term
refraction
Definition
bending of light rays as they pass through different media is called _______
Term
accomodation
Definition
increase in curvature of the lens for near vision is called _________
Term
presbyopia
Definition
with aging, the lens loses its elasticity, and therefore, its ability to change shape. this condition is known as _______
Term
convergence
Definition
medial movement of eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed is called ________
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
photopigment in rods is _______
Term
retinal; A
Definition
the light absorbing portion of all visual photopigments is _________, which is derived from vitamin ______
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
external auditory canal and the middle ear are separated by the ________
Term
incus, stapes, malleus
Definition
the auditory ossicles are the __________, _______, and the _________
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
middle ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the ___________
Term
vestibule, cochlea, semicircular ducts
Definition
the three areas of the bony labryinth are the __________, the _________, and the __________
Term
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Definition
effector tissues for autonomic motor neurons are ________, __________, and _________
Term
preganglionic
Definition
an autonomic motor neuron that extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion is called a ________ neuron
Term
postganglionic
Definition
autonomic motor neuron that extends from an autonomic ganglion to a visceral effector is called a _______ neuron.
Term
thorocolumbar
Definition
based on the location of preganglionic cell bodies, the sympathetic division of the ANS is sometimes called the ________ division
Term
craniosacral
Definition
based on the locations of preganglionic cell bodies, the parasympathetic division of the ANS is sometimes called the ______ division.
Term
terminal
Definition
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in ________ ganglia in or near visceral effectors.
Term
prevertebral
Definition
ganglia lying close to large abdominal arteries that receive sympathetic preganglionic fibers are the ____________ ganglia
Term
sympathetic trunk
Definition
_________ ganglia lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
Term
prevertebral
Definition
the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, which are named for the large abdominal arteries they are near, are examples of ________ ganglia
Term
white rami communicantes
Definition
sympathetic preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve with sympathetic trunk ganglia are collectively called the ________.
Term
heart
Definition
the effector for sympathetic postganglionic fibers leaving the middle and inferior cervical ganglia is the _______.
Term
gray rami communicantes
Definition
sympathetic postganglionic fibers that connect sympathetic trunk ganglia with spinal nerves are collectively called the _______
Term
sympathetic chains
Definition
axon collaterals of the fibers of the white rami communicantes that extend through multiple sympathetic trunk ganglia are called ________
Term
splanchnic nerves
Definition
sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through sympathetic trunk ganglia to terminate in prevertebral ganglia are called __________.
Term
acetycholine
Definition
cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter __________
Term
acetycholinesterase
Definition
enzyme that inactivates acetycholine is ________.
Term
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Definition
adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitters _________ or ___________.
Term
target
Definition
specific cells affected by a particular hormone are called ________ cells.
Term
paracrine; autocrine
Definition
local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called ____, while those that act on the same cell that secreted them are called _________
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
prostaglandins and leukotrienes belong to the structural class of hormones known as ____, which are derived from fatty acids.
Term
liver
Definition
specific proteins that transport most steroid hormones in the blood are synthesized in the _______.
Term
2nd messenger
Definition
role of cAMP in the function of water soluble hormones is to act as a(n) __________
Term
phosphodiesterase
Definition
cAMP is inactivated by the enzyme __________
Term
G proteins
Definition
receptors on the outer surface of target cell membranes are linked to adenylate cyclase molecules on the inner surface by molecules called _________.
Term
synergistic
Definition
when 2 hormones complement each other's action and both are needed for full expression of the hormonal effects, the interaction is called a(n) ________ effect.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
release of hormones from the adenohypophysis is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the _________
Term
tropins
Definition
hormones that influence endocrine glands other than their source are called ________.
Term
somatostanin
Definition
GHIH, or ______, inhibits the release of hGH.
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
the target organ for ACTH is the _______
Term
mammary glands, uterus
Definition
the target organs for oxytocin are the _________ and the ________
Term
hypothalamus; ADH
Definition
lower htan normal water concentration in the blood is sensed by osmoreceptors in the ______, which activate the cells that synthesize and release the hormone __________
Term
iodine; tyrosine
Definition
thyroid hormones are synthesized by attaching ______ atoms to the amino acid _______
Term
calorigenic
Definition
increase in body temperature resulting from increased metabolic rate is called _________ effect of thyroid hormones.
Term
calcitonin
Definition
parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _________
Term
kidneys; sodium; potassium
Definition
principal target organ for aldosterone is the _________, where it stimulates the reabsorption of _______ ions and the excretion of _________ions
Term
cortisol
Definition
the glucocorticoid that is most abundant and that is responsible for most of glucocorticoid activity is _________
Term
androgen
Definition
DHEA is the principal _______ secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
hormones that are sympathomimetic are secreted by the _________.
Term
glucagon, insulin, somatostanin.
Definition
alpha cells of pancreas secrete _______, while the beta cells secrete _______, and the delta cells secrete ________.
Term
melatonin
Definition
hormone whose release from the pineal gland is governed by the daily dark-light cycle is __________
Term
estrogen, progesterone
Definition
ovaries produce the female sex hormones _________ and ___________
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
if a diabetic injects too much insulin, the principal symptom would be ______.
Term
CRH, ACTH
Definition
if levels of glucocorticoids are low, the regulatory negative feedback loop would dictate an increase in secretion of ___________ and ______.
Term
adrenal cortex; arterioles
Definition
the target organs for angiotensin II are the ________ and the __________
Term
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
Definition
the adrenal cortex is subdivided into three zones that secrete different hormones--the zone glomerulosa, which secretes _______, the zone fasciculata, which secretes ______, and the zone reticularis, which secretes ________.
Term
calcium, magnesium, phosphate
Definition
the effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidney is to increase the reabsorption of ________ and __________ and to promote excretion of _________ ions
Term
goiter
Definition
an enlarged thyroid gland is called a _______.
Term
leukocytes
Definition
the buffy coat on centrifuged whole blood is formed by the ________.
Term
serum
Definition
plasma minus its clotting proteins is called ________.
Term
antibodies
Definition
gamma globulins are also called
Term
albumins
Definition
the most common of the plasma proteins are the ________
Term
plasma cells
Definition
gamma globulins are produced by ________
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
the process by which formed elements of the blood are produced is called ________
Term
kidneys
Definition
erythropoietin is a hormone produced mainly by the _________
Term
carbon dioxide
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin forms when hemoglobin combines with _________.
Term
oxygen
Definition
red blood cells are highly specialized to transport _________
Term
transferrin
Definition
during the breakdown of red blood cells, iron is removed from hemoglobin and transported in the bloodstream by a plasma protein called __________.
Term
biliverdin, bilirubin
Definition
during the breakdown of red blood cells, the non-iron portion of heme is converted into a green pigment called ___________, then into an orange pigment called __________.
Term
hematocrit
Definition
the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the ________
Term
vitamin b12
Definition
intrinsic factor aids in the absorption of ______ by the small intestine
Term
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Definition
the three types of granular leukocytes are the _______, the _______, and the ___________
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
the process by which phagocytes are attracted to chemicals released by microbes or inflamed tissue is called ________
Term
eosinophils
Definition
granular leukocytes that are thought to produce enzymes that are antagonistic to the mediators of allergic reactions are the _______.
Term
hemostasis
Definition
the stoppage of bleeding is called _________
Term
plasmin
Definition
the enzyme ________ digests the fibrin threads of a blood clot.
Term
warfarin
Definition
a common anticoagulant that acts as an antagonist to vitamin K is __________
Term
thrombosis
Definition
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called __________
Term
hemolysis
Definition
the rupture of a red blood cell is called __________
Term
adhesion; emigration.
Definition
selectin and integrins are examples of ________ molecules that assist in the _________ of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the interstial fluid.
Term
proerythroblasts; red bone marrow
Definition
the target cells for erythropoietin are _______, which are located in the ________.
Term
hypoxia
Definition
the stimulus for release of erythropoietin is ________ in the kidney.
Term
basophils
Definition
white blood cells that produce histamine and heparin are the ________
Term
monocytes
Definition
agranular leukocytes that develop into macrophages outside the bloodstream are the __________.
Term
O; A
Definition
among the various ethnic groups in the US, the two most common blood types are type _______ and type ________
Term
A antigens; anti-B antibodies
Definition
people with type A blood have isoantigens called ___ one their red blood cells and isoantibodies called ________ in their plasma.
Term
thromboxane A2
Definition
during the platelet release reaction, the prostaglandin ______ activates platelets and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
Term
thrombin
Definition
fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the enzyme ________
Term
heart, vessels, blood
Definition
the organs and tissues included in the cardiovascular system are the ________, ________, and __________
Term
right
Definition
the ________ side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation.
Term
mediastinum
Definition
the area of the thoracic cavity in which the heart is located is called the ________
Term
epicardium
Definition
the visceral layer of the serous membrane is also called the ________
Term
intercalated discs
Definition
transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma of adjacent cardiac muscle fibers that contain gap junctions and desmosomes are called _________
Term
pulmonary trunk; aorta
Definition
there are semilunar valves between the right ventricle and the _________ and between the left ventricle and the ____________
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
the left atrium receives blood from the _________
Term
ischemia
Definition
the medical term for reduction in blood flow is __________
Term
sinoatrial node
Definition
cardiac excitation normally begins in the _________
Term
ectopic
Definition
when a site other than the normal cardiac pacemaker takes over the job of initiation of the heart beat, that side is referred to as a(n) _________ focus
Term
ventricular depolarization
Definition
the qrs complex of an ecg represents _________
Term
systole; diastole
Definition
the term _______ refers to the contraction of the heart; the term _________ refers to the relaxation of the heart.
Term
auscultation
Definition
the act of listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope is called __________
Term
stroke volume
Definition
the amount of blood ejected per beat from a ventricle is called the _________
Term
stroke volume; heart rate
Definition
cardiac output equals _________ times _________
Term
cardiac reserve
Definition
the ratio between maximum achievable cardiac output and resting cardiac output is the ________
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
blood pressure is monitored by ________ in the walls of the aortic arch and the carotid arteries.
Term
foramen ovale
Definition
in the fetus, blood flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the ___________
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
proliferation of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of fatty substances in the walls of arteries characterize the condition known as _______
Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
buildup of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity leads to compression of the heart known as _________
Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
buildup of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity leads to compression of the heart known as _________
Term
atria; ventricles
Definition
the superior chambers of the heart are the __________, and the inferior chambers of the heart are the _________
Term
coronary sulcus
Definition
the external groove that separates the upper and lower chambers of the heart is the ______________
Term
trabeculae carnae
Definition
irregular ridges and folds in the internal walls of the ventricles are known as the ____________
Term
tricuspid; bicuspid
Definition
the right atrioventricular valve is also known as the _______ valve, and the left atrioventricular valve is also known as the _________ valve.
Term
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,
Definition
deoxygenated blood is returned into the heart via the _______, the _________, and the ___________
Term
anterior interventricular; circumflex
Definition
the left coronary artery divides into the _________ branch and the ________ branch
Term
posterior interventricular; marginal
Definition
the right coronary artery divides into the _______ branch and the _______ branch
Term
great cardiac vein; middle cardiac vein
Definition
the principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the _________ and the ___________
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
medical term for a heart attack is a(n) ___________
Term
purkinje fibers
Definition
action potentials are transmitted from the bundle branches to myocardial cells of the ventricles by cells called ______.
Term
hemodynamics
Definition
the study of the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body is called _________
Term
lumen
Definition
blood flows through the ______ of a blood vessel.
Term
endothelium
Definition
the tissue that forms a continuous layer of cells lining the inner surfaces of the heart and blood vessels is __________.
Term
vasodilation
Definition
increased sympathetic stimulation in blood vessels with beta adrenergic receptors results in _________
Term
edema
Definition
an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume is called
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
the cardiovascular center is located in the ________
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
hypercapnia and severe hypoxia stimulates _____ located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
Term
tachycardia; bradycardia
Definition
the term _________ refers to a rapid resting heart/pulse rate; the term _________ refers to a slow resting heart/pulse rate.
Term
Korotkoff
Definition
various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure readings are called _________ sounds.
Term
pulse pressure
Definition
the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called ________
Term
brachiocephalic trunk
Definition
the first vessel to branch off the aorta after the coronary arteries is the ________
Term
ductus venosus
Definition
blood bypasses the fetal liver through a vessel called the _________
Term
aneurysm
Definition
a weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward is called a(n) _________
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
both vasoconstriction and increased secretion of aldosterone are stimulated by the hormone _________
Term
sinusoids
Definition
capillaries, such as those in the liver, that are wider in diameter than other capillaries and that have spaces between the endothelial cells in their walls are called _____
Term
pathogens
Definition
disease producing organisms are called _______
Term
nonspecific resistance
Definition
defense mechanisms that provide general protection against a wide range of disease-producing organisms are collectively called ________
Term
lacteals
Definition
lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that are specialized for fat transport are called ________
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system is the _________
Term
red bone marrow; thymus gland
Definition
the primary lymphatic organs are the ____ and the __________
Term
lymph nodes; spleen
Definition
the major secondary lymphatic organs are the ________ and the __________
Term
complement system
Definition
a group of about 20 normally inactive proteins in the blood and on cell membranes that enhance phagocytosis and inflammation is called the ___________
Term
natural killer cell
Definition
the type of lymphocyte that provides nonspecific resistance is the ___________
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
attraction of phagocytes to a particular area by chemicals released from damaged cells or by pathogens is called ___________
Term
antigens
Definition
substances that are recognized as foreign by the immune system and that provoke immune responses is called ____________
Term
interferons
Definition
cytokines secreted by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral replication in uninfected cells are ___________
Term
variable
Definition
the antigen binding site is located in the _________ region of an immunoglobulin molecule.
Term
IgG
Definition
most antibodies belong to the ____ class of immunoglobulins.
Term
plasma cells; memory B cells
Definition
activated B cells clone and differentiate into antibody secreting cells called __________ or into _________ for future protection against the same antigen.
Term
opsonization
Definition
the process by which antibodies coat a microorganism to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is called __________
Term
killer
Definition
T cells exhibiting CD8 proteins on their plasma membrane are known as ____________ T cells
Term
helper
Definition
t cells that exhibit CD4 proteins on their plasma membranes are known as ________ T cells.
Term
haptens
Definition
partial antigens that have reactivity but lack immunogenicity are called
Term
carbonic anhydrase
Definition
the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme __________
Term
carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin, the resulting compound is called __________
Term
bicarbonate ion
Definition
the greatest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as ________
Term
medullary rhythmicity; pneumotaxic, apneustic
Definition
the respiratory center of the brain consists of the ________ area in the medulla oblongata and the _________ and ___________ area in the pons
Term
medulla oblongata; carotid bodies; aortic bodies
Definition
central chemoreceptors are located in the __________; peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _________ and _________
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
central chemoreceptors respond to changes in pH or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in __________
Term
decreases
Definition
in a person who is hyperventilatin, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood __________
Term
increases; decreases
Definition
in a person who is hypoventilating, the concentration of hydrogen ions ______ causing extracellular pH to _________
Term
hypercapnia
Definition
if partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood exceeds 40 mmHg, the condition is called _________
Term
epistaxis
Definition
the medical term for a nosebleed is ________
Term
hemoptysis
Definition
spitting of blood from the respiratory tract is called _________
Term
internal respiration
Definition
exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells is known as ___________
Term
internal nares
Definition
the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx are the _________
Term
thyroid cartilage; larynx
Definition
the anatomical term for the adam's apple is the __________; which is part of the _________
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
when the pleural cavity fills with air, the condition is known as _________
Term
bronchopulmonary segment
Definition
the section of a lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus is called a(n) ____________
Term
pulmonary ventilation
Definition
the process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli is called _________
Term
decreases
Definition
boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas _____ as the volume of the container increases
Term
eupnea; apnea; dyspnea
Definition
normal quiet breathing is called _____; temporary cessation of breathing is called __________; painful, labored breathing is called ___________.
Term
surfactant
Definition
the detergent-like substance that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid is called ________
Term
compliance
Definition
the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded is called __________
Term
bronchodilation; decrease
Definition
greater sympathetic stimulation to bronchioles causes __________, which causes airway resistance to _________.
Term
tidal volume
Definition
volume of air that moves in and out of the airways with each inspiration and expiration during normal quiet breathing is called the _________
Term
residual volume
Definition
air that remains in the lungs even after the expiratory reserve volume is expelled is called the __________
Term
dalton's law
Definition
_________ states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.
Term
partial pressure; solubility coefficient
Definition
henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the ________ of the gas and its ____________
Term
increases
Definition
as the partial pressure of oxygen in blood increases, the percent saturation of hemoglobin _________
Term
decreases
Definition
as extracellular pH decreases, percent saturation of hemoglobin _________
Term
decreases
Definition
as temperature of blood increases, percent saturation of hemoglobin __________
Term
increase; decrease
Definition
as respiratory rate decreases, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood __________, resulting in a(n) __________ in extracellular pH.
Term
ureters
Definition
the 10"-12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________
Term
transitional
Definition
the mucosa of the urinary bladder includes _______ epithelium
Term
detrusor muscle
Definition
the smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the _________
Term
urea
Definition
the normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of protein is _________
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
the hormone that increases the water permeability of the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is __________
Term
renal threshold
Definition
the plasma concentration at which a substance begins to spill into the urine because its transport maximum has been surpassed is called the ________
Term
renin
Definition
the enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to impulses from renal sympathetic nerves is _________
Term
angiotensinogen
Definition
the substrate for the enzyme secreted by the justaglomerular cells is _________
Term
proteins
Definition
blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the presence of ______ in blood plasma
Term
vasa recta
Definition
the blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the _________
Term
papilla
Definition
the apex of a renal pyramid is called a renal _________
Term
podocytes
Definition
specialized epithelial cells with pedicels covering glomerular capillaries were called _________
Term
filtration fraction
Definition
the percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the _________
Term
countercurrent
Definition
fluid flowing in opposite directions in parallel tubes is called _________ flow.
Term
diuretics
Definition
drugs that increase the rate of urine flow are called _________
Term
micturition
Definition
urine is expelled from the bladder by an act called _____; also known as urination or voiding.
Term
uric acid
Definition
the product of the catabolism of nucleic acids that is normally present in urine and that may crystallize into kidney stones is ________
Term
hematuria
Definition
presence of red blood cells in urine is called ________
Term
inulin
Definition
the polysaccharide used in renal function tests because its clearance equals the glomerular filtration rate is ________
Term
PCT
Definition
most tubular reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions occurs in the _________
Term
thick ascending limb
Definition
the renal tubules are less permeable to water in the region known as the __________
Term
aldosterone
Definition
secretion of potassium ions by cells by the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts is regulated primarily by the hormone _________
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