Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lacunae are interconnected by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the central canal (of the osteon) contains...... |
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Definition
| blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
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Term
| What in your bones produces blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| In infants, red marrow is... |
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Definition
| present in cavities off all bones |
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Term
| In adults, red marrow is present in.... |
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Definition
| spongy bone of skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| gel-like with lacunae for chondrocytes |
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Term
Three types of cartilage?
Describe |
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Definition
hyaline: firm, white, a. found in ends of long bones, nose, and ends of ribs
fibrocartilage: stronger, thick collagen bands, and can withstand both pressure and tension.Found in intervertebral disks
Elastic- most flexible, contains elastin fibers. Found in external ears and epiglottis |
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Term
| Define: dense fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| very strong rows of fibroblasts separated by collagen fibers that compose structures that connect bone to bone and muscles and bones |
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Term
| Name a similarity/difference between ligaments/tendons |
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Definition
DIFFERENCE: tendons connect MUSCLE to bone while ligaments connect BONE to bone
Similarity is that they're both dense fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bones are classified by _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-widened end of a long bone
-composed spongy bone
-contains red marrow |
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Term
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Definition
-shaft of long bone
-composed of compact bone
-encloses medullary cavity |
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Term
| How often does bone remodeling occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
break down bone
(to put in calcium, because you need to maintain certain levels of calcium in blood to contract your muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
| pick up calcium from blood and deposit it in new bone |
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Term
| Remodeling can change bone ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes wear and tear to bones/to remodel bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| weak, thin bones which fracture easily |
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Term
| Define: ephiphyseal plate |
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Definition
| growth plate that allows bone to grow longer using cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebral disks lose mass |
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Term
| Functions of bones and which bones do what? |
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Definition
structural support:
bones of lower limbs, especially femur
protection of soft body parts:
skull, rib cage
production of blood cells:
red marrow in ends of long bones, sternum, pelvis
storage of minerals and fat:
calcium phosphate in bone matrix, fat in yellow marrow
locomotion:
along with muscles |
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Term
Two types of skeletal bones?
Where found? |
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Definition
axial- skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular- bones of limbs and the limb girdles (shoulders and hips) |
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Term
| Shapes of bones? (where?) |
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Definition
LONG- bones of limbs
SHORT- cube shaped bones of digits
ROUND- Patella
IRREGULAR- vertebrae |
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Term
| Relating to shape, all bones have WHAT? |
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Definition
| depressions and protuberances (processes) for attachment of muscles |
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Term
| What is the "big hole" in your head and what does it do? |
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Definition
| your foramen magnum. your spinal cord comes out of it |
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Term
| Define: incomplete ossification in infants |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: cranial bones of the skull |
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Definition
| bones that protect the brain |
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Term
| How may vertebrae do you have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many curvatures do you have in your spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do spinal nerves exit? |
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Definition
| through the intervertebral foramina |
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Term
| the spinal cord passes through the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| types and #s of vertebrae? |
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Definition
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
----
5 sacral
3-5 coccyx |
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Term
| define: intervertebral disks |
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Definition
-composed of fibrocartilage
-absorb shock, allow flexibility
-can herniate and rupture |
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Term
| when intervertebral disks herniate/rupture, what does that do? |
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Definition
| puts pressure on spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| each originates at a thoracic vertebra and proceeds to anterior thoracic wall |
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Term
| Types of ribs, #s of each |
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Definition
true- 7, upper pair articulate directly w/ sternum via cartilage
false- 3 -first join a common cartilage and then to the sternum
floating- 2 - last pair that do not articulate w/sternum @ all |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Parts of sternum, describe |
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Definition
MANUBRIUM - articulates w/ clavicle and first pair of ribs
BODY- point of junction between manumbrium and body is an important landmark because it IDs second pair of ribs, which allows the counting of ribs to determine the apex of the heart
XIPHOID- has a process for muscle attachment |
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Term
| Different articulations, describe, where |
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Definition
Fibrous- immovable
-sutures between bones of skull
Synovial- freely movable
-stabilized by tendons
-membranes line joint capsule
-contain bursa
-contain menisci |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction between tendons and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage between bones w/in the joint; shock absorbers (ex: knee) |
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Term
Types of synovial joints?
How they move?
Exs? |
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Definition
Hinge joints: 1 direction (knee)
Ball and socket: permit movement in all planes (hip)
pivot: rotational (joint between radius and ulna) |
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Term
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Definition
-deterioration of an over-worked joint
-wearing away of articular cartilage
-joint replacement
-glucosamine and chondroiton sulfate |
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Term
| Types of movements at synovial joints?? DEMONSTRATE |
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Definition
| flexion (forearm toward arm), extension (forearm away from arm), abduction (arms sideways, away from body), adduction (arms back to the body), rotation, (head to answer "no), pronation (foot rolls inside), supination (foot rolls outside) |
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Term
| Define: antagonist muscle |
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Definition
| a muscle that opposes the action of another; "the biceps brachii and triceps brachii are antagonistic muscles" |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that covers skeletal muscles |
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Term
| describe skeletal muscles |
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Definition
-stiated
-voluntary
-attached to bone by tendons
-covered by fascia
-muscles are arranged in functional groupings
-most muscles have an antagonist |
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Term
| What's different about your muscles lifting your shoe versus your muscles picking up a small child? |
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Definition
| You'd use more muscles for the small child. Hey. What are you doing with that child anyway????? |
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Term
| Each muscle cell is called a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum running throughout muscle fiber that STORES CALCIUM IONS |
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Term
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Definition
-extend into cell from the sarcolemma
-carry electrical impulse into muscle, allowing it to contract in unison |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of contractile filaments
-arranged in bundles surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum
-contains actin and mysoin |
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Term
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Definition
-functional unit
-contractile unit of muscle |
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Term
| Describe myofibrils and sarcomeres |
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Definition
-myofibrils are cylindrical
-striated appearance due to arrangement of contractile filaments
- |
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Term
| What is a unit of contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
_________is a thick filament
_________is a thin filament |
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Definition
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Term
| How does each myosin molecule look? |
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Definition
like a golf club
straight portion ending in a double globular head or crossbridge |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of 2 intertwining actin filaments
-tropomyosin and toponin are associated proteins |
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Term
| Define: neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Action Potential
(Electric stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| space for when nerve meets muscle |
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Term
| Describe the role that sliding filaments have in muscle contraction |
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Definition
-Upon stimulation, action potential (AP) spreads along membrane
-AP travels down T tubules into muscle fiber
-calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-sarcomeres w/in myofibrils shorten, causing a contraction of muscle fiber
-actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments and approach one another
-ATP supplies the energy
-myosin filaments break down ATP and have crossbridges that pill the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when impulse stops coming from nerves |
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Term
| what do neurotransmitters do? |
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Definition
| open up the gate so that sodium ions rush in, and calcium is released from storage |
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Term
| Define: rigor mortis and why it happens |
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Definition
-muscles contracted after death
("the stiffness of death")
-when we die. production of ATP stops. No more ATP, no more removal of myosin, locking muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
tropomyosin winds through actin blocking binding sitees
-troponin is located at intervals along actin
-when calcium ions are released, they bind to troponin
-causes troponin to shift position and unblock binding sites
-exposes binding sites fror myosin crossbridges
-globular heads have ATP binding sites
-ATPase splits ATP to ADP and P
-Heads now bind to sites on actin
-relaxation occurs when impulses stop and calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| How does the body get energy for muscle contraction? (fastest) |
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Definition
Creatine phosphate breakdown (substrate level phosphorylation):
-high energy compoud builts up at rests
-can provide energy for about 8 seconds of intense activity
-regenerates ATP - when creatine phosphate breaks down to creatine, energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP |
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Term
Where does muscle contraction get most energy from?
How does this work? |
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Definition
cellular respiration
-muscle cell can use glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from fat in cell respiration pathway
-occurs mitochondria and requires oxygen
-muscle cell has myoglobin-has higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
-allows temporary storage of oxygen |
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Term
| What is last resort for energy for muscle contraction? |
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Definition
fermentation
-glucose is broken down in glycolysis to pyruvate, which is converted to lactic acid
-2 ATP / glucose
-when lactic acid build up, makes cytoplasm more acidic
-if fermentation occurs for more than 2-3 minutes cramping occurs |
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Term
| What are the types of tissues in your body? |
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Definition
-muscular
-cardiovascular
-epithelial
-connective |
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Term
Cancer of the ____ tissue is...
a. epithelial
b. blood
c. lymphoid |
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Definition
a. carcinoma
b. leukemia
c. lymphomas |
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Term
| Functions of epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
-protection - protects from pathogens
-secretion - mucus from digestive tract
-absorption - small intestine absorbs food
-filtration - tissue of kidneys forms urine
-excretion - " " |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is squamous? cuboidal? columnar? tissue found? |
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Definition
squamous - lungs, lining of blood vessels
cuboidal - kidneys
columnar - lines digestive tract |
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Term
| Epithelial tissue can be one layer _________ or many _____________ |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissue can be one layer (simple) or many (stratified) |
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Term
What is _____ really good at? Where?
a. simple cuboidal
b. simple squamous
c. stratified squamous |
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Definition
a. excretion (kidneys)
b. diffusion (lung tissue)
c. protection (skin) |
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Term
| Define: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue |
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Definition
-1 layer of cells (it looks like 2)
-each cell touches the basement membrane
-found in trachea
-secretes mucus that traps dirt |
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Term
Which organ is both endocrine/exocrine?
Why? |
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Definition
PANCREAS
-endocrine - insulin into bloodstream
-exocrine - digestive enzymes into duct to small intestine |
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Term
| Three types of junctions between cells? (describe) |
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Definition
-tight - impermeable
-gap - allow molecules to pass through
-adhesion - (desmosome): ilaments pass through adjacent membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-material found between connective cells
-contains collagen, hyaline, reticular, and elastic fibers |
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Term
| Types of connective tissue? |
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Definition
-adipose tissue
-cartilage
-bone |
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Term
| What are adipose tissues filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do cartilage cells live? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a cartilage cell called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The hard matrix of bone is made of what? |
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Definition
-inorganic salts (like calcium)
-oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
-compact bone - dense bone made of osteons
-spongy bone - bony bars w/ spaces |
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
-over the ends of bones at movable joints
-ends of ribs
-supportive material in larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-fetal skeleton |
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Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
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Definition
| -external ear and epiglottis |
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
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Definition
-pubic synthesis
-meniscus
-invertebral disks |
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Term
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Definition
| -transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste |
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Term
| What is the percentage of plasma in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does plasma consist of? |
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Definition
-water
-proteins
-ions
-salts
-vitamins |
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Term
| What is the shape of RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fibers prevalent in muscular tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-voluntary
-fibers have many nuclei
-striated |
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Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-no striations
-found in intestine, stomach, and esophagus
-involved in swallowing, GI tract functions
-short fusiform cells
-one central nucleus
-nonstriated |
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Term
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Definition
-involuntary
-striations
-1 nuclei/cell
-connected to each other at intercalated disks |
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Term
| Functions of nervous tissue? |
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Definition
-sensory input
-integration of data
-sensory output |
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Term
| Name and describe 3 types of neurologia cells |
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Definition
-microglia -eat bacteria, cell debris
-astrocytes - provide nutrients to neurons
-oligodendrocytes - form myelin (insulation) |
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Term
| Name to major body cavities |
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Definition
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Term
| What cavities are located w/in the ventral cavity? |
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Definition
Includes:
-thoracic cavity
-Abdominal " |
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Term
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Definition
| chest cavity containing heart and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| contains digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs |
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Term
| The thoracic and abdominal cavity are separated by the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What cavities are located w/in the dorsal cavity? |
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Definition
-cranial cavity
-vertebral canal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of epithelium overlying a loose connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
-mucous
-serous
-synovial
-meninges |
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Term
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Definition
-line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
-contain goblet cells that release mucus |
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Term
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Definition
-line the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-Contains pleura
-" peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| -lines thoracic cavity, covers lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| -covers abdominal cavity and organs |
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Term
| Define: synovial membranes |
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Definition
-lines free movable joint cavities
-produces synovial fluid to lubricate joint |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane covering brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| What is the system of hair/skin/nails? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the system for hormonal glands called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the integumentary system? |
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Definition
-protection from pathogens, water loss, and UV light
-regulate body temp (sweating)
-makes vitamin D |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the epidermis (5) |
|
Definition
-contains keratin, which waterproofs skin
-contains melanocytes
-contains 5 layers
-no blood vessels
-gets nutrients by diffusion |
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Term
| Name the layers of the epidermis layer |
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Definition
-top stratum corneum (dead)
-stratum lucidum (dead)
- " granulosum (dead+living)
- " spinosum (living)
-bottom stratum basale (living) |
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Term
|
Definition
-contains collagen
-elastic fibers
-contains blood vessels
-contains nerve endings |
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Term
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
What does it do? |
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Definition
-composed of loose conntective tissue and fat
-fat provides thermal insulation and physical protection |
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Term
| Nail cells are filled with .... |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes hair "stand on end" |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-associated with each hair follicle
-secretes sebum to moisturize skin |
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Term
| What is another name for the sweat gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is positive/negative feedback, exs? |
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Definition
negative- change in body, body does something to maintain homeostasis
ex: body temp
Positive: brings abt greater change in the same direction
ex: during pregnancy, baby pushes on cervix to initiate labor. Message is sent to the brain that causes the release of oxytocin that causes even more contractions |
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