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Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care
Chapter 3- Cell Structure and Function
70
Medical
Professional
03/01/2012

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Term
What are the 4 basic concepts of cell theory?
Definition
1. cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
2. Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
3. Cells are produced through the division of pre-exitsting cells.
4. Each cell maintains homeostasis
Term
A cell is surrounded by what fluid?
Definition
Extracellular Fluid
Term
Extracellular fluid is cells is sometimes called what?
Definition
interstitial fluid
Term
What is the general term for the material inside the cell?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
The cell membrane general functions are?
Definition
Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structural support
Term
The cell membrane is extrememly thin and delicate, and ranges from 6 nm to 10 nm in thickness. This membrane contains what in the actual membrane?
Definition
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Term
The permeability of the cell membrane determines what?
Definition
Precisely which substances can enter or leace the cytoplasm
Term
What is the difference between passive process and active process movements across the membrane?
Definition
passive requires no energy expenditure by the cell
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
It is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration (many collisions) to an area of relatively low concentration of collisions.
Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
The diffusion of water across a membrane toward a solution that contains relatively higher solute concentration; requires selectively permeable membrane
Term
Three characteristics of osmosis to remember are?
Definition
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
Term
"ana" means?
Definition
apart
Term
"Chondrion" means?
Definition
granule
Term
"Chroma" means?
Definition
color
Term
"endo" means?
Definition
inside
Term
"exo" means?
Definition
outside
Term
"inter" means?
Definition
between
Term
"interstitium" means?
Definition
something standing between
Term
"iso" means?
Definition
equal
Term
"kinesis" means?
Definition
motion
Term
"meta" means?
Definition
after
Term
"mitos" means?
Definition
thread
Term
"osmos" means?
Definition
thrust
Term
"phagein" means?
Definition
to eat
Term
"pinein" means?
Definition
to drink
Term
"podon" means?
Definition
foot
Term
"pro" means?
Definition
before
Term
"pseudo" means?
Definition
false
Term
"ptosis" means?
Definition
falling away
Term
"reticulum" means?
Definition
network
Term
"soma" means?
Definition
body
Term
"telos" means?
Definition
end
Term
"tonos" means?
Definition
tension
Term
What is an isotonic solution?
Definition
it is one that does not cause a net movement of water into or out of a cell.
Term
A solute refers to what?
Definition
a substance dissolved in fluid, forming a solution
Term
What is a hypotonic solution?
Definition
it allows water to flow into the cell which will cause it to swell up like a balloon and eventually burst, which is called hemolysis
Term
What is a hypertonic solution?
Definition
It loses water by osmosis causing the cell to shrivel and dehydrate. The shrinking of red blood cells is called crenation
Term
What is a major function of exchange pumps?
Definition
to maintain cell homeostasis
Term
What are the principle ions in body fluids?
Definition
Sodium and potassium
Term
What happens in a carrier-mediated transport?
Definition
A membrane protein binds specific ions or organic substances and carry them across the cell membrane
Term
What happens in vesicular transport?
Definition
materials move into or out of the cell in vesicles
Term
What are the two types of vesicular transport?
Definition
endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
What is endocytosis?
Definition
it is the packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import INTO the cell.
Term
There are 3 tyes of endocytosis, what are they?
Definition
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
What happens in the process of exocytosis?
Definition
a vesicle created INSIDE the cell fuses with th e cell membrane and discharges its contents into the extracellular environment
Term
What happens in facilitated diffusion?
Definition
carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient
Term
What is filtration?
Definition
Movement of water, ususally with solute, by hydrostatic pressure; requires filtration membrane
Term
What are the 2 carrier mediated transports examples?
Definition
facilitated diffusion and active transport
Term
What is active transport?
Definition
carrier proteins actively transport solutes regardless of any concetration gradients
Term
What are the 2 examples of vesicular transport?
Definition
endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
Active Transport
Definition
the ATP-dependent absorption or excretion of solutes across a cell membrane
Term
Chromesomes
Definition
stores information in its DNA for specific proteins
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the material between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane
Term
Diffusion
Definition
passive molecular movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Term
endocytosis
Definition
the movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm via the formation of a membranous vesicle at the cell surface; includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Term
endopalsmic reticulum
Definition
a network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm of a cell that function in intracellular transport, synthesis, storage, packaging, and secretion.
Term
exocytosis
Definition
the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by fusion of a membranous vesicle with the cell membrane
Term
gene
Definition
a portion of DNA nucleotide chain that functions as a hereditary unit, and is found at a particular location on a specific chromosome, and codes for a specific protein
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
cellular organelle consisting of a series of membranous plates that gives rise to lysosomes and secretory vesicles
Term
mitochondria
Definition
small organelles that provide energy to the cells.
Term
mitosis
Definition
the division of a single cell that produces two identical cells; the primary mechanism of tissue growth
Term
nucleus
Definition
the control center for cellular operations; stores all the information needed to control the synthesis of more than 400,000 different proteins in the human body; determines both the structure and the function by controlling which proteins are made, in what circumstances and in what amounts.
Term
organelles
Definition
internal structures that perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance and metabolism.
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water across a membrane
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
or "cell eating"; the engulfing of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a membranous vesicle
Term
protein synthesis
Definition
a process divided by transcription and translation using information carried by the RNA molecule
Term
ribosome
Definition
organelles of protein synthesis located in the cytoplasm
Term
translation
Definition
the assembling of a protein by ribosomes; occurs in the cytoplasm
Term
transcription
Definition
the production of RNA from a single strand of DNA; occurs in the nucleus
Term
tumor
Definition
or neoplasm; a mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division.
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