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AMH2097 Final
Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Japanese, and review
80
History
Undergraduate 1
04/23/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 5 types of Mexican immigrant?
Definition
  1. Legal Immigrants
  2. Undocumented Immigrants
  3. Braceros
  4. Commuters
  5. Border crossers
Term

Who immigrated in the Formative wave?

 

Definition
English, Germans, Dutch, Sephardic jews
Term
Who immigrated in the First Wave?
Definition
Irish, more Germans, and Chinese
Term
Who immigrated in the Second Wave? 
Definition
Eastern and Southern europeans
Term
Who immigrated in the Third Wave?
Definition
Central and South Americans, The Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Cuba and Jamaica), India, Japan, and Vietnam
Term
Mexican Stereotypes
Definition

Docile

Lazy

Dirty and Diseased

Greasers

Wetbacks

Juvenile Delinquents

Term
Puerto Rican Stereotypes
Definition

Juvenile Delinquents

Criminals

Overly sexual

Hot-blooded; argumentative

Men: Macho, Bull fighters, animal sexuality, proud of heritage

 

Women: flirts, sexual, emotional, materialistic, superficial, preferred money over heritage 

Term
Cuban Stereotypes
Definition

overly emotional and irrational

criminals/ drug trafficking

anti-Castro radicals

rich/ successful

Term
Japanese Stereotypes
Definition

 

§  Model minorities

 

§  The pollutant

 

§  The coolie

 

§  The deviant

 

§  The yellow peril

 

§  The gook

 

§  “Slant eyes”

 

§  “nips”

 

Term
South Asian (Indian) Stereotypes
Definition

“Hindoos”

 “Ragheads”

 

Term
Jamaican Stereotypes
Definition

Pot-smokers

Lazy

Dreadlocks

 

Term

Gonzalez v. Williams (1904)

 

Definition

 

§  Isabel Gonzalez, pregnant Puerto Rican woman who tried to enter New York

 

§  Didn’t let her in so she sued saying she was a citizen since she was Puerto Rican

 

§  Question of citizenship for all Puerto Ricans

 

§  Court ruled she was not an alien

 

Term

Ozawa v. United States (1922)

 

Definition

 

§  The US supreme court had ruled that only immigrants of white or African origin could become US citizens

 

Term
Hirabayashi v U.S. (1943)
Definition

 

§  Challenged curfew laws

 

§  Supreme Court upheld the curfew

 

Term

Korematsu v. US (1944)

 

Definition

Korematsu refused to go to the internment camp so he was arrested and when he brought his case to the Supreme Court, they stood by executive order 9066.

 

When reopened, the court apoligized to Korematsu and said that the internment was unconstitutional

Term
The Platt Amendment (1903)
Definition

Gave US the right to intervene militarily in Cuba

Leased Guantanamo Bay to US

 

Term
Alien Land Act (1913)
Definition
Immigrants couldn't buy land
Term
Immigration Act of 1917
Definition

“Asiatic Barred zone”

 

Area from Asia where the US said people could not immigrate from or become American citizens

Term
The Jones Act (1917)
Definition
Said that Puerto Ricans were US citizens
Term
The Cable Act (1922)
Definition
Any US woman, whether white or Asian American, who married an alien ineligible for citizenship (that is, an Asian) would lose her own citizenship
Term
US v. Thind (1923)
Definition

He claimed that he was actually “white”  because they descend from the Arian race

Supreme Court said no

 

Term
Immigration Act of 1924
Definition

Asians were considered “aliens ineligible for citizenship”

They were just too different

Essentially stopped Japanese immigration

 

Term
Treaty of Relations (1934)
Definition

Ended some provisions of the Platt Amendment

Weren’t controlling politics but still involved economically

 

Had Guantanamo Bay still

 

Term

War Brides Act (1945)

 

Definition

wives and children of US servicemen could immigrate

 

Exceptions to the 1924 immigration law

 

Term
Luce-Cellar Act of 1946
Definition

Indians in US could now become naturalized citizens

 

Also gave a small quota for immigrants to come in

 

Term
Immigration and Nationality act of 1952
Definition

Granted right to naturalize

 

Allowed small quota for Japanese: 185

 

Term
Immigration Act of 1965
Definition

Abolished Quotas

Preferences based on professional skills and family reunification

Term
Refugee Act of 1980
Definition

Signed by President Carter

Allowed 50,000 refugees/year

Term
Amer-Asian Homecoming Act (1988)
Definition
allowed another 75,000 to immigrate
Term
Civil Liberties Act of 1988
Definition
Acknoledged the injustice of the controlled evacuation of the Japanese and made reparations
Term
Eecutive Order 9066
Definition
The legislation that Teddy Roosevelt signed for the internment of the Japanese and Japanese Americans during WWII
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Definition

restricted Chinese immigration for 10 years

 

Exceptions: Diplomats, Merchants, and college students

 

First ethnic group to be shit out in US history

 

Scapegoat for economic problems

Term

Spanish Colonial Mexico

Social hierarchy

Definition

Spanish

Mestizos

Indians

African and Indian mixed

 

Term
Which War made the United States a World Power?
Definition
The Spanish American War
Term
Mexican Pull Factors
Definition

European immigration had slowed

 

Industrial jobs in the north (Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh)

 

1924 Immigration Law didn't put quotas on the western hemisphere

Term
What was a major point of immigration fot the Mexicans?
Definition
El Paso, Texas,
Term

The Bath Riots

 

When?

 

Who lead them?

 

How many protested?

 

How did they protest?

 

 

Definition

January 23, 1917

 

Carmelita Torres

 

200 women protested

 

They threw rocks at American Citizens

 

it failed

 

Term
What are two reasons for less Mexican immigrants during the Great Depression
Definition

Market forces-- lack of jobs

 

Government Actions: Hoover called for strict interpretation of immigration rules

Term
What are the functions of Danza Azteca
Definition

personal identity

 

community building

 

maintaining traditions

 

Term
What are insular cases?
Definition
Cases that were trying to decide citizenship of the territories of the US
Term

Which immigrant group was associated with the "Revolving Door" stereotype?

 

and why?

Definition

Puerto Rican

 

because they kept migrating and then returning to Puerto Rico

Term

The Cuban Revolt of 1895

 

who started it?

 

what was it about?

Definition

José Marti

(He was a poet, philosopher, and revolutionary leader)

 

The Cubans wanted independence from Spain

 

Term

What is Yellow Journalism?

 

what were 2 popular journals?

Definition

Really exaggerated articles to get people riled up

most were true, some were fabricated

 

New York Harold: William Randolph Hurst

 

New York World: Joseph Pulitzer

Term

Spanish American War

 

what was it about?

 

who was involved?

Definition

It was between Spain and the US

 

it was about Cuban independence and stuff going on with Spain and the US

Term
What are the Enrique Dupuy de Lome letters?
Definition

A private letter that a citizen of Spain residing in the the US wrote to the leaders of Spain bashing the US President.

 

They were found and published in the New York Harold and this riled up US citizens

Term
Rigid Social Hierarchy of Japan from 1600s and 1700s
Definition
    1. Privileged Class:  Daimyo (Land Owners), Samurai (Warrior class)
    2. Commoners: Farmers, Priests and Artisans, Merchants
    3. Lowest Classes: Animal skinners and hide tanners, prostitutes and Kabuki performers (actors)
 
Term
Opening Japan
Definition

US commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay

 

it was a display of military power

 

forced interaction with the west

 

Term
What is Gunboat Imperialism?
Definition

Using military power to force something into action

 

in the case with The US and Japan, trade relations

Term

The Gentlemen's Agreement (1908)

 

between who?

 

what was it about?

Definition

Between the US (Teddy Roosevelt) and Japan

 

It said that Japan would stop sending laborers over to the US but the families of laborers already here could immigrate

Term

Japanese vs. Chinese

 

Female Immigration

Definition

More Japanese women had already joined the workforce

 

The Japanese women had more education: literate; learned English

 

Japanese women were seen as a form of social control

Term
Maintaining Japanese Culture in Hawaii
Definition

Bonsai Trees; Japanese

 

Buddhist Temples; schools

taught their language and customs

 

Festivals: Kimonos, Japanese drums and dance

 

sumo wrestling matches

 

 

Term
Mixing Japanese and Hawaiian culture
Definition

Shared cuisine

 

common dialect of English

 

Hawaiian identity

 

Term

Japanese Immigration

 

 

Hawaii vs. California

 

 

Definition

Hawaii: Large Japanese population

planters depended on Japanese laborers (so not a lot of discrimination)

 

California: only 2% Japanese.

racism kept them out of industrial jobs

became shopkeepers and farmers to make money

railroad and refrigerated railroad cars enabled them to make more money because there was a bigger demand for the food.

 

Term
George Shima
Definition

Farming Entrepreneur

 

"The Potato King"

 

gained lots of land and had huge farms

 

most famous Japanese man in America

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       How did government officials justify the Internment of Japanese American Citizens?

 

Definition

 

a.       Simply because they belong to an enemy race, their internment can be justified

 

b.      It was wartime and they were afraid the Japanese would give secret Intel to the Japanese

 

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       Why did Korematsu try to change his identity?

 

Definition

 

a.       He felt more like an American and wanted to have a normal life and was sick of  discrimination

 

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       Why did the national ACLU tell the local San Francisco members not to help Korematsu?

 

Definition

 

a.       They were friends  of the President and didn’t want to be unpatriotic

 

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       What was the government’s argument in the Supreme Court trial?

 

Definition

 

a.       The evacuation was required due to military needs

 

b.      “they belong to an enemy race”

                  c. Necessary to intern the Japanese to prevent espionage

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       Why did the Supreme Court decide in favor of the US government?

 

Definition

 

 

a.       It was patriotic to go along with the President

b.      They were told it was militarily necessary and this was a time of war so they didn’t want to go against that

Term

Fred Korematsu

 

 

1.       What was the significance of the Korematsu case?

 

Definition

 

a.       It raised for the first time whether or not the internment itself was constitutional

 

b.      By ruling in favor of the gov’t, they said that internment by race was constitutional

 

Term
Define "Gaman"
Definition

 

"To Endure"

Term
Japanese WWII Military Service
Definition

Nisei soldiers-- wanted to prove their patriotism

 

translators; combat

 

Hawaii's 100th Batalion: North Africa and Italy

"Purple heart battalion"

 

442nd regimental combat unit

most decorated unit of the war

rescued the "lost battalion" in France

 

Many of the soldiers families were in internment camps

Term

Push Factors for Asian Indian Immigration

 

 

Definition

decreased mortality in India (people were living longer lives-- population increase)

 

Land subdivision (getting divided into smaller pieces)

Term
Pull Factors of Asain Indian Immigration
Definition

Agricultural jobs in the west coast

 

The Sikh faith stressed land ownership, courage, and risk taking (immigrating would be all that)

Term
Ho Chi Minh
Definition

Educated in Europe

 

founded the Indochinese Communist party

 

he organized raids to steal rice back for the peasants

(he became a huge leader)

 

he was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (communist)

 

Term
Ethnic Enclaves for Vietnamese
Definition

The US govt tried to disperse the refugees; wanted them to assimilate

 

but immigrants started moving and forming cultural hubs.

 

Eden Center (Northern Virginia), Dorchester (Massachusetts), V-Town (houston, Texas) 

Term

Maya Lin

 

 

1.       What was Maya Lin’s rationale behind her design for the Vietnam memorial?

 

Definition

 

a.       She said that the design was to above all recognize the people and to make people cry and be honest about the pain and then heal from it.

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

 

1.       How did the idea to create a Vietnam memorial come about?

 

Definition

 

a.       The group of veterans wanted a memorial and raised the money to lobby in congress to get a memorial and then got President Carter to sign the legislation

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

Why was Lin so concerned about getting her essay just right?

Definition

 

a.       The design itself would look too simple to the naked eye so it needed to be accompanied by the essay to explain the significance of the memorial

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

What were some of the negative comments about Lin’s design?

Definition

 

a.       It looks like a boomerang—comments about how war is like a boomerang, it’ll always come back

 

b.      It’s too dark and unconventional

 

c.       Looked like a black gash in the earth

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

Why were some people upset about Lin being the designer? 

Definition

 

a.       She’s Asian, she’s a she, she’s too young

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

 

1.       How did Congress and the memorial committee deal with the complaints?

 

Definition

 

a.       They had meetings and hearings and debates and tried to find compromises

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

 

1.       Why did Lin disapprove of adding sculptures to her design?

 

Definition

 

a.       The statues are taller than the wall and take away from the simple eloquence of the black wall

 

Term

Maya Lin

 

 

1.       What is significant about the black granite?

 

Definition

 

a.       It was supposed to signify the dark earth

 

b.      It’s reflective—you can see yourself in the monument

 

Term
McCarren-Walter Act (1952)
Definition

o   quota of 100 Jamaicans per year

§  Most immigrants went to Britain instead

Term
Political Push Factors for Jamaican immigrants
Definition

o   Michael Manley

§  Prime minister of Jamaica (1972-1980)

§  Economic policies hurt the poor

·         But social programs aimed to help

§  Unpopular with upper and middle classes

Term

Jamaican Immigrants gender and jobs

 

Definition

Women: often first in the family to immigrate

Demand for live-in domestic workers

House keepers, child care, elder care

Long history of being in the workforce

 

Men: truck drivers, security, construction, janitors

Whatever job they know someone in the field who could help them get a job

Political immigrants: professionals

Doctors and nurses

 

 

 

Term
Jamaican Ethnic Enclaves
Definition

Brooklyn, North Bronx, Queens

 

but 17% live in Miami

Term
Rastafari
Definition

Religious movement

Influenced by Christianity and black nationalism

 

Believed Africans are God’s chosen people

 

Worship former Emperor of Ethiopia as Messiah

Black nationalism

 

Ganja (really potent marijuana)

Used it for meditation

 

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