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AMH2020 - Professor Shubitz
1865 til now FSU AMH2020 - Professor Shubitz Test 1 fall 2011
87
History
Undergraduate 1
10/06/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Federal Act of 1913
Definition
Created a new national banking system with twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks. All national banks became members of the new Federal Reserve System. Each member had to subscribe 6 percent of its capital to the federal reserve bank and deposite a portion of tis reserve there.
Term
The Panic of 1907
Definition

Stock Market dropped 50%

Many banks began to declare bankruptcy, spiral effect

Progressive reformers believed that the U.S. banking system was fragile

Term
Nelson Aldrich
Definition
Promoted Protection Tarrifs, Promoted big business, went to Europe to observe the Centrabl bank system that was in use. Helped to create The Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Term
Hepburn Act of 1906
Definition
Gave the Interstate Commerce Commision more legal ground to set max freight rates, immediately made railroads much less profitable, and there was a rapid decrease in railroad stocks which led to the panic of 1907
Term
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
Definition
Required the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the act. First statute to limit Monopolies and Cartels.
Term
William McKinley
Definition

Supporter of Big Business, Wall street Relected in 1900

assasinated by Leon Frank Czolgoz

Term
The Antracite Coal Strike of 1902
Definition

Demanded Recognition of their labor unions, 20% pay increase 8 hour day.

 

Got 

 

10% increase in pay, 9 hour day.

Term
The Settlement House Movement
Definition
Houses built in poor areas, Middle/Upper class volunteers would live in these houses and perform outrach programs to their neighbors.
Term
Jane Adams
Definition
Famous leader of settlement house movement, came from a wealthy background, and her father owned several banks. Also Developed Hull House that educated recently arrived immigrants from europe
Term
Upton Sinclair
Definition
Wrote The Jungle; followed the lives of urban workers to reveal bad conditions in the meat packing industry, book led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Term

Ida Tarbel

 

Definition
Critical of Standard Oil, Wrote History of the Standard oil Company (1904)
Term
Muckrackers
Definition
People who raked up filth to demonstrate poor life. They brought attention to the horrible life of poverty.
Term
Thorstein Veblen
Definition
Studied Sumner, yet rejected his ideas, believed social Darwinism was also wrong. He wrote The Theory of Leisure(1899)
Term
Lester F. Ward
Definition
1st President of American Sociological Organization, fierce opposition towards social Darwinism, wrote the book Dynamic Sociology (1883)
Term
William Graham Sumner
Definition
American Philosopher: founder of modern Sociology, "Survival of the fittest" stated in his book Folkways (1906)
Term
Herbert Spencer
Definition
Father of Social Darwinism, created the saying "survival of the fittest", created a modern liberalism. 
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
Humans compete in a struggle for existence, The weak, dumb, and slow people would die off. As a result, society would benefit and humanity would be better off.
Term
On The Origin of Species (1859)
Definition
Darwin Introduced the idea of Evolution(slight variations within every species)
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
Popularized the idea that organisms change over time, discovered conclusion based on a 2 year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle
Term
Great White Fleet
Definition
Theodore Roosevelts 16 battle ships containing 14,000 men, followed by support vessels to circumnavigate the world to display the power
Term
Roosevelt Corollary
Definition
Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine that said the US asserted the right to use force in Carribean and central Americas to Prevent European Nations from using Military
Term
Theodore Roosevelt
Definition
Influenced by Mahan's book, leader of the rough riders. Became president in 1900 after assasination of McKinley
Term
Alfred T. Mahan
Definition

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History which recommends 

1. The construction of a canal

2. Expand the navy

3. Establish military/trading post in the Pacific

Term
The Spanish American War
Definition

General Valeriano Weyley aka Weyley the "Butcher" put 300k Cubans into work camps and America did not like this. Ontop of that the USS Maine was blown up and America Blamed it on The Spanish. "Remember the Main"

 

Outcome is Spain loses all colonies, US gets Philipines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Cuba becomes a US protectorate

Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
American expanison across continent was inevitable and divinely ordained. Monroe Doctrine : Essentially claimed Americas as a sphere of influence for U.S. and the Europeans should not interfere.
Term
Closing of the Frontier
Definition

Vanishing frontier forced Americans to look outside the borders of the U.S.

 

Term
Fredrick Jackson Turner
Definition
"The Frontier Thesis" stated the significance of the frontier, because it was the source of American Exceptionalism, and individualism forged on the frontier.
Term
American Exceptionalism
Definition
Justification for Imperialism, Idea that U.S. is an extraordinary nation witha  special role to play in human history.
Term
Alexis de Tocqueville
Definition
French philosopher who believed America is exceptional because democratic values are rooted in our culture, and the U.S. lacks traditional class system and entrenched institutions. 
Term
Mugwumps
Definition
Reform wing of the Republican part which supported Democrat Grover Cleveland for president in 1884 over Republican James G. Blaine, whos influence peddling had been revealed in the Mulligan letters of 1876
Term
Bourbon Democrats
Definition

The Democratic party who opposed William jennings Bryan. 

Represented business interests, generally supporting the goals of banking and railroads, laissez-faire capitalism, and opposed bimetallism

Term
Silver Republicans
Definition
Split from the Republican Party over the issue of free silver and bimetallism, the main Republican Party supported the gold Standard
Term
Front Porch Campaign
Definition
Receiving selected delegations of supporters at home and giving only prepared responses, McKinley used this technique during the 1896 campaign
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
Adcovate of the free coinage of silver, Cross of gold speech was given at the 1896 convention that was very powerful, speech expressed need for silver.
Term
The McKinley Tariff
Definition
Raised average import tariff by 48%, farmers did not like this because agricultural equipment was raised in price
Term
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Definition
Increased the silver periodically bought for coinage, Silver Notes backfired and people used silver notes to exchange for gold.
Term

The Panic of 1893

Definition
17% unemployment rate, Overbuilding of the railroads caused railroads and banks to go out of business aswell as The Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Term
James Weaver
Definition
Nominated for the election of 1892 under the populist party, was an abolitionist who was active in the greenback party, active in the farmers alliance. Helped to create the peoples party
Term
The Farmers Alliance
Definition
Ran by Ignatius Donnelly, who was a political activist who published "Atlantis the Antediluvian World"!
Term
Granger Laws
Definition
State's laws which regulated business, many targetd railroads, regulated freight rates, lowerd and set rates, and made sure that rail customers were treated fairly
Term
Wabash vs Illinois 1886
Definition
Supreme court ruled in favor of the railroad, this invalidated the granger law; states did not have rights to impose on interstate commerce
Term
Commerce Clause
Definition
Stated that congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, states, and Indian tribes.
Term
Co-Operatives
Definition

Owned institutions operated for the benefit of the members, Non- Profit. Promoted the establishment of farming credit unions, Co-ops were widely utilzed by many populst organizations

Examples : general Stores, grain elevators, mills, and more!!!

Term
The Grange 1867
Definition
Used to Help farmers, empowered individual farmers through the bonding of other farmers
Term
Reasons for Populist Movement
Definition

Deflation - Decline in Farmers income

Conflicts with Railroads, banks, and big business

Nation changed from Rural to URBAN!!!!!!

Term
Populist Movement:Economic Reforms
Definition

Inflationary policy: Greenbacks and free coinage of silver

Regulation of large industries

Government ownership of railroads

Agricultural co-operatives

The graduated income tax

Term
Populist Movement : Political/Democratic Reforms
Definition

Direct election of senators

The referendum: vote taken by the general public to decide if legislation becomes a law

The initiative: Voters gather signatures on petition so legislature can be presented to the state legislature

Term
Gold Standard Act of 1900
Definition
Put the U.S. onto a gold standard in which gold was the primary for of currency. Gold coins were circulated and were backed up by paper money
Term
Benjamin Butler
Definition

Leader of Greenback Party

Ran for President of the U.S. in 1880's 

Term
The Greenback Party
Definition
Formed in 1876 in reaction to economic depression, the part favored issuance of unsecured paper money to thelp farmers repay debts; the movement for free coinage of silver took the place of the greenback movement of 1880's
Term
Silver Purchase Acts
Definition
Governments went out and bought large amounts of silver, which helps the miners, people hoped the government would coint silver again, resulted in the production of the Morgan Silver Dollar, which ended up failing.
Term
Free Silver Movement
Definition

Made up of 3 important groups

Silver Miners of the west were jobless, mining silver wasnt profitable.

Farmers favored inflation because they made more money from their crops

Debtors favored inflation because deflation put them into debt.

Term
Resumption Act of 1875
Definition
U.S. government would begin redeeming greenbacks for gold, This caused a dcrease in the amount of greenbacks in circulation and caused more deflation; created an average of 1% deflation per year
Term
Coinage Act of 1873
Definition

Demonetization of silver as official money

Led to deflation; a decrease in the amount of money in the economy

Brought an end to the U.S. bimetallism

Term
Deflationary Policies
Definition

Deflation is a decrease in the supply of money in the economy

This causes the price of goods to decrease

Referred to as a general decrease in the price level of goods

Examples : The Coinage act of 1873/ Resumption Act of 1875

Term
Comstock Lode and Silver Coins
Definition
Large deposit of silver found in the Comstock Lode results in a decrease in value of silver and a increase in value of gold
Term
Gold Rush and Gold Coins 1848
Definition
Large deposits of gold are discovered during the california gold rush which decreases the value of gold and raises the value of silver. Double Eagle coins produced in 1849
Term
The Coinage Act of 1792
Definition

Establish the U.S. mint and monetary system based on gold and silver

Allow for free coinage

Created Bimetallism

Term
George Armstrong Custer
Definition

Colonel in the 7th Calvary which was orderd to Lakota area to protect railroad surveyors

In 1874  Custer lead the 7th cavalry in the black hills for gold which triggered the Black Hills gold Rush.

Term
Sitting Bull/ Battle of Little Big Horn
Definition
Sitting bull (one of the greatest chiefs) organzied the Battle of Little Big Horn, which is refered to Custer's last stand, Custer gets FLOPPED LOLZ
Term
The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Definition

Treaty that both the tritbes and US had signed that confirmed the permanent sovereignty West of the Missouri River, Created the Sioux Reservation

Tribes agree to be civilized and adopt European Lifestyle

Term
The Fetterman Massacre
Definition
Indian tribes were able to successfully take out William Fetterman's army
Term
Red Clouds War
Definition

1866-1868 Named after Lakota Chief Red Cloud, one of the most successful cheifs. Resulted in the US sending 1,000 troops in the area to make a fort

Bozeman Trail shut down by Indians

Term
Bozeman Trail
Definition

New trail leading to the gold in Montana that traveled through powder river country which was originally a hunting ground for the native Indians

6,000 tribes organized to fight back for their land

Term

Homestead Act 1862

 

Definition

Distributed lands west of the Mississippi river to farmers and settlers

Authorized congress to grant 160 acres of public land to a western settler, who only had to live on the land for 5 years to establish the title

Term
Fort Laramie
Definition

Established in 1849, location of numerous treaty signings, built to protect emigrants traveling the Oregon Trail.

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) stated that all lands west of the Missouri river belonged to the natives

Term
The Great Plains
Definition

Large span of area in the mid North West

Plains were refered as the Great American Desert because of how dry it was

Very rich ecosystem was covered with native grass that prevented dust storms

 

American Bison was 15 million in 1865, in 1895 it was down to 1,000 due to hunting for food and fur

Term
Likota/Sioux
Definition

Lived in the great lakes region after the Europeans took over the Great Plains

Migrated to the Cheyenne area and learned from the other tribes, later defeated the cheyenne forcing them west

Term
Eugene Debs
Definition

Led the Industrial Workers of the World

Famous leader of the socialist movement

Created his own railroad labor union

Ran for president of the US 5 times as a socialist

Term
The Industrial Workers of the World
Definition

Focused on Organizing unskilled workers, and destroying capitalism

Radicals founded organization in Chicago

Known as WOBBLIES

Term
American Federation of Labor
Definition

Emerged in 1880's

Founding President Samuel Gompers who focused on concrete economic gains - higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions and avoided utopian ideas or politics. Focused on skilled labor, opposite of KOL

Term
August Spies
Definition

Called the meeting of Haymarket in May of 1886

3,000 people attended the rally. Resulted with a fight between workers and police. Spies was arrested

 

Term
Karl Marx
Definition

Communist manifesto

He believed working class should unite to fight exploitation and to overthrow the capitalist system

Term
The Haymarket Riot (1886)
Definition

Riot Started as a rally by workers for an 8 hour day, workers originally worked 10-14 hours 

wanted

8 hours of labor

8 hours of recreation

8 hours of rest

Term
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877(west virginia)
Definition

Railroads went bankrupt in 1873 so they had to cut costs

Strike started after rail company, The Baltimore and Ohio, cut workers pay

Strike spread to Maryland where the governor ordered the National Guard to end the strike.

Outcome

Compensation, and 1st ever pension given

Term
The Knights of Labor 
Definition

Established in 1800's by garmet workers

Comprised of both skilled and unskilled laborers

Demanded an end to child labor, 8 hour day, equal pay for woman, and progressive income tax.

 

Terrance V Powderly was one of the main leaders

Term
Early Labor Movement
Definition

Urbanization - Cities increased in size after the civil war

Immigration - Increased Jobs and expanding markets attracted immigrants

Industrialization - Increased mechanization and mass production meant owners had less need for skilled workers

Term
The Bessemer Process
Definition
Created by Sir Henry Bessamer, new process of steelmaking. Open-Hearth Furnaced used in the process.
Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition

Used the Bessemer Process to create cheaper steel to gain fortune and wealth.

 

Wrote the Book The Gospel of Wealth

Term
Jay Gould
Definition
Head of the Robber Barons, who masted the art of buying rundown railroads and making cosmetic improvements, and selling out at a profit while using corporate funds for personal gainse and political bribes.
Term
Railroads: Standardization 
Definition
Creating a network of railroad tracks that are the same throughout the country. By doing so created an interconnected national market for the country's goods and produce.
Term
John D. Rockefeller
Definition
Standard Oil, Created standard oil by using vertical integration, eliminating the middle man. Dominated the Oil Market like www.getfucked.com
Term
Powering the 2nd Industrial Revolution
Definition

Wood: Industrial growth created a need for wood-framed housing

Coal: the material used to power the new technology

Oil: Used to form energy to power objects

Term
The Panic of 1873
Definition

A contraction of the nation's money supply resulting from the Treasury's post war withdrawal of greenbacks and reckless over expansion of the railroads created the panic.

 

Term
The Long Depression
Definition
Panic of 1873 lead to the most severe depression Americans had yet suffered, lasting 6 years, marked by widespread bankruptcies, chronic unemployment and a drastic slowdown of railroad building.
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