Shared Flashcard Set

Details

American Studies
unit 1 test
106
History
10th Grade
10/10/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is government?
Definition
an institution with the power to make and enforce laws for a group of people
Term
Human nature tendencies
Definition
shared characteristics of human behavior that nearly all people have
Term
political philosophers
Definition
people who think about the ideal form of govt.
Term
main question of political philosophers
Definition
What is the human nature tendency of humanity?
Term
state of nature
Definition
a state of being free from any government control or authority
Term
How have governments originated in society (two theories)
Definition
Thomas Hobbes- divine right of kings
John Locke - social contract
Term
social contract
Definition
idea that people give up their individual sovereignty in return for peace and order provided by the state
Term
legitimacy
Definition
a governments rightful authority over its citizens
Term
natural rights
Definition
rights that a person has for simply being human
Term
Four major functions of govt
Definition
Providing services, Maintaining Order, Promoting Values, Resolving Conflict
Term
Direct Democracy
Definition
a government whose citizens have the power to directly change laws
Term
Republic
Definition
a government whose power comes from the people, and those people elect a leader to serve the public good
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
a govt with a monarch that represents a ceremonial head of state, most of the power of govt lies elsewhere
Term
oligarchy
Definition
a government run by a small group of people
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
a government with one leader who has absolute power
Term
3 types of power distribution in govt.
Definition
unitary, federal, confederal
Term
2 major types of government
Definition
authoritarian- run by a single leader with absolute power
democratic- run by the people
Term
unitary
Definition
power is held in a central govt
Term
federal
Definition
power is distributed between local, state, and national government
Term
confederal
Definition
state governments come together on common goals
Term
4 Philosopher's views on the state of nature
Definition
Hobbes- leads to a society where everyone lives with fear and danger of a violent death, life is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short
Locke- natural rights still existed in a state of nature and were inalienable
Montesquieu- in a state of nature individuals would be so fearful that they would avoid violence and seek to live in a society
Rousseau- savages in a state of nature become free, equal, peaceful,and happy
Term
4 Philosopher's views on where sovereignty is vested
Definition
Hobbes- king was best form of sovereign (more resolute and consistent)
Locke- representative government
Montesquieu- separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers
Rousseau- people would be their own "sovereign", general will would make laws for public good
Term
4 Philosopher's views on the social contract
Definition
Hobbes- sovereign makes and enforces laws to secure a peaceful society in return for absolute power from people
Locke- an agreement between people and sovereign, people had right to revolt against king if power was abused
Montesquieu- no description of social contract, state of war leads to laws and govt.
Rousseau- rights given up to community, not king
Term
4 Philosopher's Views on the structure of government
Definition
Hobbes- absolute monarchy
Locke- representational govt/constitutional monarchy (supreme authority resides in law making legislature)
Montesquieu- republic
Rousseau- direct democracy (religion weakened and divided state, ownership of property caused war)
Term
autocracy
Definition
a government in which a single person holds absolute power (form of monarchy)
Term
totalitarian
Definition
a ruler who seeks complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives (political, religious, social, cultural, even personal activities
Term
depotism
Definition
government with totalitarian ruler
Term
public good
Definition
public interest or well-being of society as a whole
-govt serves public good
Term
autocracy
Definition
a government in which a single person holds absolute power (form of monarchy)
Term
totalitarian
Definition
ruler seeks complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives (political, religious, social, cultural, and personal activities)
Term
depotism
Definition
a govt. with a totalitarian leader
Term
public good
Definition
public interest or well-being of society as a whole
Term
popular sovereignty
Definition
a govt's authority comes from people
Term
protection of individual rights
Definition
a govt's duty to protect its citizens natural rights
Term
limited govt
Definition
a government whose power is limited by a rule of law
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
1215, signed by King John, established a rule of law over England
Term
Effects of Magna Carta
Definition
monarchs could no longer levy taxes without the nobles' approval, gave people right to a fair trial, no double jeopardy
Term
Parliament
Definition
England's law making legislature, gained more power after Magna Carta, lessening the king's power
Term
separation of powers
Definition
3 separate branches in govt. with power to check or restrain powers of other branches
Term
What was America like before Columbus' first landing?
Definition
was a wide expanse of land with many different native tribes, pine forests were dominant
Term
Berengia/Bering Strait
Definition
land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska 12,000 to 4,000 years ago (allowed first natives to come to North America)
Term
Nomads
Definition
people who move from place to place (first Americans)
Term
hunter-gatherers
Definition
lifestyle where women collect food and men hunt (common among nomads)
Term
domestication
Definition
raising animals to provide as food or supply source
Term
Agricultural Revolution
Definition
the use of farming and domestication enabled nomads in America to settle in one place (7,000 years ago)
Term
varied cultures
Definition
different lifestyles in a society that are affected by climate, geography, and resources
Term
land use of Native Americans
Definition
did not believe in ownership of property, used to hunt
Term
What was going on in Europe that caused Columbus and other Europeans to explore?
Definition
Renaissance- brought on age of exploration
-trade routes to India and Asia were too dangerous by land, better sailing technology (caravel)
Term
Age of Exploration
Definition
period during Renaissance in which a desire to explore in order to increase wealth and power spread among European nation-states
Term
Middle Ages
Definition
period of European history during which the Roman Empire collapsed and caused a widespread lawlessness through Europe (500 AD-1500, religion dominated peoples lives)
Term
Feudalism
Definition
system of small, individual governments in Europe that followed fall of Roman Empire when nobles took over
Term
Catholic Church
Definition
leading institution in medieval Europe
Term
Crusades
Definition
Holy Wars between Christians and Muslim turks over Palestine (Holy Land)
-boosted trade between Europe and Middle East
Term
Renaissance
Definition
time of "rebirth" for Europe during which trade with the East brought prosperity, population growth, better education, and new ideas (began in Italy)
Term
effects of renaissance (3)
Definition
fresh interest in ancient knowledge, more interest in a meaningful life on Earth, catholic church questioned (Galileo- sun ctr of universe)
Term
Impact of European colonies on America
Definition
natives- wiped out by disease, others treated brutally and enslaved
Europe- quest for wealth, Columbian Exchange
Term
Nation-state
Definition
a country with a central govt. that is able to rule over a large are with a distinct border and culture
-arose after nobles lost their wealth in crusades and kings were able to unite countries together
Term
Christopher Columbus
Definition
Spanish explorer (originally Italian) who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 in search of a west-ward trade route to india, unknowingly discovered and colonized the Americas
Term
colony
Definition
a settlement whose main purpose is to take advantage of resources in order to maximize profit for sponsoring country
Term
4 Dominant nation-states
Definition
Portugal, Spain, England, France (responsible for majority of countries in America)
Term
Jamestown, Virginia
Definition
1607- first permanent settlement in America
Term
Cape Henry
Definition
settlers originally landed here but were driven out by Chesapeake Indians and relocated to Jamestown
Term
3 Reasons why Jamestown was ideal location
Definition
near river, on a peninsula which enabled easy protection from Indian attacks, easy to see warning of Spanish invasions by sea
Term
Powhatan
Definition
native who ruled the Jamestown area, attacked Jamestown
Term
Indians role in Jamestown
Definition
supplied and created a dependence on corn from colonists
Term
Captain John Smith
Definition
responsible for keeping Jamestown alive, appointed himself leader
Term
Pocahontas
Definition
Powhatan's daughter, saved Cpt. Smith's life, later married John Rolfe which created peace with Indians
Term
gentleman
Definition
man with no manual skill, useful for force of knowledge and council
Term
sponsor of Jamestown colony
Definition
Virginia Company
Term
headrights
Definition
gave colonists each their own block of land to take care of and make profit, free market capitolist system
Term
Who were the Pilgrims and why did they come to America
Definition
British separatists who came to America to gain religious freedom from Church of England
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
German monk who wanted to separate from the Roman Catholic Church, launched Protestant Reformation, opposed indulgences and simony
Term
indulgences
Definition
remissions that the Pope claimed would forgive sins
Term
simony
Definition
the sale and purchase of church positions
Term
Ninety-Five Theses
Definition
Luther's list of complaints against the Catholic Church that he posted on a church door in Wittenburg, Germany
Term
excommunicate
Definition
to kick out the church and condemn to hell
Term
Protestant Reformation
Definition
the movement founded by Martin Luther to form a new religion separate from the Catholic Church
Term
3 Protestant Reforms
Definition
Priesthood of all believers, Justification by faith alone, sola scriptura
Term
3 Catholic traditions
Definition
One must approach god through faith, church, priests, and sacraments, salvation is achieved by faith but not without works, Pope is head of church as well as the Bible and one's consience
Term
Church of England
Definition
replacement of Catholic Church, King was in charge not Pope, King Henry VIII established it to attain a divorce
Term
What are the essential details about the Plymouth Colony?
Definition
established in Cape Cod, 1620, established by British Pilgrims and Puritans who were seeking religious freedom, supposed to settle in Province town, Virginia, but were driven out
Term
The Mayflower Compact
Definition
an agreement signed by the Pilgrims (1620) establishing a form of govt. in the Plymout colony where laws were just and equal, self-govt.
Term
Great Migration
Definition
movement of 20,000 English settlers to New England and Massachusetts Bay Colony
Term
John Winthrop
Definition
Leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony, believed govt. was inseparable from religion, quoted "city upon a hill" "eyes of the world upon us"
Term
Theocracy
Definition
a government ruled by religious authority, Massachusetts Bay Colony was one
Term
Spectral Evidence
Definition
spiritual evidence used in court at witch trials
Term
Puritan Dissenters
Definition
people who disagreed with Puritan beliefs
Term
Roger Williams
Definition
separatist minister who believed in religious tolerance and separation of church and state, established Providence, Rhode Island, believed settlers should buy land from Indians, not take it
Term
Anne Hutchinson
Definition
believed that people did not need a minister's teaching to be spiritual
Term
Salem Witch Trials
Definition
1692- witch hunt hysteria in Salem NH, that was fueled by political disputes between neighbors over land.
Term
Samuel Paris
Definition
pastor during witch hunt, failed merchant from West Indies
Term
boundary dispute in salem between
Definition
Salem Village (Putnams) and Salem Town (Nurse and Corey)
Term
Samuel Sewall
Definition
salem witch judge, only to apologize after for convicting innocent peopel
Term
Tidibah
Definition
Samuel Paris' slave, first to be accused of witch craft
Term
covenant theology
Definition
idea that Puritans were in an agreement with God, obedience=blessing and protection
Term
Predestination
Definition
certain people that have been Predestined to go to Heaven or Hell (the elect- obeyed god and lived pure life)
Term
Forced Conformity
Definition
culture where everybody is pressured in to believing the same form of Christianity
Term
1763
Definition
salutary neglect ends with Proclamation of 1763 (soldiers and tax collectors present in colonies)
Term
1765
Definition
Stamp Act- stamp tax on all legal documents in colony (violent protests- tarred and feathered collectors)
Term
1766
Definition
Stamp Act repealed due to numerous protests and boycotts
Term
1767
Definition
Declaratory Act- England declared power to tax colonists in all cases whatsoever
Townshend Acts- laws passed by Charles Townshend that put tax on lead, paint, paper, glass, and tea imported from Britain
Term
1770
Definition
Boston Massacre
Term
1773
Definition
Tea Act, Boston Tea Party (tea party was radical, display of colonists' rejection of England)
Term
1774
Definition
Intolerable Acts- British closed Boston port, gave royal gov. power over Boston, more rules for quartering soldiers
First Continental Congress- met in Philadelphia and sent list of grievances to Britain, created force of minutemen
Term
1775
Definition
Battle of Lexington- General Thomas Gage ordered by King George III to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, 700 British vs. 70 colonists
2nd Continental congress- chose George Washington to lead Continental Army and made decision to write Declaration of Independence
Term
1776
Definition
influenced by Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by Thomas Jefferson, approved and copied on July 4th, started rebellion
Supporting users have an ad free experience!