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| an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world |
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to investigate and understand the natural world
to explain events in the natural world
to use explanations to make useful predictions |
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| the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way. |
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| information gathered from observation |
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| a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience |
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| a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations |
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| expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring |
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| descriptive and involve characteristics that can't usually be counted |
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| that life could arise from nonliving matter |
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| when only one variable is changed at a time, and all others are unchanged or controlled |
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| the variable that is deliberately changed |
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| the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
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| testing spontanious generation by preventing flies from coming into contact with meat |
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| scientist publish experiments so other scientist may repeat the experiment if wanting to. recorded in the metric system |
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| Discovered animalcules by examining pond water |
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| testing Redi's experiment but used a sealed, and an open flask |
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boiling the flask, filled with broth, with a curved neck.
flask remains without microorganisms.
neck removed, microorganisms appear |
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| Published On the Structure of the Human Body, the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy |
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| first scholar to describe the circulation of blood |
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| applies to a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
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living things are made up of small, self contained units.
a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its surroundings |
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| two cells from different parents unite to reproduce the first cell of the new organism |
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| the new organism has a single parent |
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| the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials |
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| a signal to which an organism responds |
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| when organisms keep internal conditions consistent |
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| a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10 |
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| produces magnified images by focusing visible light rays. |
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| produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons |
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| Compound light microscope |
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| allows light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image |
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| when a single cell develops to a group of cells |
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| separating different parts of cells |
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| smallest basic unit of matter |
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protons+
neutrons
electrons- |
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| built up of protons and neutrons, forms the center of the atom |
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| the negatively charged particle of an atom |
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| atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
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| a substance formed by chemical combinations of two or more elements |
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| ionic bonds and covalent bonds |
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| formed when one or more electrons are transfered from one atom to another |
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| forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
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| the smallest unit of most compounds |
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| when a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
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| an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
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| an attraction between molecules of different substances |
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| a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
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| substance being dissolved |
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| substance in which the solute dissolves |
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| indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution |
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| any compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
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| contain higher concentration of H+ ions that pure water and have pH values below 7 |
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| basic, or alkaline solutions |
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| contain lower concentrations of H+ ions that pure water and have a pH value above 7 |
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| a compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution |
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| weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
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| the concentration of H+ ions determines the pH levels |
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| smaller units joined together |
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| compounds made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms |
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| large macromolecules formed fro monosaccharides |
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| made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. generally not soluble in water |
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| polymers assembled from individual monomers knows as nucleotides. macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and phosphorus. *store and transmit genetic information* |
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| a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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| contains the sugar ribose |
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| contains the sugar deoxyribose |
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| macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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| compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end |
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| a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
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| element or compound that enter into a chemical reaction |
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| elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
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| chemical reactions always... |
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| involves the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products |
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| chemical reactions release |
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| energy spontaneously usually in the form of light or heat |
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| chemical reactions absorb |
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| energy, but not without a source of energy |
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| energy that is need to get a reaction started |
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| a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction's activation energy |
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| proteins that act as biological catalyst. speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells |
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| reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
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| uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
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| 4 groups of organic compounds in living things |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
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| main source of energy for living things |
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| the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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| contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exist |
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| individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
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| a group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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| group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area |
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| assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area |
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| a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment |
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| group of ecosystems that have the same climate ans similar dominant communities |
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| observing, experimenting, and modeling |
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| what is the main source of energy on Earth? |
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| some types of organisms depend on what type of energy? |
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| only plants, some algae and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food |
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| make their own food, categorized as autotrophs |
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| the process of capturing solar energy |
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| when an organism uses chemical energy to produce carbs. |
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| organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food; consumers |
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| organisms that feed on plant and animal remains |
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| break down organic matter |
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| in a one-way line through the producers to the conumers |
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| a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten |
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| links all food chains in an ecosystem together |
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| each step in a food chain or food web |
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| a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy contained within each trophic level |
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| how much energy is passed to the next trophic level? |
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| biomass. what is a biomass pyramid? |
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| the total amount of living tissue within a trophic level. a pyramid that shows each tropic level and its biomass |
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| is based on the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level |
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| how does matter flow within and between ecosystems? |
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| elements, and chemical compounds are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
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| the process of water changing into a gas form |
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| evaporation off of the leaves of plants |
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| chemical substance that organisms need ti sustain life |
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| photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition take up and release carbon and oxygen |
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| bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen into ammonia (nitrogen fixation) which is then taken up by plants, plants then are eaten by consumers. when they die the ammonia returns to the soil |
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| bacteria convert nitrate into nitrogen gas |
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| forms part of important life-sustaining molecules such as DNA and RNA |
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| rate at which organic matter is created by producers |
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| when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly |
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| when an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers |
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| day to day condition in a particular place |
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| year to year condition in a particular place |
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| carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor |
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| heat is retained by this layer of gasses in the atmosphere |
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| polar, temperate,and tropic zone |
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| nonliving factors in an ecosystem |
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| living factors in an ecosystem |
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| one member benefits, other is neither harmed nor helped |
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| one party benefits, other is harmed |
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