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AFL- Ch. 8
Financial Statement Analysis
31
Accounting
Graduate
12/03/2012

Additional Accounting Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ratio Analysis
Definition
A series of conventions used to analyze the financial condition and performance of an entity
Term
Operating Cycle
Definition
The average period of time over which an entity’s cash is converted into inventory, the inventory to AR, and the AR into cash again
Term
How can you assess the short-term health of a business?
Definition
By their ability to pay its debts as they come due.
Term
(Net) Working Capital
Definition

Current assets minus current liabilities.

 

Note:

Too little WC and it threatens an entity’s ability to pay its debts as they come due

Too much WC can mean that resources are not being deployed in optimal ways

 

Term
Current Ratio
Definition

The ratio of current assets (all those that are expected to be realized in cash within the operating cycle- usually one year) to current liabilities


Note: Generally, a good current ratio is 2

Term
Quick Ratio
Definition

The ratio of current assets that are expected to be converted into cash in a period shorter than a year (say, 6 months) to current liabilities


Note: a minimum quick ratio of 1 is desirable; higher ratios are generally better

Term

What is Inventory Turnover Ratio?

How is it calculated?

Definition

A ratio showing how many times a company's inventory is sold an replace over a period.

 

(Current year’s) COGS divided by average inventory over that year (add beginning inventory to ending inventory and divide by 2)


 

CY COGS / ([BI + EI] / 2)


 

Note: An inventory turnover ratio of 4.25 is good (at least for BIC Co.)

 

Term

What is Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio?

How is it calculated?

Definition

The speed by which accounts receivable are collected.

 

Credit sales ($) divided by ([beginning AR + ending AR] / 2)

An AR turnover ratio of 8.27 was relatively liquid for BIC Co. BUT whether or not an AR ratio is good depends on how quickly payments are due

 

Term

What is a Debt-To-Equity Ratio?

How is it calculated?

Definition

Measures an entity's borrowing capacity (basically the level of comfort a lender can have in the entity's ability to repay indebtedness)


Generally, the ratio between the entity’s total debt (short-term and long-term) divided by amount of owner’s equity (p. 181-2)

 

Term
Profit Margin
Definition

The relationship between operating income and sales -- (operating income divided by net sales)

 

Note:Positive trends in profit margin is good, but isn’t necessarily the result of greater efficiency (could be random good market conditions etc.)

 

 

Term
Gross Profit Margin
Definition
Gross profit on saled divided by net sales
Term
Gross Profit
Definition
Revenue minus COGS
Term
Variation Analysis
Definition
Analysis that examines financial data trends from period-to-period, especially the level of expenses in the income statement
Term
Common Size Ratios
Definition
Comparing businesses of different sizes using percentages of sales.
Term
How do you calculate the Preferred Dividend Coverage Ratio where no debt ranks higher than the preferred stock?
Definition

Earnings divided by the # of preferred shares outstanding

 

Term
How do you calculate the Preferred Dividend Coverage Ratio where senior debt exists?
Definition
[Earnings minus the interest obligations on the senior debt] divided by the # of preferred shares outstanding
Term
Earnings Per Share
Definition

Total earnings during a period (after giving effect to interest and taxes) divided by the average # of equity shares outstanding during that period.

 

Term
What is the Price Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio)? How is it calculated?
Definition

Compares the market price per share of common stock w/ the earnings per share.

 

Market price of common stock divided by the entity's earnings per share.

 

Note: Generally the higher the PE Ratio, the more optimitic investor's are about an entity's prospects

 

Term
Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Definition
The required narrative discussion and analysis that accompanies financial statements of public companies.
Term
What five things must a Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) address?
Definition
(1) liquidity, (2) capital resources, (3) results of operations, (4) "particularly critical" accounting policies, and (5) info relating to trends and uncertainty about aspects of business.
Term
Segment Reporting
Definition

 

The financial statements of a complex business need to reveal how various component parts of the entity are performing and how capital is being allocated among them.


Note: GAAP doesn’t require segment cash flow data.

 

 

Term

What does EBITDA stand for?

Why is it important?

Definition

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization

Important if you are thinking about buying a company because interest and taxes that the company is currently paying won’t be the same after purchase.

 

Term

What is Return on Equity?

How is it calculated?

Definition

The amount a business earned on capital owned by its shareholders (owner’s equity)


Net income (current year) divided by Equity (end of prior year)


Note: This is a very good performance measure
--22.5% is respectable--

 

Term

What is Return on Investment (ROI)?

How is it calculated?

Definition

The amount a business earned on both the equity held by its shareholders and the capital supplied by lenders on a long-term basis.


Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) divided by total capital

 

Term

What is Return on Assets?

How is it calculated?

Definition

The amount a business earned on all of its resources- not only owners’ equity and long term borrowing but short term resources generated by effective management of working capital


Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) divided by total assets (which, as we know, is L + OE)

Term

What is the Interest Coverage Ratio (or Times Interest Earned Ratio)?

How is it calculated?

Definition

  A measure of a company's ability to honor its debt payments by expressesing the # of times interest obligations are covered by earnings.


EBIT divided by interest expense


 

Term
Solvency
Definition
The degree to which the current assets of an entity exceed the current liabilities of that entity.
Term
Earnings per share depends on which shares are included in calculating average shares oustanding. In the Diluted Earnings Per Share method, which shares are included?
Definition
All shares outstanding at the time AND  all stock options, warrants, convertibles, and other potential sources of dilution that are currently exercisable.
Term
Earnings per share depends on which shares are included in calculating average shares oustanding. In the Basic Earnings Per Share method, which shares are included?
Definition
The number of shares outstanding at the time.
Term
How do you calculate the "average number of shares outstanding" during a period?
Definition

I don't know how to write this in the abstract, but here's an example:

 

On Jan. 1, BIC has 10,000 outstanding shares. They repurchase 2,000 of them on April 1:

 

(10,000 X [3/12]) + (8,000 X [9/12]

=

8,500

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