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Advanced High School Biochemistry
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Buffers, Proteins, Nucleotides, DNA, RNA
48
Biology
9th Grade
01/07/2010

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Term
Polymer
Definition
A chain of similar units, linked together
Term
Anabolic Reaction
Definition
Reaction that builds macromolecules and removes H2O, energy is required
Term
Catabolic Reaction
Definition
Reaction that breaks down macromolecules and adds H20, this releases energy
Term
Buffer
Definition
A substance that denotes H+ ions to neutralize a basic solution, yet act as a base to neutralize an acidic solution
Term
Physical Properties
Definition
do not change the structure of an atom, and are generally reversible
Term
Chemical Properties
Definition

Chemical Properties are generally irreversible and change the original substance into a new substance

 

 

Ex. Cooking an egg

Term
Proton
Definition
positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus
Term
Neutron
Definition
Neutrally charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus
Term
Electrons
Definition
Negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus because of the attraction to the positively charged nucleus
Term
Quantum Mechanics
Definition
The process of changing energy levels in an attempt to create stabler atoms
Term
[image]
Definition

The H is the atomic symbol, denoting Hydrogen

The 1 in the corner is the atomic number, telling the number of protons

The 1.01 is the atomic mass, and can change between atoms

Term
The Bohr Model
Definition
This shows the electrons orbiting the nucleus in a solar systematic way
Term
Isotopes
Definition
An atom with more or less neutrons than protons, some are radioactive, meaning they decay until they reach a stable state
Term

Half Life

 

Definition
The constant rate at which a radioactive isotope decays, the time it takes for half of the isotope to be left over
Term
Ions
Definition
Atoms with an unequal number of electrons than protons, this gives the atom a positive or negative charge
Term
Periodicity
Definition
The repetition of chemical properties at regular intervals
Term
Molecule Formation
Definition

Molecules form in one of three ways

  1. The tendency of electrons to occur in pairs
  2. Tendency of ions to arrange so that they balance positive and negative charges
  3. Tendency to follow the octet rule

Term
Chemical Bonding
Definition
The tendency of atoms to combine with two or more atoms with the hopes of becoming stable
Term
Ways Chemical Bonding Can Occur
Definition

In the hopes of completing the octet rule

  1. Gain electrons from other atoms
  2. Lose electrons to other atoms

 

Term

Ionic Bonding

 

Definition

The attraction between oppositely charged ions

 

Ex. Sodium Chloride

Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
Covalent Bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
These are formed between two Hydrogens, or with an atom that needs one or two electrons such as Oxygen. These bonds are typically weak, but numerous
Term
Organic Molecules
Definition
Building blocks of tissues
Term
Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System
Definition

H2O+ CO2 <----> H2CO3<----> HCO3-+ H+

 

  • A Low pH is too acidic, bicarbonate acid acts as a base to neutralize acid
  • High pH is too basic, H2CO3 acts as an acid to release H+ ions, neutralizing the base

Term
Anabolic Reactions
Definition

Macromolecules are formed using anabolic reactions, which require energy and remove water, so dehydration reactions are another term

Term
Catabolic Reactions
Definition

 Macromolecules are broken down using catabolic reactions, which release energy and add water, so these are hydrolysis reactions

Term
Carbohydrates
Definition

  compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ration of 1:2:1

o     Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy

Term
Monosaccharides 
Definition
single sugar molecules, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose
Term
Disaccharides
Definition

·      double sugars, and transport sugars

Ø    Specific enzymes are needed to break them apart

Ø    Glucose + Glucose = maltose

Ø    Glucose + Fructose = sucrose (Cane Sugar)

Ø    Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Term
Polysaccharides
Definition

multiple sugars used to store energy short term, and are insoluble because of coiling

 

Term
Starches
Definition
Glucose polysaccharides that contain long unbranched chains of glucose, Ex. Amylose
Term
Pectins
Definition
glucose polysaccharides that are branched, in a net structure, Ex. Amylopectin
Term
Lipids 
Definition

Lipids are used for the long term storage of energy and are insoluble in water

Can be fats, phospholipids, steroids, or prostaglandins

 

Term
Fats 
Definition
storage molecule of glucose (long term), and have more C-H bonds than carbohydrates, hydrophobic. Fats are soluble in oils
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
Fatty acid that contains a glycerol, which undergoes three dehydration reactions with a carboxyl group
Term
Saturated Fats
Definition
Fats that contain the maximum number of C-H bonds
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
contain one C=C bond
Term
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
contain more than one C=C bond
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
a major constitute of cell membranes, with a polar tail, seperating water and oil
Term
Steroids
Definition
Steroids have a four carbon ring structure, and are found in cholesterol and hormones
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
Prostaglandins have a modified fatty acid structure, with a 5 carbon structure and two nonpolar tails
Term
Proteins
Definition
very common biomolecule made of long chains of amino acid subnits
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, and the chemicals upon which the enzyme acts in the reaction is called the substrate, meeting at the Active Sight
Term
Protein Structure
Definition

o      Primary- 1- Sequence of amino acids

o      Secondary 2- Localized three-dimensional shape (helix, pleated sheet, etc)

o      Teritary 3- Shape of entire polypeptide

Quaternary- 4- Interactions between more than one polypeptide chain

Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition

   macromolecules containing Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphouros, and are assembled from monomers known as nucleotides

Term
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
Definition
Blueprint for protein make up, replicates itself exactly and is made up of deoxyribose, and either Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Term
RNA- Ribonucleic Acid
Definition
Used to read DNA code and make proteins within cells, and is made of Ribose and either Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Uracil
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