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Adolescent Psychology
Self & Identity, Culture, Gender, Sexuality
83
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/18/2012

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Term
Possible Selves (or multiple selves)
Definition
An important aspect of the ideal or imagined self, what individuals might become/what they would like to become/what they are afraid of becoming
Term
How does the 'ideal self' and 'real self' influence psychological adjustment of adolescents?
Definition
An adolescent may experience adjustment problems if the difference is too great
Term
False Self
Definition
personas or exagerations
-ideal self
-"false-self"
-social comparison
-self-consciousness
Term
Social Comparisons
Definition
SES, education, popularity, etc. Can influence the emergence of self-consciousness.
Term
"Big-five" factors of personality
Definition
OCEAN = openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Term
Openness
Definition
"Big-Five"
O = Openness (to new experiences. Variety vs. routine.)
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
"Big-Five"
C = conscientiousness (organization, discipline. Careful vs. careless)
Term
Extraversion
Definition
"Big-Five"
E = extraversion (vs. intraversion)
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
"Big-Five"
A = agreableness (feeling for others/compassionate/empathetic or guarded)
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
"Big-Five"
N = neuroticism (emotional stability. anxious or calm? secure of insecure?)
Term
Personality Development
Definition
inherited genetic pre-dispositions
Term
stable aspects of personality
Definition
aggression, dependence, sociability, shyness
Term
unstable (changing) aspects of personality
Definition
maturity, self-control, confidence
Term
According to Mischel, how is personality influenced by situational factors?
Definition
He suggested the five factor method is limited. Instead, personality varies according to environmental influences or the situation. BOTH traits AND situations must be considered.
Term
Thomas and Chess
Definition
first major, large-scale, longitudinal study of temperament -- easy, difficult, and slot-to-warm-up children
Term
Rothbart and Bates
Definition
Positive Affect and Approach (extraversion), Negative Affectivity (irritability, emotional stability, neuroticism), Effortful Control (self-regulation, soping, self-soothing strategies, delay of gratification)
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
Global evaluative dimension of the self; self worth; good or bad person / positive or negative
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
Domain specific evaluations of the self (appearance, academic, athletic, etc.)
Term
Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents
Definition
(Harter) areas that contribute to adolescent self-esteem
-competence
-social acceptance
-physical appearance
-behavioral conduct
-close friendship
-romantic appeal
Term
Change in Self-Esteem
Definition
1) Decline in self-esteem in adolescence, especially famales, linked to negative body images, 2) Decrease in self-esteem during and after life-transitions, 3) Fluctuation in self-esteem over the life span
Term
Erikson's beliefs on Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Definition
Youth who cope with conflicting roles form a new sense of identity; adolescents who do not resolve crisis may withdraw into isolation
Term
Psychosocial Moratorium
Definition
(Erikson) gap between dependence and autonomy; role esperimentation
Term
Crisis
Definition
perioed in which adolescents choose among meaningul alternatives
Term
Commitment
Definition
personal investment in what an individual is going to do
Term
For Statuses of Identity
Definition
(James Marcia) Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement
Term
Identity Diffusion
Definition
Haven't explored the alternatives or made a commitment
Term
Identity Foreclosure
Definition
Haven't explored the alternatives, but have made a commitment (parent influence)
Term
Identity Moratorium
Definition
Have explored the alternatives but have not made a commitment
Term
Identity Achievement
Definition
Have explored the alternatives and made a commitment
Term
Narrative Identity
Definition
stories we construct to define who we are, how we live
Term
Meaningful Identity
Definition
turning points in relationships, autonomy, life events (break-ups, graduations, etc.)
Term
Family Influences on Identity
Definition
Individuality vs. Connectedness. Low connectedness with parents may result in some sort of identity confusion.Enabling vs. Constraining.
Term
Individuality
Definition
self assertion: ability to have and communicate a point of view. Separateness: communicating how one is different from others (adolescents need their own identity).
Term
Connectedness
Definition
Sensitivity, respect for, and openness to other people's views (perspective taking).
Term
Bicultural Identity
Definition
Adolescents identity in their ethnic group, and majority culture. European-American, Asian-American, African-American.
Term
What did Erikson believe about the role of identity in the stage of intimacy versus isolation?
Definition
Sense of self, identity achievement, supports intimacy. If crisis is not resolved, individual may isolate themselves.
Term
What are the central characteristics of emotional competence in adolescence?
Definition
Perceiving emotions in others; regulating negative emotions; etc.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Tendency to favor one's cultural group over other cultural groups; people perceive their own cultural customs as universal, good for everyone.
Term
Ethnicity and Culture
Definition
Cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion and language.
Term
Culture
Definition
Ideals, values, assumptions passed from generation to generation.1
Term
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Definition
Grouping people by occupational, educational, or economic characteristics.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
individuals relinquish their cultural identity, integrity: integrate into mainstream society
Term
Acculturation
Definition
becoming member of majority culture, maintaining distinct cultural identity (gradual process of immersion)
Term
Alternation
Definition
individuals adopt/alternate their behavior to fit a particular social context (ie- "code-switching" for example between home and school/work)
Term
Multicultural Model of Cultural Adaptation
Definition
(1) All groups can maintain and/or develop their cultural identity (2) Work to develop other-group acceptance and tolerance (3) engage in intergroup contact and sharing (4) learn each other's language
Term
Parenting style of low SES parents
Definition
authoritarian; concerned that their children will conform to society's expectations; physical punishment
Term
Parenting style of middle SES parents
Definition
concerned with children developing initiative/delay of gratification; egalitarian approach: discussion, conversational, less directive
Term
Children from low SES parents
Definition
at risk for depression, low self-confidence, peer conflict, delinquency
Term
Feminization of Poverty
Definition
More women than men are living in poverty (30% of single mothers); incomes inequality, divorce, lax child support enforcement
Term
What types of stressors are recent immigrants to the U.S. likely to experience?
Definition
language barrier, dislocation, loss of support networks, SES
Term
What is the "double disadvantage" for many ethnic minority adolescents?
Definition
prejudice, discrimination, and stress of living in poverty
Term
Acculturation
Definition
Can create conflict between immigrant parents and adolescents; may lead to depression, conduct problems, substance use
Term
Characteristics of prejudice in adolescence
Definition
differential treatment based on ethnicity, sex, age, religion; bias in classroom: not adapted to learning styles of ethnic minority students
Term
Psychological effects of living in poverty
Definition
Powerlessness, reduced autonomy, vulnerability; Limited educational and vocational opportunities
Term
Environmental inequalities for adolescents living in poverty
Definition
Less social support, authoritarian parenting, low monitoring; Inferior schools and child-care, less access to books and computers; Pollution (lead, mercury), overcrowding, dangerous neighborhoods
Term
Media habits of young vs. older adolescents
Definition
Young (10-13): disclose personal information onsline.
Older (18-24): discuss sex, females implicitly, males explicitly
Term
Social Role Theory
Definition
(Alice Eagly) Gender differences result from contrasting roles of females and males; Social hierarchy-- in most cultures females have less power/status
Term
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender
Definition
Based on Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Gender development is influenced by observation/imitation; rewards and punishments.
Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender
Definition
Gender-typing occurs after children think of themselves as boys and girls; Kohlberg believed gender development depends on cognitive development.
Term
Gender Constancey
Definition
(6-7 years) Understanding that sex is constant despite changes in appearance
Term
What are the major physical differences (in brain structure) of males and females?
Definition
(1) portions of the corpus callosum tend to be larger in females than males (2) area of the parietal lobe associated with visuospatial skills larger in males (3) brain areas involved in emotional expression more active in women (4) area of the hypothalamus associated with sexuality is larges in heterosexual males
Term
What are the major cognitive similarities between males and females?
Definition
Considerable overlap in distribution of scores for math/visiospatial tasks
Term
Janet Hyde
Definition
Gender Controversy: Females and Males similar on most psychological factors; differences are exaggerated; motor skills/sexuality/aggression are the main differences for her
Term
David Buss
Definition
Gender Controversy: Gender differences caused by adaptive problems over evolutionary history
Term
Psychological characteristics of androgynous individuals`
Definition
Mores flexible, mentally healthy; linked to well-being and lower levels of stress; higher expectations for controlling outcomes of academic efforts
Term
Gender-Role Transcendence
Definition
parents raise competent children rather than masculine/feminine roles
Term
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Definition
(Lynch) Differences between boys and girls become greater in early adolescence; increased socialization pressure to conform to traditional gender roles; family/culture = strong influence on effect of gender intensification
Term
How does Carol Gilligan describe adolescent females' "different voice?"
Definition
Adolescent girls may begin to "silence" their internal voice; less confident
Term
Important changes in sexual attitudes and behavior
Definition
Adolescents are waiting until they are older to have sexual intercourse; engaging in oral sex before having intercourse; proportion of youth reporting sexual intercourse has increased dramatically
Term
Sexual attitudes and experiences: males
Definition
7 in 10 boys are virgins at age 15; expected to initiate sexual activity, peer pressure to have intercourse
Term
Sexual attitudes and experiences: females
Definition
8 in 10 girls are virgins at age 15; link intercourse with love; rationalize sexual behavior by passionate feelings; expected to set limits to male's sexual advances
Term
Main reasons adolescents give for having sex
Definition
(1) pressure from boy/girl: 61% girls, 23% boys (2) want to be loved: 45% girls, 28% boys (3) don't want to be teased about being virgin: 43% girls, 38% boys
Term
Double-Standard for Sexual Activity
Definition
Restricts girls from experiencing/talking about sexuality; boys have free rein. Girls depicted as object of desire, but not as having desires of their own.
Term
Risk factors for sexual problems
Definition
ineffective use of contraceptives, unwanted pregnancy, STDs, use of alcohol/drugs/lower achievement in school; low SES, family/parenting styles, parental monitoring, siblings, and peer influences
Term
major factors associated with sexual minority behavior
Definition
BIOLOGICAL: Critical prenatal period; brain structure (hypothalamus) BEHAVIORAL: If ones twin identifies (2/3 identical, 1/3 fraternal
Term
Self-Stimulation (Masturbation)
Definition
Most frequent sexual outlet for many adolescents. Decreased stigma (15%) buts still associated with embarrassment. Almost twice as many males (81%) report masturbating than females (45%)
Term
Adolescent Contraceptive Use
Definition
Increasing numbers of adolescents use contraceptives, large number do not. Personal concern about AIDS/partner's appreciation of condom use. Adolescents in Canada, the UK, France, and Sweden used contraceptives effectively
Term
Risk factors related to unsuccessful contraceptive use by adolescents
Definition
Low SES family background/age/relationship status; Not being in steady, committed dating relationship; Concerns about embarrassment, reduced sensation
Term
Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in the U.S.
Definition
(1) Childbearing not always seen as strictly an adult activity (2) unclear messages about sexual behavior (3) access to family planning services (4) STD education (5) school/community health classes
Term
Most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Definition
GENITAL WARTS: caused by the Human Papiloma Virus; highly contagious; most common STI. GONNORRHEA: Bacterial infection that thrives in moist mucous membranes, a.k.a. the "clap". SYPHILIS: Bacterial infection caused by spirochete, treatable with penicillin
Term
Recent Research on HIV/AIDS
Definition
Higher percentage of adolescent AIDS cases acquired heterosexually; high percentage of adolescents are asymptomatic (symptomatic as adults); high percentage of African American and Latino cases occur in adolescents
Term
Quid Pro Quo
Definition
unwanted sexual activity between persons of lower and higher status
Term
Hostile Environment
Definition
Severe, persistent, pervasive unwanted sexual attention or behavior; Limits a person's ability to work or pursue studies
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