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Adolescent Development
Test #2
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/04/2013

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Term
Culture
Definition
The total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, technology, etc. A group's common way of life, passed on from one generation to another
Term
Cultural Beliefs
Definition
The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived.
Term
Gender Roles
Definition
Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men
Term
Socialization
Definition
The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Use of rewards and punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of a response occurring again
Term
Identification
Definition
The process by which a young child adopts the characteristics beliefs, attitudes and values of the same sex parent
Term
Modelling
Definition
A person learns new skills/responses by observing, and then imitating, the behavior of a model.

Behaviors may be desirable or undesirable.
Term
Self-Regulation
Definition
Capacity for exercising self-control over one's impulses and complying with social norms (development of conscience)
Term
Role Preparation
Definition
Preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parent hood.
Term
Sources of Meaning
Definition
Identify what is important, what is valued and what is lived for
Term
Individualism
Definition
Giving priority to independence and self-expression (Western cultures)
Term
Independent Self
Definition
Emphasis on individual freedoms and achievements
Term
Broad Socialization
Definition
Allowing/encouraging a wide range of individual differences in people
Term
Collectivism
Definition
Giving priority to placing higher value on obedience and conformity (non-Western cultures)
Term
Interdependent Self
Definition
Emphasis on cooperation, mutual support, maintaining social relations, and contributing to the group (non-Western cultures)
Term
Narrow Socialization
Definition
Preferring a restricted range of individual differences (non-Western cultures)
Term
Custom Complex
Definition
A normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice
Term
Globalization
Definition
Tendency for movement toward an integrated, homogeneous global culture with less distinctions
Term
Multicultural Society
Definition
A country with a majority culture but also with a variety of minority cultures
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that your own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others
Term
Acculturation/Assimilation
Definition
Identification with the dominant culture, weak feelings of ethnicity
Term
Moral Development
Definition
Developing a sense of right and wrong and the rules by which we make judgments and decisions, most scholars see this as rooted in universal cognitive processes
Term
Kohlberg (Lawrence)
Definition
Morality based on JUSTIC ORIENTATION that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality and fairness.

Male dominated oriented system
Term
Gilligan (Carol)
Definition
Morality based on a CARE ORIENTATION that involves focusing on relationships with others as the bass of moral reasoning.

Female dominated oriented system.
Term
Piaget (Jean)
Heteronomous Morality
Definition
(About 4-7 yrs old) Moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them
Term
Piaget (Jean)
Autonomous Morality
Definition
(About 10-12 yrs old) A growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be.
Term
Gender Identity/Sex
Definition
Biological status of being male or female, this awareness is usually acquired by age three.
Term
Gender
Definition
The social categories of male and female, established according to cultural beliefs and practices
Term
Gender Role
Definition
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits a culture considers appropriate for males and females
Term
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Definition
Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles
Term
Differential Gender Socialization (AKA Gender Typing)
Definition
Socializing process: involving parents, peers, community, media, etc. by which children learn the gender role
Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender (Lawrence Kohlberg)
Definition
Asserting that gender is fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world and that children develop through a predictable series of steps in their understanding of gender.
Term
Self-Socialization
Definition
The way that children seek to maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior
Term
Gender Schema Theory
Definition
Gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world
Term
Expressive Traits
Definition
Personality characteristics such as gentile and yielding more often ascribed to females, emphasizing emotions and relationships
Term
Instrumental Traits
Definition
Personality characteristics such as self-reliant and forceful more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment
Term
Androgynous Personality
Definition
The term for the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person
Term
Women's Movement
Definition
Organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women
Term
Machismo
Definition
Ideology of manhood, common in Latino cultures, which emphasizes males’ dominance over females
Term
Perceptual Set
Definition
The tendency to respond to a stimulus in a certain preconceived way (schema set about gender roles)
Term
Stereotype
Definition
A belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group (heavy, blond, Italian, poor, etc.)
Term
Kernal of Truth
Definition
A bit of information that a prejudiced person has to justify their belief
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
Regarding the selection and storage of new information
Term
Selective Recall
Definition
Regarding the retrieval of stored information
Term
Fading effect
Definition
Regarding a stereotype, the gradual change created by the introduction of new, more realistic information
Term
Bell Curve (AKA Normal Distribution)
Definition
The bell shaped curve that represents many human characteristics, with most people around the average and gradually decreasing proportion toward the extremes
Term
Social Roles Theory
Definition
Social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different abilities, so that males and females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behavior
Term
Independent Self
Definition
Promoted by individualistic cultures (Western point of view)
Term
Interdependent Self
Definition
Promoted by collectivistic cultures (Eastern point of view)
Term
Actual Self / Self-Definition
Definition
Knowledge of the self as it is (facts such as gender, physical features, interests, memberships, etc.)
Term
Possible Self
Definition
A person’s conceptions of the self as it potentially may be
Term
Ideal Self
Definition
The person the adolescent would like to be i.e., popular, successful, etc. (A social creation)
Term
Feared Self
Definition
The person the adolescent imagines it is possible to be but dreads becoming, i.e., outcast, overweight, etc.
Term
True Self (Carl Rogers)
Definition
Authentic self, true to one’s feelings, wishes, desires, etc., based on free will/choice
Term
False Self / Alter Self
Definition
The self a person may present to the world while realizing that it does not represent what he/she is actually thinking and feeling… develops by adopting a lifestyle of conformity and ingratiation
Term
Unconditional Positive Regard (Carl Rogers)
Definition
Communication that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior
Term
Conditional Positive Regard (Carl Rogers)
Definition
Love and acceptance are given only when the child behaves as the parent wants
Term
Self-Esteem/Self-Image/Self-Concept
Definition
Evaluations and judgments regarding the information in the actual self / self definition
Term
Baseline Self-Esteem
Definition
A person’s stable, enduring sense of worth and well-being
Term
Barometric Self-Esteem
Definition
The fluctuating sense of worth and well-being people have in response to experiences and interactions in the course of a day
Term
Body Image
Definition
Description and evaluations from one’s appearance
Term
Identity
Definition
An individual’s perceptions of their traits and abilities, their beliefs and values, their relations with others, and how their life fits into the world around them
Term
Identity versus Identity Confusion (Erik Erikson)
Definition
A term for the typical issue /developmental task of adolescence either forming a clear and definite sense of self or the alternative of failing to form a stable, secure identity
Term
Identity Diffusion (James Marcia)
Definition
A status of no exploration with no commitment
Term
Identity Moratorium (James Marcia)
Definition
A status that involves exploration but no commitment
Term
Identity Foreclosure (James Marcia)
Definition
A status of having not explored a range of possibilities but nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices
Term
Identity Achievement (James Marcia)
Definition
Status of exploration and commitment to personal, occupation and ideological choices
Term
Social Identity
Definition
The part of a person’s identity that is based on his/her ethnicity, race, religion, political group, or other social affiliation
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture
Term
Separation
Definition
Associating only with members of one’s own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture
Term
Biculturalism
Definition
Developing a dual identity, one based on the ethnic group and one based on the majority culture
Term
Marginality
Definition
Rejecting one’s ethnic culture but feeling rejected by the majority culture
Term
Intimacy versus Isolation (Erik Erikson)
Definition
The issue/developmental task of young adulthood with the alternatives of committing to have intimate relationship with another person or becoming isolated as a consequence of an inability to form such a relationship
Term
Social Loneliness
Definition
When people feel they lack a sufficient number of social contacts and relationships
Term
Emotional Loneliness
Definition
When people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy
Term
Self-Efficacy
Definition
The belief in one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
The belief that one’s effort can make no difference to the outcome of events
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