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ADHD
ADHD: Midterm
27
Psychology
Graduate
10/12/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Types of Attention 
Definition
  • Sustained: focus on something for a period of time
  • Selective: focus on what you want to focus on
  • Adaptive: realize when it is best to use one strategy over another adaptively
Term
Development of sustained attention
Definition

·         Increases sharply between 2 and 3.5 years, may be due to a variety of changes at this age: 

  •  Frontal lobe growth: more inhibition
  •   More complex play goals:kids learn during play
  •   Adult scaffolding
Term
Age requirements for ADHD diagnosis
Definition
  •  Diagnostic criteria for ADHD now is age 7 or earlier that you want to see symptoms
    • New age for DSM-V might be 12
Term
Cognitive Inhibition
Definition

·         Ability to control distracting stimuli

o   Internal: thoughts (e.g. anxiety)

o   External: distractions (e.g. ADHD)

 

·         Improves from infancy on

o   Gains on complex tasks from childhood to adolescents

Term
Development of Attention Strategies (possible deficits in development)
Definition
  • Production deficiency
  • Control deficiency
  • utilizationd eficiency: performance problem
  • Effective strategy usse
Term
Executive (Dys)Functioning in ADHD
Definition

Barkley's explanation

  • inhibition
  • nonverbal WM: sense of time
  • verbal WM
  • emotional & motivational regulation
  • planning & problem solving
Term
Historical trend for ADHD
Definition

-cyclical pattern, wait long enough and old becomes new

 

-started as minimal brain dysfunction suggesting an organic cause

-know termed ADHD which again suggests an organic cause

Term
ADHD DSM criteria (general)
Definition
  • 6 or more inattentive symptoms OR hyperactivity-impulsiviy symptoms
    • persistent for 6 months
    • maladaptive & inconsistent w/ developmen
  • Symptoms present before age 7
  • impairment from symptoms in 2 or more settings
  • clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning
  • Symptoms don't occur exclusively during and arent better accounted for by other disorders 
Term
DSM-IV inattentive symptoms (9)
Definition
  1. no close attention to details, makes careless mistakes
  2. difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
  3. doesn't seem to listen when spoken to directly
  4. doesn't follow through on instructions or finish schoolwork/chores/work duties (not due to opposition or failure to understand)
  5. difficulty organizing tasks & activities
  6. avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks requiring sustained mental effort (schoolwork)
  7. loses things necessary for tasks
  8. easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
  9. forgetful in daily activities
Term
DSM-IV hyperactivity symptoms (6)
Definition
  1. fidges w/ hands or feet or squirms in seat
  2. leaves seat in class or places remaining seated is expected
  3. runs aorund or climbs excessivily in inappropriate situations
  4. difficulty playing or doing in leasure activities quietly
  5. often "on the go" as if "driven by a motor"
  6. talks excessively 
Term
Impulsivity (3)
Definition
  1. blurts out answers before question is complete
  2. difficulty waiting turn
  3. interrupts or intrudes on others
Term
ADHD types
Definition
  • Combined type: 6 symptoms are met for inattentive AND 6 are met for hyperactivity-impulsivity
  • Predominantly Inattentive type: 6 met for inattentive, 6 not met for hyperactivity-impulsivity
  • Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type: 6 met for hyperactivity-impulsivity, 6 not met for inattentive
Term
ADHD psychopathology impairments (8)
Definition
  1. Cognitive impairments (7-10pts lower)
  2. Language (35% delayed onset)
  3. Adaptive functioning (10-30pts lower)
  4. motor development (52% delayed coordination)
  5. emotion (poor self-regulation)
  6. school performance (30% repeat a grade)
  7. task performance (e.g. poor persistance)
  8. medical/health risks (57% greater proneness to accidents)
Term
ADHD psychopathology & cognitive impairments
Definition
Hard to determine if it is because they are too distracted to take the test or actually have lower intelligence
Term
ADHD as a (neuro)developmental disorder
Definition
-seems this way due to the large array and types of psychopathology symptoms present in ADHD (eg cognitive impairments, motor development, langue, etc.)
Term
comorbidity with ADHD
Definition
  • combined is most common 
  • 90% of hyperactive go on to have combined type
  • 25% comorbid w/ anxiety
  • 25% comorbid w/ mood disroder
  • 87% have at least 1 comorbid disorder, 67% may have at least 2
Term
Heritability of ADHD
Definition

Barkley says one of the tope 3 heritable disorders

-ADHD (2/3 genetic cause)

-autism

-bipolar

Term
Inattentive subtype differentiation
Definition

May be something different from other ADHD types

-sluggist cognitive tempo (foggy, slow)

-multiple low-grade non-diagnosable learning disorders

-slow inattentive impairment across the board

Term
Age effect on ADHD symptom representation
Definition

Problems with inhibition around the 3-4 years

 

Problems with inattention around 5-7 years

Term
NIMH diets
Definition

Suggested treatment for ADHD

-5% were helped by diet, these 5% had a food allergy

 

-telling a parent their child has been given sugar (when actually given a placebo) makes child behavior ratings worse: larger effect then comparing actually given sugar to placebo 

Term
Ways to assess for ADHD
Definition
  • Parent report
  • Teacher report
  • Child report
  • Diagnostic interview
  • Lab based tests of attention (not good w/ kids, differentiates from controls but not other disorders)
Term
3 myths of ADHD
Definition
  • ADHD is an empidemic
    • Truth: only 3-7% of school age kids
  • It's just bad parenting
    • Truth: parent training helps but symptoms can't be due to only bad parenting
  • If child responds to medication he has ADHD
    • Truth: everybody responds to ADHD meds
Term
Side-effects of ADHD meds (6)
Definition
  • growth: loss of 1cm/yr, younger can be 1.4cm/yr
  • nervousness
  • insomnia
  • Blood pressure/pulse change
  • loss of appetite
  • more aggression and irritability
Meds should only be given for an accurate diagnosis, side-effects can be bad
Term
Performance expectations for ADHD
Definition
  • Performance is worse:
    • later in the day
    • with greater task complexity
    • when restraint is demanded
    • under low levels of stimulation
    • under variable schedules of immediate consequences
    • under long delays to reinfrocement
    • in absence of adult supervision
Term
Treatments for ADHD (4)
Definition
  • PMT: parent management training
  • CBT (better for comorbid internalizing disorder)
  • Social Skills Training
  • Meds (better for comorbid externalizing disorder)

 

Term
what ADHD has been called historically 
Definition
  • minimal brain dysfunction
  • hyperkinetic impulse disorder/hyperactive child syndrome
  • hyperkinetic reaction of childhood
  • Attention deficit disorder (DSM-III, 1980)
  • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (DSM-III-R, 1987)
  • Attention-deficity/hyperactivity disorder (DSM-IV, 1994)
Term
Likelihood Ratios
Definition

New way to diagnose based on the base rates in the general population and your specific clinic

 

-must have good assessment/instruments

-provides incremental validity for each new piece of information

 

likelihood ratios are used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test. They use the sensitivity and specificity of the test to determine whether a test result usefully changes the probability that a condition (such as a disease state) exists. (wikipedia)

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