Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ACSM-HFS Certification Review
An in depth review for the ACSM-HFS exam
76
Physiology
Post-Graduate
08/25/2011

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the equation for BMI?
Definition
Also known as the Quetelet index; Weight in kg divided by Height in m2; kg/m2
Term
What are METS used for?
Definition

A MET is the caloric consumption of an individual while at complete rest.

A useful way to describe the intensity of a variety of physical activities; Light activity 6 METS

Term
Health Related Physical Fitness Components (5)
Definition
  • Cardiovascular Endurance
  • Body Composition
  • Muscular Strength
  • Muscular Endurance
  • Flexibility
Term
Skill Related Physical Fitness Components (6)
Definition
  • Agility
  • Coordination
  • Balance
  • Power
  • Reaction Time
  • Speed
Term
What are the Benfits of Exercise (6)
Definition
  • Improvement in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function
  • Reduction in Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors
  • Decreased Morbidity and Mortality
  • Enhanced Physical Function
  • Reduced Risk of Falls in older persons
  • Decreased anxiety and depression
Term
Cause of Sudden Cardiac Death Among Young Individuals
Definition
The most common causes of death in young individuals are congenital and hereditary abnormalities; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery abnormalities and aortic stenosis
Term
Why are Adults at a higher risk for a Cardiac Event?
Definition
Adults are at a higher risk for cardiac death due to the higher prevelance of cardiovascular disease in the older population. Sudden death in adults during vigorous activity may be explained by the shaking of the arterial walls, which dislodges or cracks arterial plaque, and thus causes the event.
Term
Why should participants be screened for risk factors of various cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic diseases? (2)
Definition
  • To optimize saftey during exercise & exercise testing
  • To aid in the development of safe and effective exercise prescription
Term
Purposes of Pre-participation screening (4)
Definition
  • Identification of individuals with medical contraindications to exercise
  • Recognition of persons with clinically significant diseases or conditions in which they need to be medically supervised
  • Detection of individuals at increased risk for disease due to age, sypmtoms, and/or risk factors
  • Recognition of special needs of individuals that may affect exercise testing and programming
Term
What does a preparticipation screening include? (6)
Definition

Information on...

  • Individuals health history
  • Current medical conditions
  • risk factors
  • signs/symptoms
  • current physical activity/exercise habits
  • medications
Term
Define Risk Stratification
Definition
Appropriate reccomendations for medical examination, physical activity/exercise, exercise testing, and physical supervision. Divided into three categories; low, moderate and high risk. Risk stratification is the process by which individuals are assigned to one of these categories.
Term
What is Risk Stratification based off of?
Definition
  • The presence or absence of known cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or metabolic disease
  • The presence or absence of signs or symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, pulmonary and/or metabolic disease
  • The presence or absence of CVD risk factors
Term
Low Risk Stratification
Definition

Individuals classified as low risk are those who do not have signs/symptoms of or have diagnosed cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or metabolic disease and have no more than 1 (i.e., < or = to 1) CVD risk factor.

 

Medical exam before exercise?

Mod ex - No

Vig Ex - No

Medical Supervision of Ex Test?

Submax - No

Max- No

Term
Moderate Risk Stratification
Definition

Individuals classifed as moderate risk do not have sign/symptoms of or diagnosed cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or metabolic disease, but have two or more (> or = to 2) CVD risk factors. May participate without necessity for medical examination for low-moderate activity. Suggested Examination for Vigorous activity.

 

Medical exam before exercise?

Mod ex - No

Vig Ex - Yes

Medical Supervision of Ex Test?

Submax - No

Max- Yes

Term
High Risk Stratification
Definition

Individuals classified as high risk are those who have one or more signs/symptoms of or diagnosed cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or metabolic disease. A thorough medical examination should be performed and clearance should be given before initiating any physical activity or exercise at any intensity.

 

Medical exam before exercise?

Mod ex - Yes

Vig Ex - Yes

Medical Supervision of Ex Test?

Submax - Yes

Max- Yes

Term
Known CV, Pulmonary, Metabolic diseases
Definition

Cardiovascular: Cardiac, Peripheral Vascular, or cerebrovascular disease

Pulmonary: COPD, Asthma, Interstitial Lung disease, cystic fibrosis

Metabolic: Diabetes mellitus (1&2), thyroid disorders, renal or liver disease

Term
Major Signs or Symptoms suggestive of CV, Pulmonary, or Metabolic diseases
Definition
  • Pain or discomfort in the chest, neck jaw, arms, or other areases that may result from ischemia
  • Shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion
  • Dizziness or syncope
  • Orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
  • ankle edema
  • Palpations or tachycardia
  • Intermittent claudication
  • Heart Murmur
  • Unusual Fatigue or shortness of breath with usual activities
Term
CAD risk factors
Definition
  • Age
  • Family History
  • Current Cigarette Smoker
  • Sedentary Lifestyle
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Dyslipidemia
  • Pre-Diabetes

 

Term
HDL-C Cardioprotective Effect
Definition
HDL-C is considered a negative risk factor. For individuals having HDL-C > or = to 60mg*dL-1, one positive risk factor is subtracted from the sum of positive risk factors.
Term
Definition: Syncope
Definition
Loss of conciousness. Caused by perfusion of the Brain.
Term
Read Pages 26-28 of GETP booklet
Definition
Description of Major Signs and Symptoms of CV,P,CVD & M disease
Term
Check-list for Risk Stratification when running through a case study
Definition
  • Known CV, Pulmonary and/or Metabolic disease?
  • Major Signs/Symptoms?
  • CVD Risk Factors: Age? Family History? Smoker? Sedentary? Obesity? Hypertension? Hypercholesterolemia? Diabetes?
Term
Blood Pressure Measurment
Definition
  • Inflate cuff to 20mm about 1st korotkoff sound
  • Release pressure equal to 2-5mm hg per second
  • Systolic is 1st sound (Phase 1)
  • Diastolic is Last sound (Phase 5)
Term
Blood Pressure Classifications (4)
Definition
  • Normal
  • Prehypertension
  • Stage 1 Hypertension
  • Stage 2 Hypertension
Term
Normal
Definition

SBP <120

AND

DBP <80

Term
Prehypertension
Definition

SBP 120-139

OR

DBP 80-89

Term
Stage 1 Hypertension
Definition

SBP 140-159

OR

DBP 90-99

Term
Stage 2 Hypertension
Definition

SBP > or = to 160

OR

DBP > or = to 100

Term
Assessing the risk of Cardiovascular Disease with Blood Pressure
Definition
For individuals 40 to 70 years of age, each increment of 20 mm Hg in systolic BP OR 10 mm Hg in diastolic BP doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease across the entire BP range from 115/75 to 185/115 mm Hg.
Term
Anti-hypertensive therapy
Definition

Lifestyle modefication including...

  • Starting physical activity
  • weight reduction
  • DASH eating plan
  • dietary sodium reduction
  • moderation of alcohol consumption
Term
LDL Cholesterol levels
Definition

< 100 = optimal

100-129 = Near optimal/Above optimal

130-159 = Borderline High

160-189 = High

> or = to 190 = Very high

Term
Total Cholesterol Levels
Definition

<200 = Desirable

200-239 = Borderline high

> or = to 240 = High

 

Term
HDL Cholesterol Levels
Definition

<40 = Low

> or = to 60 = High

Term
Triglyceride levels
Definition

<150 = Normal

150-199 = Borderline High

200-499 = High

> or = to 500 = high

Term
Anthropometric measure of body composition (4) 
Definition
  • Height
  • Weight
  • Circumference
  • Skin folds
Term
Absolute Contraindications to Exercise Testing
Definition
  • A recent significant change in the resting ECG suggesting significant ischemia, recent myocardial infarction (within two days), or other acute cardiac event
  • Unstable angina
  • Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias causing symptoms or hemodynamic compromise
  • Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  • Uncontrolled systematic heart failure
  • Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
  • Actue myo carditis
  • Suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
  • Acute systematic infection, accompanied by fever, body aches, or swollen lymph glands
Term
Relative Contraindications to Exercise
Definition
  • Left main coronary stenosis
  • moderate stenotic valvular heart disease
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Severe atrial hypertension at rest
  • Tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other forms of outflow tract obstructions
  • Nueromuscular, musculoskeletal, or rheumatoid disorders that are exacerbated by exercise
  • high-degree atrioventricular block
  • Ventricular aneurysm
  • Uncontrolled metabolic disease
  • Chronic infectious disease
  • Mental or physical impairment leading to an inability to exercise adequately
Term
BMI Obesity Classifications
Definition

Underweight: <18.5

Normal: 18.5-24.5

Overweight: 25.0-29.9

Obese Class 1: 30.0-34.9

Obese Class 2: 35.0-39.9

Obese Class 3: > or = to 40

Term
Circumference Sites and Description (8)
Definition
  • Abdomen: horizontal measurment across umbilicus
  • Arm: Horizontal measurment across belly of bicep (midway between acromion and olecranon process)
  • Buttocks/hips: horizontal measurment across maximal circumference level of buttocks
  • Calf: Horizontal Measurment at maximum circumference between knee and ankle (Over belly of gastroc)
  • Forearm: measure perpendicular to long axis at the maximal circumference
  • Hips/thighs: horizontal measure is taken at the max cir. of the hip/proximal thigh, just below gluteal fold
  • Mid thigh: Knee flexed at 90 degrees, meausre is taken between inguinal crease and proximal border of patella, perpendicular to long axis
  • Waist: Horizontal measure at narrowest part of torso
Term
Circumference Procedures
Definition
  • All measurements should be made with a flexible yet inelastic tape measure
  • Tape should be placed on the skin sufrance without compromising the subcutaneous adipose tissue
  • Take duplicate measurements at each site
  • re-test if duplicates are not within 5mm
  • Rotate through measurement sites or allow enough time for skin to regain normal texture.
Term
Purpose of exercise programs (3)
Definition
  • Enhancement of physical fitness for activities of daily life, recreation, or competetive athletic endeavors
  • Primary or Secondary disease prevention
  • Enjoyment, hobby, stress management, and psychological well-being.
Term
Flexibility Training Guidelines
Definition
Stretching should be performed a minimum of 2-3 days per week. Ideally 5-7 days per week. Stretching to the point of tightness at the end of the range of motion, but not to the point of pain, and holding each stretch for 15-30sec with 2-4 repetitions.
Term
How many kcals should you burn per day?
Definition
  • 150-400 kcals burned per day
  • For some individuals with health problems or poor physical fitness <1000 kcals per week may result in enhanced health
  • Weekly caloric expenditure in excess of 2,000 per week has been shown to be successful for short and long term weight control
  • 10,000 steps per day has been shown to significantly reduce the risk for developing Coronary Heart Disease
Term
Components of comprehensive exercise program (5)
Definition
  • warm up
  • caridovascular endurance (aerobic exercise) stimulus
  • Resistance exercise
  • cool down
  • flexibility training
Term
Essentials components to an exercise program (5)
Definition
  • Mode
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Progression
Term
Consideration of what components will result in a more individualized, safer, and effective exercise program? (3)
Definition
  • Limitations
  • Needs
  • Goals
Term
Which data from a Graded Exercise Test provides the basis for the exercise prescription?
Definition
  • Heart Rate
  • Blood Pressure
  • RPE
  • Ventilatory Values
  • Blood Lactic Acid Values
Term
VO2max
Definition
Is genetically limited and may increase between 5 and 30% with training. VO2max has an inverse relationship with body mass
Term
Cardiovascular endurance is most effective when?
Definition
Large muscle groups are engaged in continuous, rythmic activity
Term
What kind of shoes are reccommended for cadiovascular activity?
Definition
Comfortable, supportive walking or running shoes
Term
What could be the problem if you have a client who uses the handrails on a stairmaster?
Definition
Weak Quadriceps and Gluteals. Dependence on handrails reduces intensity of the exercise
Term
When would HR not be an accurate indicator of intensity?
Definition
When arm movements are vigorously added to the exercise routine
Term
What value is a more appropriate indicator of intensity?
Definition
RPE
Term
High Impact Aerobics
Definition
  • Involve movements where both feet leave the floor
  • Requires significant energy expenditure
  • Increases the risk for musculoskeletal injuries
  • appropriate for highly fit individuals
  • Not for overweight individuals
Term
Low Impact Aerobics
Definition
  • One foot remains in contact with floor
  • produce low impact forces
  • Low incidence of injury
  • Appropriate for beginners & overweight
  • Can be increase in intensity by creating greater horizontal displacement
Term
Step Aerobics
Definition
  • Choreographed movements
  • ranges from 6-11 METS
  • should be reduced in cadence for individuals who are less fit
Term
Water Exercise (Aquatics)
Definition
  • Allows buoyancy properties of water to reduce weight bearing load
  • May allows with injuries to exercise
  • Combines buoyancy and the resistive properties of water which enhances muscular strength and endurance
  • Benefits the: Obese, Pregnant, Arthritic (or fibromyalgia), and the Elderly
Term
Cycling
Definition
  • Non weight-bearing activity with low incidence of injury
  • Limiting factors to cycling would include localized muscle fatigue of the upper leg and expense of good equipment
Term
Definition: Intensity
Definition
Relative difficulty of the exercise
Term
True or False: Intensity and Duration are inversely related.
Definition
True
Term
Factors to consider when determining Intensity (6)
Definition
  • Current level of fitness
  • Age and current cardiovascular risk factors
  • Medical conditions and Medications
  • Current or increase risk of orthopedic injury
  • Individual preference
  • Program objectives or performance goals
Term
Intensity Recommendations
Definition
  • 55%-90% of HRmax
  • 40%-85% of VO2reserve or Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
Term
What % of HRR AND HRmax is reasonable for improvement of cardiovascular edurance fitness?
Definition
  • 60%-80% HRR
  • 77%-90% HR max
Term
Karvonen Formula
Definition

220 - AGE = #1

#1 - Resting HR = HRR

HRR x Desired Target HR (60% = .6) = #2

#2 + Resting HR = Target Heart Rate

 

Term
RPE scale Recommendations
Definition
12-16 on the original 6-20 Borg scale
Term
The ACSM recommends that exercise intensities eliciting the following signs or symptoms should be avoided (5)
Definition
  • Exercise-induced angina
  • Inappropriate BP changes
  • Musculoskeletal discomfort
  • Leg pain
  • Any sign or symptom that causes premature termination of the exercise test
Term
True or Flase: HR should be set at 10 BMP below signs of intolerance during a graded exercise test
Definition
True
Term
Duration
Definition
  • The ACSM recommends 20-60 minutes of continuous or intermittent aerobic activity
  • Excessive duration is associated with decreased compliance
  • Deconditions individuals may benefit from multiple short duration exercise sessions with multiple rest periods
  • Intermittent exercise programmed for health or fitness purposes should be aerobic in nature and not exceed and intensity of 85% of HRR.

 

Term
Frequency
Definition

is the number if exercise sessions per day and per week.

  • ACSM recommends physical activity on all or most days of the week
  • Frequency is affected by individuals goals, preferences, limitations, and time contraints.
  • Deconditions people might benefit from lower intensity, shorter duration exercise sessions at higher frequencies.
  • Exercise frequency on 5 or more days of the week is generally for athletic performance or weight loss
Term
progression
Definition

is the systematic changes in exercise prescription (intensity, duration, frequency) necessary to increase fitness.

  • Rate of progression depends on health or fitness status, age, goals, and compliance
  • Increase frequency and duration before intensity
  • Adaptation occurs when and individual can adequately respond to the demands of a particular exercise stressor.
  • Most participants adapt easily to smaller increases in intensity, duration and frequency.
  • The rate of adaptation is affected by compliance with the exercise program
  • Increase the duration by 10-20% per week until the relecant goal is attained.
  • Increase intensity every 6th training session
Term
stages of conditioning (3)
Definition
  • Initial
  • Improvement
  • Maintenance
Term
Initial
Definition

Warm up: 10-15min

Moderate Intensity: 40-60% HRR

Interval: 15 minutes, progressing to 30min

Frequency: 3-4 Days per week

 

Term
Improvement
Definition

50-85% HRR

Progress duration by 10-20% per week or as tolerated

Progress intensity by 5-10% every 2 weeks

lasts 4-8 months

Term
Maintenance
Definition

Goals have been attained

Attainment of average fitness is a reasonable goal

Maintain fitness with a variety of activities

Term
Warm up
Definition

Involves low intensity, large muscle group activity specific to the exercise to be performed.

Physiological Changes induced by warm up:

  • Increased Muscle temperature
  • Increased Blood Flow
  • Increased ease of dissociation of oxygen from hemogloben
  • increased muscle enzyme activity
  • increased elasticity of muscle and connective tissue
  • decreased muscle viscosity
Term
Health benefits of resistance training
Definition
  • Improved performance of activities of daily living with less physiological stress.
  • Maintenance of functional independence
  • Decreased risk of bone mineral loss
  • Maintenance of lean body mass
  • Decreased risk of low back pain
Supporting users have an ad free experience!