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Acc. Biology: Biochem and Cell Structure
Simon Kenton
60
Biology
10th Grade
11/10/2011

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Cards

Term

 

Organic Chemistry

Definition

 

Compounds that contain carbon

Term

 

All living things contain carbon, so all living things are...

Definition

 

Organic

Term

 

What are the 3 ways carbon atoms bond?

Definition
  1. Straight Chain
  2. Branched Chain
  3. Ring

 

Term

 

What are the 4 types of organic compounds essential to living organisms?

Definition
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
Term

 

Carbohydrates are made of __, __, and __; in a ratio of __:__:__

Definition

Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O; in a ratio of 1:2:1

Term

 

3 Types of Carbohydrates

Definition
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
  3. Polysaccharide
Term

 

Monosaccharide

Definition
  • Simple sugar
  • made of one sugar molecule
  • Ex. glucose

 

Term

 

Disaccharide

Definition
  • Double sugar
  • Made up of two monosaccharides bonded together
  • Ex. Sucrose
Term

 

Polysaccharide

Definition
  • Complex sugar
  • Made of many monosaccharides bonded together
  • Ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen
Term

 

Lipids

Definition
  • Fats
  • Made of C, H, and O
  • Large proportion of C, H, compared to O
Term

 

Lipids are used for...

Definition
  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • protective coatings
  • key component of cell membrane
Term

 

Examples of Lipids

Definition
  • Triglycerides
  • Wax
  • Steroids
Term

 

Nucleic Acids

Definition
  • Made of C, H, and O
  • store and transmit genetic information
  • two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Term

 

Proteins

Definition
  • Made of C, H, O and N
  • Provide structure for tissues and organs
  • Essential to life
  • Carry out cell metabolism
Term

 

Proteins are Important in...

Definition
  • Contracting muscles
  • Transporting oxygen in blood
  • Providing immunity
  • Carry out chemical reactions
  • Digestion of food
Term

 

Chemical Reaction

Definition

 

a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Term

 

Reactant

Definition

 

Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction

Term

 

Product

Definition

 

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Term

 

Activation Energy

Definition

The energy that is needed to get a reaction started

Term

 

Enzyme

Definition
  • A Protein
  • A type of catalyst
  • Speeds up reactions
  • Lowers the amount of activation energy
  • Can be reused
  • Is specific to what it reacts with
Term

 

Induced Fit Model

Definition

 

The active site on the enzyme and the shape of the substrate are not a perfect match.  When they fit together they "mold" to each other.

Term

 

Denature

Definition

 

Enzymes active site changes shape and will not bind to the substrate, so no reaction

Term

 

Enzymes play essential roles in...

Definition
  • regulating chemical reactions
  • make materials that cells need
  • releasing energy
  • transferring information
Term

 

How does an acid affect an enzyme?

Definition

It will cause the reaction to slow down or stop because the active site has been denatured by the acid

Term

 

How does a high temperature affect an enzyme?

Definition

As temperature increases the rate of the reaction will increase because the molecules are moving faster, but if it goes beyond the optimal temperature the active site denatures and the reaction stops working

Term

 

How does cold temperatures affect enzymes?

Definition

Cold temperatures cause molecules to move slower so the rate of the reaction will slow down

Term

 

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction

Definition
  • If the amount of enzyme is increased the reaction will occur faster.
  • If the amount of enzyme is decreased the reaction will occur slower.
Term

 

How does substrate concentration affect the reaction rate?

Definition
  • If the substrate concentration increases then the reaction will occur faster
  • If the substrate concentration decreases then the reaction will occur slower
Term

 

Robert Hooke

Definition
  • Used on of the first microscopes to view cork
  • Came up with the name "Cell"
Term

 

Leeuwenhoek

Definition
  • Used a microscope to view a drop of pond water
  • He discovered critters living in the water
Term

 

Schleiden

Definition
 Said that all plants are made of cells
Term

 

Schwann

Definition
Said that all animals are made of cells
Term

 

Virchow

Definition

 

Said that all cells come from existing cells

Term

 

3 Parts of the Cell Theory

Definition
  1. All living organisms are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
  3. Cells come from existing cells
Term

 

What are the 2 Types of Cells

Definition
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Eukaryotes
Term

 

What are the 2 Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Definition

Plants

Animals

Term

 

Prokaryote

Definition
  • Pro means before
  • Karyote means nucleus
  • Does not contain a nucleus
  • DNA is free floating inside the cell
  • Does not contain membrane bound organelles
  • Most are unicellular
  • First appeared 2 billion years ago
Term

 

Eukaryote

Definition
  • Eu means true
  • karyote means nucleus
  • have a nucleus
  • have membrane bound organelles
  • are eith unicellular or multicellular
  • evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Term

 

Organelle

Definition

 

membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cell that manages the cells functions

Term

 

Cytoplasm

Definition

 

clear fluid inside a cell

Term

 

Cell Membrane

Definition
thin, flexible membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Term

 

Cell Wall

Definition
  • Only in plants, fungi, bacteria and some protists
  • a rigid structure that is located outside the cell membrane that provides support and protection
Term

 

Nucleus

Definition
  • cells largest organelle
  • surrounded by the nuclear envelope
  • contains DNA
Term

 

Nucleolus

Definition
  • Organelle inside the nucleus
  • Makes ribosomes and RNA
Term

 

Ribosomes

Definition

 

makes proteins

Term

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Definition
  • "Highway of the Cell"
  • A series of folded membranes that transports materials to the Golgi body
  • 2 types of ER: rough and smooth
Term

 

Rough ER

Definition

 

covered with ribosomes

makes proteins

Term

 

Smooth ER

Definition

 

Not covered in ribosomes

makes lipids

Term

 

Golgi Apparatus (Body)

Definition

 

  • "Post Office"
  • sorts proteins, lipids, etc into packages and sends them to where the body needs them
Term

 

Vacuoles

Definition
  • "Storage Shed"
  • stores food, waste, products, enzymes, etc
  • In plants 1 large vacuole
  • In animals many small vacuoles
Term

 

Lysosomes

Definition
  • "Garbage Truck"
  • break down lipids, carbs, old cells, viruses, bacteria
Term

 

Plastids

Definition
  • Only in plants
  • store pigement molecules
  • Chloroplast is a type of plastid
Term

 

Mitochondria

Definition
  • "Powerhouse"
  • makes ATP (energy) for the cell
Term

 

Chloroplasts

Definition
  • only in plants
  • type of plastid
  • contains chlorophyll
  • involved in photosynthesis
Term

 

Cytoskeleton

Definition
  • gives cells support and structure
  • made of microtubules and microfilaments
Term

 

Cilia

Definition

 

  • short hairlike structures
  • helps cell move
Term

 

Flagella

Definition
  • long tail like structure
  • helps cell move
Term

 

What are the differences between and plant and animal cell?

Definition

Plant                             Animal

photosynthesis             no photosynthesis

chloroplasts                  no chloroplasts

chlorophyll                   no chlorophyll

cell wall                        no cell wall

one large vacuole         many small vacuole

square                         round

in general larger          smaller

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