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abpsych exam1
chp3section
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/02/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
idiographic understanding
Definition
an understanding of the behavior of a particular individual
-clinicians use procedures of assessment and diagnosis
Term
assessment
Definition
process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant
Term
clinical assessment
Definition
used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how they may be helped, evaluate people's progress, and decide if treatments should be changed
-use three techniques: clinical interviews, tests, and observations--which must be standardized and have reliablilty and validity
Term
standardization
Definition
-process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard/norm against which any individual's score can be measured
-set up common steps to be followed whenever administered
(must standardize interpretation techniques and test scores)
Term
reliability
Definition
measure of consistency of a test or research results
(good assessment tool will always yield same results in same situation; and will have high test-retest reliability and high interrater reliability)
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
patients tested on two occasions and two scores are correlated; the higher the correlation the greater the test's reliability
Term
validity
Definition
-accuracy of a test's or study's results
-a tool should have high predictive validity or concurrent validity
-extent to which test or study actually measures or shows what it claims
Term
face vailidity
Definition
assessment makes sense and seems reasonable
-does not mean the instrument is trustworthy (depressed people may cry, but so do other people for various reasons)
Term
predictive validity
Definition
tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior
Term
concurrent validity
Definition
degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with measures gathered from other assessment techniques
Term
[side box]
American Idol judges...
Definition
Randy, Simon, Paula - have low interrator reliability which may reflect evaluator bias or defects in the scoring procedure
Term
clinical interviews
Definition
face-to-face encounter
-therapist can see reactions and observe and listen as the client answers
-usually the first contact between client and therapist where information about problems and feelings, lifestyles and relationships, and other personal history is gathered; give special attention to whatever topics are most important
Term
psychodynamic interviewers
(clinical interviews)
Definition
try to learn about person's needs and memories of past events and relationships
Term
behavioral interviewers
(clincal interviews)
Definition
try to pinpoint information about stimuli that trigger responses and their consequences
Term
cognitive interviewers
(clinical interviews)
Definition
try to discover assumptions and interpretations that influence the person
Term
humanistic interviewers
(clinical interviews)
Definition
ask about self-evaluation, self-contempt, and values
Term
biological interviewers
(clinical interviews)
Definition
look for signs of biochemical or brain dysfunction
Term
sociocultural interviewers
(clinical interviews)
Definition
ask about family, social, and cultural environments
Term
structured interviews
Definition
-ask prepared questions
-may use an interview schedule
-many include mental status exam
-ensures clinicians will cover same kinds of important issues in all interviews and enables them to compare responses of different individuals
(behavioral and cognitive clinicians prefer)
Term
interview schedule
(structured interview)
Definition
standard set of questions designed for all interviews
Term
mental status exam
(structured interviews)
Definition
set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal degree and nature of client's abnormal functioning
(evaluate: awareness, orientation of time and place, attention span, memory, judgement and insight, thought content process, mood, appearance)
Term
unstructured interviews
Definition
-asks open-ended questions
-allows interviewer to follow leads and explore relevant topics that can't be anticipated before the interview
(psychodynamic and humanistic clinicians prefer)
Term
limitations of clinical interviews
Definition
-sometimes lack validity and accuracy (intentional misleading to present self in different light or avoid topics or because unable to give accurate report)
-interviewers may make mistakes in judgement and slant information (rely too heaviliy on first impressions and give too much weight to unfavorable information; race/gender/age biases)
-may lack reliability (particularly in unstructured) (people respond differently to different interviewers (because of age, gener, race, appearance))
Term
test
(clinical tests)
Definition
device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about a person can be inferred
(a good test should yeild consistent, accurate information or say where we stand in comparison to others)
(6 most-often used tests...)
Term
projective tests
(1 of 6)
Definition
test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to (ink blots, pictures, open-ended instructions)
-used primarily by psychodynamic clinicians to help assess unconscious drives and conflicts
-most used: Rorschach, Thematic Apperception, sentence-completion, drawings
Term
Rorschach test
(projective test)
Definition
-developed by Herman Rorschach, 1911
-dropped ink on paper and folded it over to make symmetrical, accidental designs
-everyone found images in the blots and those images seemed to correspond to psychological condition
-published 10 ink blots for the Rorshach Psychodynamic Inkblot Test in 1921 --which led to most widely used projective test of 20th centruy
-administered in 2 rounds
-before clinicians focused on themes and images that were brought to mind; but now they focus on style of responses
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(projective tests)
Definition
-pictoral projective test
-shown 30 black-and-white pictures of individuals in vague situations and client asked to make up a dramatic story (what's happening now in the picture, what led up to it, the character's feelings and thoughts, and the outcome)
-clinicians believe that people will always identify with one of the characters on each card
-stories are thought to reflect individual's own circumstances, needs, and emotions
Term
sentence-completion tests
(projective testa)
Definition
-developed in 1920s
-asks people to complete series of unfinished sentences ('I wish...' or 'My father...')
-considered a good springboard for discussion and an easy way to pinpoint topics to explore
Term
[side box] family physicians recognize...
Definition
family physicians recognize fewer than 1/3rd of all depression among patients - most undetected cases are mild
Term
drawing tests
(projective tests)
Definition
-asked to draw human figures and talk about them
-drawing tells us something about its creator
-evaluations bases on details and shape, solidarity of pencil line, location on paper, size of figures, features, use of background, and comments made during the drawing task
-most popular is Draw-a-Person (DAP)-- first draw a person, then a person of the opposite sex)
-drawing tests are commonly used to asses functioning in children; Kinetic (action) Family Drawing Test--draw household members performing some activity)
Term
merits of projective tests
Definition
-until 1950s most common technique for assessing personality; recently used as supplementary insight gatherers (newer models have less use for them than psychodynamic)
-not consistent reliability- studies show that different clinicians score people differently
-not consistent vailidity-studies show descriptions of personality and feelings don't match: self-report of client, view of psychotherapist, picture gathered from case history
-sometimes biased against minority groups
Term
personality inventory
Definition
test developed to measure broad personality characteristics consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
-consists of more than 500 self-statements to be labeled true/false/cannot say ranging from physical concerns, mood, sexual behaviors, and social activities
^all make up 10 clinical scales, on each and idividual can score from 0-120 --when score is above 70 the behavior is considered deviant
-when scales scored, they're considered side-by-side, which creates a profile including person's general personality
Term
(MMPI measures)
hypochondriasis
Definition
items showing abnormal concern with bodily functions
Term
(MMPI measures)
depression
Definition
items showing extreme pessimism and hopelessness
Term
(MMPI measures)
hyseria
Definition
items suggesting that the person may use physical or mental symptoms as a way of unconsciously avoiding conflicts and responsibilities
Term
(MMPI measures)
psychopathic deviate
Definition
items showing a repeated and gross disregard for social customs and emotional shallowness
Term
(MMPI measures)
masculinity-femininity
Definition
items that are thought to separate male and female respondents
Term
(MMPI measures)
paranoia
Definition
items that show abnormal suspiciousness and delusions of grandeur or persecution
Term
(MMPI measures)
psychasthenia
Definition
items that show obsessions, abnormal fears, guilt, and indecisiveness
Term
(MMPI measures)
schizophrenia
Definition
items that show bizarre or unusual thoughts or behavior
Term
(MMPI measures)
hypomania
Definition
items that show emotional excitement, overactivity, and flight of ideas
Term
(MMPI measures)
social introversion
Definition
items that show shyness, little interest in people, and insecurity
Term
MMPI-2
Definition
contains 567 items (some were rewritten to reflect current language and some were added)
-tested on a more diverse group of people so therefore more representative of personality and abnormal functioning
Term
advantages over projective tests
Definition
-paper-and-pencil so takes less time to administer
-objectively scored
-most standardized
-often display greater test-retest reliability
-greater validity/accuracy - but can't be considered highly valid (sometimes not able to judge personality accurately because personality traits sought out can't be measured directly and tends to have cultural limitations
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