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Abnormal Psych Test 1
Definitions and Information
175
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/05/2014

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Term
Abnormality
Definition
Deviant behavior
Dysfunctional behavior
Distress
Dangerous
Term
norm violators or deviants
Definition
Deviant behavior
Term
Make people uncomfortable
Definition
Deviant behavior
Term
Can immediately be detected
Definition
Deviant behavior
Term
Negative judgments towards violators
Definition
Deviant behavior
Term
Strong conformity
Definition
Deviant behavior
Term
Dysfunctional behavior
Definition
preventing an individual from thriving or adapting
Term
Pragmatic or survival value
Definition
Dysfunctional behavior
Term
distress
Definition
an individual feels abnormal
Term
Deviation from an ideal life
Definition
distress
Term
#1 reason people go to mental heath clinic
Definition
self prognosis
Term
#1 reason people are unhappy with life
Definition
media images of success
Term
dangerous
Definition
engaged in dangerous behavior
Term
Risk of harm to self or others
Definition
dangerous
Term
4 criteria to characterize mental illness
Definition
1. Risk of harm to self or others
2. Poor reality contact
3. Emotional reactions that are inappropriate to situation
4. Erratic behavior that shifts unpredictably
Term
two types of poor reality contact
Definition
Delusions
Hallucinations
Term
Delusions-
Definition
thinking something in true that clearly isn’t
Term
Treatment
Definition
healer does procedure to reduce danger, distress, dysfunction and deviance
Term
Lycanthropy
Definition
a delusion of turning into a wild animal; usually a wolf
Term
Kinds of delusions reflect
Definition
common fears in society
Term
Responses to AB are shaped by:
Definition
Complexity of the society
Presumed cause or etiology
Term
Trephination
Definition
spike placed into brain
Term
three reasons for Trephination
Definition
i. Treatment for ‘out of control’ behavior
ii. Placed roughly into frontal lobe
iii. Allowing ‘passage’ out of head
Term
Bethlehem Hospital (year and location)
Definition
1247 in London
Term
Moral Therapy stemmed from
Definition
Stemming from outrage at how ‘patients’ at Bethlehem Hospital treated
Term
moral therapy lead to
Definition
humanistic view
Term
created the idea of the humors
Definition
Hippocrates
Term
4 humors
Definition
Phlegm- sickly
Blood- mania
Black Bile- depression
Yellow Bile
Term
medical model
Definition
Hippocrates humors and blood letting
Term
blood letting
Definition
cut patients and let them bleed out
Too much blood = mania
Term
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Definition
stick blade into brain via eye, nose or temple
Term
father of psychopathology
Definition
Johann Weyer
Term
nobel prize for developing lobotomy procedures
Definition
Dr. Muniz
Term
year of Discovery of Antipsychotic medication
Definition
1952
Term
1st FDA approved antipsychotic
Definition
*CHLORPROMAZINE- major tranquilizer
(THORAZINE)
Term
Psychosis
Definition
delusions and hallucinations
Term
Biological Psychiatry
Definition
Drug actions in the nervous system have provided insight into etiology of mental illness alerting to role of neurotransmitters systems
Term
*3 changes in TX of Mental Illness- resulting from antipsychotic medication
Definition
1. Promoted deinstitutionalization
2. Promoted rehabilitation
3. Promoted TX goal of discharge
Term
Theories of a “Broken Heart”
Definition
Medical View (Biological)
Psychodynamic View
Behavioral View- past learning; one’s skills
Cognitive Model- how we think
Social
Cultural
Term
discovered the layout of the course of syphilis
Definition
Emil Kraepelin
Term
Led to the Medical model of mental illness
Definition
discovering the layout of the course of syphilis
Term
Medical Model of Mental Illness believes that mental illness is
Definition
a chemical imbalance in the brain
Term
Cell body
Definition
provides energy
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receive signals from other neurons
Term
Axons
Definition
transmits signals to other neurons;
some are heavily insulated
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
insulates some axons;
not good if not insulated
Term
Terminal buttons-
Definition
end points;
connect with the next axon;
releases a neurotransmitter (molecule)
Term
Receptor sites
Definition
tailored for acceptance of particular molecules
Term
Neurotransmitter molecules
Definition
charged particles;
can change the polarity of the postsynaptic membrane
Term
Synaptic cleft
Definition
space between terminal button and receptor sites
Term
Threshold
Definition
certain amount must get across in order for the message to get across and communicate
Term
Transporters
Definition
located in the synaptic cleft;
collect any extra neurotransmitters and take them back to the terminal buttons;
reuptake
Term
Post-release Factors or Neurotransmitters
Definition
Reuptake
Receptor Turn-over
Receptor Sensitivity
Term
Dopamine
Definition
happy feelings; stimulates pleasure centers
Term
Serotonin
Definition
effect appetite and sleep and mood
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
gives you energy; fight or flight response
Term
SSRIs
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Term
Antidepressants (SSRIs) increase
Definition
serotonin
Term
the first antidepressant
Definition
prozac
Term
Depressed brain
Definition
not enough serotonin in some areas
Term
Schizophrenia patients have
Definition
Too much dopamine
Term
Cannot be diagnosed with schizophrenia unless
Definition
someone in family is schizophrenic
Term
Silver Bullet
Definition
all medications have side effects
Term
Expert in the nervous system
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term
Fixed Energy System
Definition
it is our life force; our drive to survive
Term
Structural Hypothesis
Definition
Id
Ego
Superego
Term
ID
Definition
unskilled, undirected, raw libido; geared towards survival
Term
Governed by the pleasure principle; immediate satisfaction of urges
Definition
ID
Term
_____ is channeled though the EGO with coping skills
Definition
ID
Term
EGO
Definition
brain structures that act on the reality principle
Term
Channeling energy into a purpose
Definition
EGO
Term
Defenses that shield you from core base drives
Definition
EGO
Term
SUPEREGO
Definition
Beginning of moral thinking
Term
Defensive Mechanisms
Definition
libido or energy devoted to protect the ego (one’s self) from anxiety
Term
Examples of Defensive Mechanisms
Definition
Regression
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Term
Regression
Definition
revert to immature patterns of behavior; crying
(immature skill)
Term
Displacement
Definition
emotions directed at a substitute target;
angry at authority figure, take out on something they have authority over- kicking dog
Term
Projection
Definition
attribute own thoughts or ideas to another; interpret other’s behavior as being negative, though you are the negative one
Term
Rationalization
Definition
false but plausible excuses for behavior; reasons for not being able to attend
(mature skill)
Term
Defense Mechanisms are basically
Definition
interpersonal coping skills.
Term
Culture
Definition
a society’s history, values, institutions habits, skills, technology, and arts
Term
Treatment or therapy
Definition
is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior
Term
Trephination
Definition
an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior
Term
Humors (definition)
Definition
According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning
Term
Asylum
Definition
a type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.
Term
Moral treatment (definition)
Definition
a 19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment
Term
State hospitals
Definition
state run public mental institution in the US
Term
Somatogenic perspective
Definition
the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
Term
Psychogenic perspective
Definition
Psychogenic perspective
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause.
Term
Psychotropic medications
Definition
drugs that mainly effect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction.
Term
Deinstitutionalization
Definition
the practice begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals
Term
Private psychotherapy
Definition
arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services
Term
Prevention
Definition
interventions aimed at determining mental disorders before they develop
Term
Positive psychology
Definition
the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits and abilities
Term
Scientific method
Definition
process of systematically gathering and evaluating information through careful observation to gain an understanding of a phenomenon
Term
Case study
Definition
a detailed account of a person’s life and psychological problems
Term
Correlation
Definition
to degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other
Term
Correlational method
Definition
research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other
Term
Natural experiment
Definition
an experiment in which nature, rather than the experimenter, manipulates an independent variable
Term
Model
Definition
set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm.
Term
Genes
Definition
chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric currant passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead.
Term
Edo Defense Mechanisms
Definition
according to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce anxiety they arouse.
Term
Fixation
Definition
according to freud, a condition in which the id, ego and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage in development
Term
Catharsis
Definition
reliving a past repressed feeling in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems
Term
Conditioning
Definition
simple form of learning
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person’s mind and produce the same result.
Term
Cognitive therapy
Definition
developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes
Term
Self actualization
Definition
humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients towards self recognition and self acceptance by using techniques such as role play and self discovery exercises
Term
Assessment
Definition
process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant
Term
Reliability
Definition
measure of the consistency of test or research results
Term
Mental status exam
Definition
set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client’s abnormal functioning
Term
Projective test
Definition
test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to
Term
Intelligence test
Definition
test designed to measure a person’s intellectual ability
Term
Syndrome
Definition
a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together
Term
Relaxation training
Definition
treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations
Term
Phobia
Definition
a persistent and unreasonable fear or a particular object, activity, or situation
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
a phenomenon in which responses to one stimuli are also produced by a similar stimuli
Term
Preparedness
Definition
predisposition to develop certain fears
Term
Exposure treatments
Definition
behavioral treatments in which person are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
Term
Flooding
Definition
treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that object as harmless
Term
Social anxiety disorder
Definition
server and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
Term
Obsession
Definition
persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety
Term
Compulsion
Definition
repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
Term
Neutralizing
Definition
person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts
Term
Name the 4 models of Abnormality
Definition
Dysfunction
Distress
Deviance
Danger
Term
What does Thomas Szasz say about MI
Definition
places emphasis on society’s role
concept of mental illness to be invalid
societies invent the concept of mental illness
better control or change people
Term
What are the 4 criteria or characteristics that have been used to describe MI?
PEER
Definition
Risk of harm to self or others
Poor reality contact
Emotional reactions that are inappropriate to situation
Erratic behavior that shifts unpredictably
Term
What two global factors have been used to describe mental illness?
Definition
Complexity of the society
Presumed cause or etiology of the illness
Term
What does etiology mean?
Definition
Presumed cause of illness or disease.
Term
What is meant by lunacy?
Definition
The term lunar effect refers to the belief that there is correlation between specific stages of the Earth's lunar cycle and behavior in animals, including humans.
Term
What effect on human behavior does the moon actually been shown to have?
Definition
no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior
possible connection between sleep quality and lunar phases
Term
Dorthea Dix
Definition
American activist
lobbying state legislatures
created the first generation of American mental asylums
Term
Philippe Pinel
Definition
French physician
development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients
moral therapy
"the father of modern psychiatry"
Term
William Tuke
Definition
Englishman
development of more humane methods in the custody and care of people with mental disorders
moral treatment
Term
Emil Kraepelin
Definition
German psychiatrist
he founder of modern scientific psychiatry
origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction
discovered the layout of syphilis
Term
Name three changes in the treatment of MI that were usher in by the advent of anti-psychotic medication.
Definition
Promoted deinstitutionalization
Promoted rehabilitation
Promoted TX goal of discharge
Term
Name the first FDA approved anti-psychotic medication
Definition
CHLORPROMAZINE- major tranquilizer
(THORAZINE)
Term
Psychological Assessment.
Definition
A process of collection, organization, and interpretation of information about a person, their family, or significant others and their situation
Term
four components of Psychological Assessment.
Definition
Interview is the foundation
Testing
Behavioral observations
Review of historical records
Term
Diagnosis (DX)
Definition
what disorder is present
Term
Differential DX
Definition
what disorders could be present
Term
Purpose of DX
Definition
describe and predict outcomes
Term
What does DSM stand for?
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Term
Advantages of Dx
Definition
Conveys Clinical Information
Remember description and prediction
Reflects the current state of research and theory
Provides rapport with patients and can offer comfort and hope
Term
Criticisms of DX:
Definition
Stigmatizing- negative stigma
Self-fulfilling Prophesy- treat patient a certain way because of Dx and makes ppl treat themselves a certain way
Provides Illusion of Explanation- explain normal reactions with Dx
Term
Validity
Definition
the accuracy of a test’s or study’s results; that is, the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what is claims.
Term
Why is the interview the most important assessment tool?
Definition
The best way to get to know people is to meet them face-to-face. Under these circumstances, we can see them react to what we do and say, observe as well as listen as they answer, and generally get the sense of who they are.
Term
Name the 4 parts of the interview.
Definition
Demographic Information
Presenting Problem
Developmental History
Mental Status Exam
Term
Mental Status Exam
Definition
behavioral observation and some conclusions that cover a number of domains (attitude towards interviewer, appearance, speech, energy, thought content, etc)
Term
2 chief criticisms of standardized intelligence testing
Definition
Factors that have nothing to do with intelligence, such as low motivation or anxiety, can greatly influence test performance.
IQ tests may contain cultural biases in their language or tasks that place people of one background at advantage over those of another.
Term
Name three sources of biological abnormalities
Definition
Genetics
Evolution
Viral Infections
Term
repetition compulsion
Definition
The term can also be used to cover the repetition of behavior or life patterns more broadly: a "key component in Freud's understanding of mental life, 'repetition compulsion'...describes the pattern whereby people endlessly repeat patterns of behavior which were difficult or distressing in earlier life.”
Term
5 characteristics of the behavioral school of clinical psychology
Definition
Objective assessment
Focus on the individual
The symptom is the disorder
“Normal” & “Abnormal"
Determinism
Term
Systematic Desensitization developed in ___ by _____
Definition
in 1957 by Joseph Wolpe
Term
Systematic Desensitization steps
Definition
Teach relaxation
Develop hierarchy of fears
Pair discussion of fears with relaxation exercises
Move to ‘in vivo’ exposure
Term
What is the ‘in vivo’ desensitization?
Definition
real life experiences
bring in professional
this experience can go on for a while
providing exposure and response prevention
reducing the avoiding behavior
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
consequences of the behavior that determine if the behavior is more or less likely to happen again in the future
Term
Contingencies
Definition
relationship between behavior and some environmental consequence
Term
Reinforcing
Definition
something good happens as an effect, more likely to do it again (always increases the behavior that came before)
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
something positive is added to the environment
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
something negative is removed from the environment
Term
Punishment
Definition
something negative happens as an effect of a behavior
Term
What does RET stand for?
Definition
Rational- Emotive Therapy
Term
Rational- Emotive Therapy
Definition
a cognitive therapy developed by Ellis that helps clients identify and change irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder
Term
Albert Ellis
Definition
proposed that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition
cognitive model
Term
Over generalization
Definition
take one incident and make a global judgment
Term
Selective Abstraction
Definition
look only at negative data
Term
Catastrophizing
Definition
blow it way out of proportion
Term
multicultural psychology
Definition
The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on out behaviors and thoughts, including abnormal behaviors and thoughts.
Term
What are three key features of treatment?
Definition
A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer
A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise si accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group
A series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer… tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes and behavior.
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