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Abnormal Psychology Final
Final Notecards
115
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 Paranoid 

Definition

-odd eccentirc

-paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal 

-pervasive/ unjustified 

-few meaningful realtionships

-volatile, tense 

-sensitive to criticism 

-CLUSTER A

Term

Cluster B 

Definition

-dramaric, emotional, erratic 

-Antisocial, borderline, histronic, narcissistic

Term

 Histrionic 

Definition

-overly dramatic, sensational, sexually provoative, implusive, attention seeking, apperance focused, impressionistic, vague, superficial speech 

-more common in females 

-CLUSTER B

Term

 Antisocial 

Definition

-nocompliance with social norms

-"social predators" 

-violate rights of others

-irresponsible 

-inmplusive

-deceitful

-lack conscience, empathy and remorse 

-CLUSTER B

Term

 Narcissistic 

Definition

Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self importance 

-require atention

-lack of sensitivity and compassion

-sensitve to criticism 

-Envious 

-Arrogant 

-CLUSTER B

Term
 Borderline
Definition

-instability CLUSTER B

-labile, intense moods

-turbulent relationships 

-implusivity -fear of abandonment 

-very poor self image 

-self mutilation 

-suicidal gestures 

-combormid with depression, suicide, bipolar, substance abuse , eating disorders 

Term

Cluster C

Definition

-fearful/ anxious 

-avoidant, dependent, obsessive-complusive 

Term

 Avoidant 

Definition

-CLUSTER C 

-extreme sensivity to opinions 

-avoid most reaktionships

-interpersonally anxious 

-fearful of rejection 

-Early parental rejection 

-Interpersonal isolation and conflict 

-treatment: similar to social phobia, increase social skills, reduce anxiety

Term
Dependent 
Definition

-Rely on others for major and minor decisions

-unreasonable fear of abondoment 

-Clingy 

-Submissive 

-Timid

-Passive

-Feelings of inadequacy 

-sensitive to criticism, high need for reassurance 

Term
Obsessive Complusive 
Definition

-CLUSTER C 

-fixation on doing things "the right way" 

-rigid, perfectionistc 

-orderly, preoccupied with details, poor interpersonal relationships

-obessions and complusions are rare 

Term

Personality Disorders 

(how do we differentiate abnormal personality from normal)

Definition

-when extreme traits casue distress 

-long standing pervasive, inflexible patterns of behavior 

-not consistent with cultural expectations

-casue emtional distress

-3 clusters 

-high comorbidity with axis 1 disoders, poorer prognosis

Term

ADHD

Definition

fidgets, difficultly playing with others, on the go, talks excessively, blruts out answers

-onset is early childhood 

-There must be clinically significant impairment in academic, social, or occupational functioning

 

Term

ADHD

Definition

Academic impairment: learning disabilities, much slower work, more likely to drop out of school/expelled 

 

-Social and emotional: more likely to be ignored, fewer friends, low self-esteem

 

Adaptive: Overall impairment: less mature, family stress, more accidents 

Term

ADHD in Adults 

Definition

Academic: lower GPA, drop out rates high

-Social: fewer friends, depression

Occupational: more likely to be fired or switch jobs

Adaptive: more traffic accidents, less healthy, elevated rates of substance abuse 

Term

Learning Disorders 

Definition

-performance below expected levels, IQ, education, age

-Actual vs expected achievement is critical aspect 

-cannot be due to sensory deficits

-involves reading, math, or writing disorder 

-higher drop out rates, negative school experience 

Term

Asperger's Disorder 

Definition

social impairments, more verbal than autism

-more common than we think, more boys than girls

-no severe delays

Term

Echolalia 

Definition

repeated vocal patterns

-normal during age 6-9 months 

Term

Stimming 

Definition

ritualistic behaviors

-goes with autism 

Term

-3 classes of Cognitive Disorders 

1. Delirium 

Definition

-often leads to temporary confusion and disorientation

Global impairments 

-consciousness

-cognition

-develop rapidly 

-several hours 

-days 

-emaples: confusion, disorientation, attention, memory, and language deficits 

Term
Prevalence of Delirium 
Definition

-10-30% in actue care (ER)

-Highest Prevelance: Older adults, AIDS patients, medical Patients 

-Full recovery=several weeks 

-develops rapidly 

Term

Treatment and Prevention of Delirium 

Definition

-treat underlying medical problems 

-Psychosocial interventions: education, reassurances, coping strategies 

 

Prevention: proper medical care and medication

Term

Conditions Related to Delirium 

Definition

-drug intoxication 

-medications

-Illicit drugs (MDMA)

-Posions

-Withdraw from drugs 

-Fever, INfections, head injury, sleep deprivation, immobility, excessive stress 

Term

3 classes CD

Dementia 

Definition

-Degenerative condition with pervasive cognitive deterioration 

-Gradual deterioraton of brian functions 

-Affects multiple domains, Judgement, memory, language 

-Advanced cognitive processes 

-More gradual than dilirum 

-may or may not be reverislbe 

Term

Progressive Dementias: Initial Stages 

Agnosia 

Definition

-memory impariments 

- inability to recognize things 

-Facil agnois 

-delusions 

-depression 

-agitation

-arrgession 

-apathy 

Term

Progression of Dementia: Later Stages 

Definition

-contiuned cognitive decline 

-assistnace with activities of daily living 

death=inactivity+other ilness 

Term

Dementia: Statistics 

Definition

20-40% over the age of 85 

-rate doubble with every 5 years of age 

-Alzheimer's in centneairans=100%?

-women>men 

-longer lifespan 

-slowing progression 

Term

Treatment of Dementia 

Definition

-early intervention is crucial 

-three areas: prevention, delaying, management 

-focus on slowing progession 

-antioxidants: vitamin E, asprins 

-all meds are only efectively for short periods 

Term

Classes of Dementia 

Definition

-Alzheimer's type

-Vascular

-Substance induced  

Term

Apraxia

Definition

loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements,[2] despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. It is a disorder of motor planning

-It is caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. 

Term

Anhedonia

Definition
-inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable
Term

Alexia

Definition

occurs when damage to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read.[

-reading disability

Term

Health Psychology 

Definition

-examines relationship between psychologial behavior and health/illness

-Focus is on wellness and prevention of illness 

- many causes of death are related to behavior and lifestyle, rather than infection

-how do we get people to engage in healthy behavior

Term

Bulimia Nervosa 

Definition

-compensatory behaviors: purging, excessive exrcise, fasting

-Episodes 2x/week for 3 months

-self esteem, determined by weight and body shape

-involves fear of gaining weight 

Term

Medical Consequences for Anorexia 

Definition
Amenorrhea
Dry skin
Brittle hair and nails
Sensitivity to cold temps
Lanugo – downy hair on limbs
Cardiovascular problems
Electrolyte imbalance
Term

Medical consequences of B.N 

Definition

-seizures 

-kidney faliure

-fuck up your teeth

 

comorbity with anxiety, mood disorders(50-70%), substance abuse 

Term

Anorexia Nervosa

 

Definition

-Overly successful weight loss

-15% below expected weight

-intense fears: gaining weight, losing control of eating

-Relenteless pursuit of thinness

-Often begins with dieting 

Term

Purging 

Definition

-B.N clinical depression 

-vomiting, laxative abuse 

-most within 10% of normal weight 

Term

Binge Eating 

Definition

-Food Binges

-No compensatory behaviors

-Experimental diagnostic category 

-Many are obese, Older, more psychopathy

-concerned about shape and weight 

Term
Difference between B.N and Binge Eating 
Definition

-binge eating:No compensatory behaviors

-B.N: compensatory behaviors 

Term

Sleep Disorders 

 

1. Dyssomnias 

Definition

-Quantity

-Quality

-Sleep Onset 

Term
Hypersomnia 
Definition

-Dyssomnias

-sleeping too much, excessive sleepiness, causes problems in life

--39% of a family history, asscoiated with exposure to viral infections, mono, and influenza

Term

Narcolepsy 

Definition

- daytime sleepiness

=cataplexy-cataplexic attacks

-REM sleep 

 -triggered by strong emotion 

-sleep paralysis

-hypnagogic hallucinations 

-typically improves overtime 

-daytime sleepiness persists without treatment 

Term

Parasomnias 

Definition

-Abnormal events during sleep or transition between sleep and waking 

- types REM and NREM 

Term
 Nightmare Disorder
Definition

-PARA

--REM sleep 

-INvolves dreams: distressing and disturbing

disrupt sleep cause awakening, interfer with functioning 

-more common in children 

Term

Sleep terror disorder 

Definition

-PARA

-Non REM sleep 

-more common in children 

-piercing scream

-signs of elevated arousal like sweating

-person looks upset

-difficult to awaken 

-little memory of the event 

Term
Sleep Walking disorder
Definition

-PARA

-Somnambulism, non rem sleep

-usually during first few hours

-person must leave bed

-usually resolves on its own

- related condition: nocturnal eating syndrome- person eats while asleep 

 

Term

Gender Identity Disorder 

Definition

- feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex

-assumes identity of the desired sex 

Term

Causes of Gender Id 

Definition

- biological 

-in vitro exposure: higher levels of testosterone or estrogen 

-gender identity: 18-36 months of age

-parental reinfrocement 

-gender nonconformity: may be reinforced by mother 

Term

Treatment of Gender ID 

Definition

-sex reassignment 

-required 1-2 years in opposite sex role

-hormone therapy 

-finally surguery, which is more difficult in biological females 

-75% satisfied

-better adjustment female-to-male 

Term

Duty to warn 

Definition

-Professional responsibilty to inform those in danger 

-right to confidentiality 

 

-Tarasoff vs Regents to the University of California: therapist knew of danger, did not warn 

-threat must be specific 

-consultation is imperative 

Term

How does BA work 

Definition

-decrease engagment in activities that maitain or increase dpression 

-increase engagement in adaptive activities 

-solve problems that limit acces to reward or that maintain abersive controls 

-all contribute to major goal of threapy; recovery and protection 

Term

Behvioral activation (BA)

Definition

-increased acitivation, more rewarding life, fewer problems 

-goal: recovery and protection from depression **

-theory is based on functional analysis 

(establish function of a behavior: identify motivation, trigger, behavior and consequence 

-encourgages engagment with life/directed towards specific symptoms 

best with problems  that are not pervasive (better for axis 1 )

Term
During each B.A session 
Definition

Establish and follow agenda 

Nurtures Activation 

Learns together 

Is non judgmental (same level with t and c ) 

Validates 

Encourages 

Naturally expresses warmth 

Term

During each BA session contiuned 

Definition

-monitor depression 

-set collaborative agenda 

-follow agenda 

-check in about the time since last session 

-review and assign homework 

-orient client and ask for feedback on how client felt session went 

Term

 

Overall goal of BA treatment 

Definition

Antidepressant/UP Activities 

(specific behaviors increase) 

depressant/down 

(specific behaviors to decrease) 

Term

A common challenge during BA tx

(Rumination) 

Definition

R: mental activity, repetitve, concontrollable thoughts, distressing to the person 

 

to decrease R: discuss and explore consequences of ruminating 

problme solving instead

direct attention to sensations currently present in the body 

-distract-engage in something mentally of physically active (working out, something social )

Term

decreasing the likelihood of depression relapse in context of BA 

Definition

review things the client has learned during therapy 

-What situations in client’s life tend to increase depression?

 

What specific behaviors contribute to keeping the depression cycle going?
What antidepressant behaviors need to be maintained or increased to stave off depression?
What will increase the chances of following through with antidepressant behaviors?
Term

Efficacy of BA in treating depression 

Definition

RCT have shown strong effect of BA should be considered a good treatment for medication 

has been found to be more efefctive than Cognitive therapy 

-has been found to be as effective as antidepressant medication 

Term

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Definition

-developed by Marsha LInehan 

-treatment designed for para-suicidal behavior(suicidal behavior tha t probably wont end in death), also treatment for drug abuse and dissoviative disorders 

-involves indivual therapy  combined with DBT skills training in a group 

-patients are thought how to better regulate their emotions 

-problem solving is emphasized 

-practice skills learned in skills group

-in later stages DBT patients are taught to trust their own responses rather than depend on validation of others 

 

Term
ERP 
Definition

Exposure and Response Prevention 

-used to treat anxiety, OCD

-a therapeutic effect will occur when clients cconfront hteir fears

-Client identifies thier fears and rans them mildest to most sever 

-therapist works with client to tackel the least frightening thing then more challenging

-client experiences habituation on feared stimulus

-client also practices a fear-incompatiable behavroal response to the stimulus 

Term

Efficacy of ERP in treating OCD

Definition

-typically causes some short term anxiety, but facillitates long term reduction in both obsessive and compulsive behaviors 

-in order for it to work client must refrain from escape response and is to be maintained at all times and not just during practice sessions, they have to practice at home

Term

cognitive Behavioral Therapy 

Definition

-addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladptive behavior and cognitive processes, goal oriented, explicit systematic procedures, created by Beck 

-attempts to change a person's behavior by modifying self-statementsand construal of eventes, automatic thoughts(identify and replace*)

-based on the assumption that problems like depression result from clients illogical thinking about themselves/world around them 

Term

CBT continued 

Definition

-focuses on examining relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

-by exploring patterns of thinking that lead to self destructive actions and belifes that direct these thoughts, people can modify their patterns of thinking to improve coping 

-can be applied to many people 

-focus on here and now/, not past issues sessions are highly structured/limited # of sessions 

-directive, guiding role of therapist

-therapsit must be problem focued and goal oriented 

-it is an active intervention so homework and practice outside of sessions 

Term

Efficacy of CBT 

Definition

-effective in treating anxiety/ bulimia 

-debate about wheter cognitve change is the "active ingredient"in cognitve therapy 

-it may be the behavioral component that is responisble for effectiveness of therapy 

-most effective in addition to medication for serious disorders, like bipolar 

Term

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Definition

-combines CBT and mindfulness practices 

-designed to help people who suffer repeated bouts of depression and chronic unhappiness 

-focus on becoming aware of all of one's thoughts and feelings and accepting them, but not automatically reacting to them

-Theory states that when people with a history of major depression experience life stress or distress, they can often return to automatic cognitve processes that are likely to lead to another depressive episode

Term

 

MBCT continued 

Definition

-goal is to interrupt automatice processes that lead to distress and teach clients to focus less on reacting to incoming stimuli but instead accept and observe without being judgemental

-MBCT prioritizes learning how to concentrate with purpose and be in the moment 

-clients are taught to recognize that holding onto certain cognitions and emotions can be ineffective and mentally destructive 

Term

Civil Commitment 

Definition

-Civil Commitment laws: 

-legal declaration of mental illness -involuntary commitment

-involuntary treatment/person: mentally ill & needs treatment 

-dangerous to self or others 

-gravely disabled 

-inability to care for self 

Term

Civil Commitment 

(defining mental illness) 

Definition

legal concept

-severe emotional or thought disturbances 

-definitions vary by state 

-often exclude: mental retradation/ substance related disorders 

-not synonymous with psychological disorder

-subjective/flexible 

-dangerous to self or others *central to commintment proceedings 

-specific symptoms raise risk: hallucinations/delusions/personality disorders 

-gender and ethnic biases 

Term

Civil Commitment 

(defining mental illness) 

Definition

legal concept

-severe emotional or thought disturbances 

-definitions vary by state 

-often exclude: mental retradation/ substance related disorders 

-not synonymous with psychological disorder

-subjective/flexible 

-dangerous to self or others *central to commintment proceedings 

-specific symptoms raise risk: hallucinations/delusions/personality disorders 

-gender and ethnic biases 

Term

Criminal Commitment 

(nature of criminal commitment) 

Definition

- Accused of committing a crime 

-detainment in mental health facility 

-evalutaion

-fitness to stand trial 

-findings: guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity 

Term
The Insanity Defense Plea 
Definition

-a legal definition 

-insanity at time of crime **

-treatment facility vs prison 

-diagnosis of a disorder does not equal insanity 

Term
Duty to warn 
Definition

-Professional responsibilty to inform those in danger 

-right to confidentiality 

 

-Tarasoff vs Regents to the University of California: therapist knew of danger, did not warn 

-threat must be specific 

-consultation is imperative 

Term
Diathesis stress Theory 
Definition
states that people may inherit predispositions which is set off by the environment 
Term
Projective tests 
Definition

-presentation of ambiguous stimuli

-projection of personality and the unconscious 

-inkblot test 

 

Term
Diagnosis how DSM is used to be acurate 
Definition

[image]assume that abnormality can be detected and classified based on symptoms 
-Gather detailed information (medical, psychiatric, family hx) for diagnosis. Then consult classification system (DSM IV) that contains criteria or characteristics of common disorders.
-[image]Each disorder or cluster of disorders may require a different treatment
-reliabillity/validity 

 

Term
Value of assessment depends on 
Definition

-reliablity: degree to which is consistent 

-validity: does it test what its supposed to test

-standardization: consistency across different measurements 

Term
defining abnormality 
Definition
- violation of social norms and atypical behavior 
Term
humanistic 
Definition
-empahsizes individual worth and value of the individuals own perception of reality 
Term
behavior therapy 
Definition

-uses learning methods to change abnormal behavior, thoughts, and feelings 

-classical and operant conditioning 

Term
internal validity 
Definition
- degree to which differences between groups are due to the independent variable versus something else
Term
External Validity 
Definition
-the degree to which results of a specific study can be generalized to other people, places, times, how generalizable is it.  
Term
Panic Attacks 
Definition

-situationally bound

-unexpected: no triggers out of the blue 

situationally: more likely to occur in specific situations but not always 

Term
fear 
Definition

immediate, present oriented 

-sympathetic nervous system

Term
anxiety 
Definition

-apprehensive, future-oriented 

somatic sysmptoms: tension 

Term
agoraphobia
Definition

fear or situations/events 

public places, not able to get help 

Term
Genralized Anxiety Disorders 
Definition

-not attached to specific object 

misinterpret events as threatening 

Term
specific phobias 
Definition

-extreme and irrational fear of specific object or situation 

 

Term
Social Phobia 
Definition

-extreme and irrational fear/shyness 

-focused on social/performance situations 

Term
soma 
Definition

-means body 

-preoccupation with health or apperance 

-physical compalaitns 

Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition

-anxiety of having a disease when you actually don't 

-focus on bodily symptoms 

-little benefit from medical reassurance 

Term
Somatization Disorder 
Definition

-long history of phyiscal complaints without cause 

-results in unneeded procedures, abuse of medications 

-preoccupation with symptoms not the disease 

-unexplained symptoms 

-elicit negative feelings from physicians 

Term
conversion disorder 
Definition

-anxiety converted into physical symptoms 

-paralysis of limbs, loss or change in physical functioning, can have imparied hearing/vision  

Term
Malingering 
Definition

-intentionally produced symptoms 

-faking something to get medication 

Term
Factitious Disorder/Munchausen's 
Definition

-intentionally produced symptoms 

-sick role? 

Term
Dissociative Disorder 
Definition

-severe detachments 

-impairments: indentity, memory, consciousness 

Term
Depersonalization 
Definition

loss of sense of self in the world

-can forget who you are, change identity 

Term
derealization 
Definition
-loss of contact with reality and the world around you
Term
depressive episode 
Definition

-depressed mood nearly every day

-anhedonia 

-weight changes, fatiuge 

-no mania

Term
mania 
Definition
-intense, unfounded, emotional high, hyperactive, flight of ideas, irritablity, fast speech 
Term
Manic Episode 
Definition

-persistent elevation in mood lasting one week

-inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, excess involvement in high risk activties

 

-hypomania: not as sever 

Term
dysthymic disorder 
Definition

milder symptoms, chronic and persistent 

-depressed mood for most of the day for more days than not 

-may last 20-30 years 

-poor appetite, insomnia, low engery/self esteem, poor concentration 

Term
Bipolar 1 disorder 
Definition

-alternating major depressive and manic episodes

-must be history fo 1 or more manic episodes, 60-70% of manic episodes occur after of before depressive episode 

Term
Bipolar II disorder 
Definition

-one or more depressive episodes, but has never experienced a manic or mixed episode, but has experienced hypomania

-alternating major depressive and hypomanic episodes 

Term
prevalence of mood disorders 
Definition
- adolescents similar to adults close to same prevalence 
Term
Positive Symptoms 
Definition

-presence of hallucinations and delusions, also disorganized speech and behavior

-delusions are strong, unusual, flase beliefs

-persecution, grandeur, control, romance

-hallucinations get worse with isolation, tend to not have them when engaged in activty 

Term
negative symptoms 
Definition

-absence or insuffiency of normal behavior 

-flat affect 

Term
Disorganized Symptoms 
Definition

-erratic behaviors that affect many domains

-disorganized speech, cognitive slippage

-inappropriate affect 

-unusual behaviors 

Term
Paranoid Type 
Definition

-delusions and hallucinations/persecution

-intact cognitive skills/affect

 

Term
disorganized type 
Definition

-marked disruptions, speech,behavior 

-flat or inappropriate affect 

-fragmented, chronic 

Term
Catatonic 
Definition

-unusual motor responses 

odd mannerisms, echolalia

Term
undifferentiated type 
Definition
do not fit into other subtypes, major symptoms, fails to meet criteria 
Term
Residual Type 
Definition

one or more past episodes 

no major symptoms 

negative, bizarre beliefs, social withdrawl 

-inactivity 

Term
hypoactive sexual desire 
Definition
-little or no interest in sexual activty
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