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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 16
for chapter 16 and parts of 17,18, &19
65
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/29/2013

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Term
Personality
Definition
a unique and enduring pattern of inner experience and ourward behavior
Term
Personality Traits
Definition
may be the result of inherited characteristics, learned responses, or a combination of the two
Term
A Personality Disorder
Definition
A very ridgid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that differs from the expectations of one's culture and leads to dysfunctioning
Term

1st cluster of personality disorders 

or "Odd" disorders

Definition

Paranoid

Schizold

Schizotypal

Term

2nd cluster of personality disorders

or "Dramatic" Personality Disorders

Definition

Antisocial

Borderline

Histrionic

Narcissistic

Term

3rd cluster of personality disorders 

or "Anxious" Personality Disorders

Definition

Avoidant

Dependent

Obsessive-Complusive

Term
Personality Disorder
Definition

1. An endurring pattern of nner experince and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, with at least two of the following areas  affected:  cognition-affectivity-interpersonal functioning-

impluse control.

2. Patternis inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.

3. Pattern is stable and long-lasting, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.

4. Signicant distress or impairment. 

Term

Central Features of

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Definition

Suspicious/distrustful

 

 

Term

Central Features of

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Definition

Relationship Problems

Aloof/Isolated

Term

Central Features of

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Definition

Relationship Problems

Cognitive/perceptual exxentricities

Term

Central Features of

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Definition

Decietful

Controlling/manipulative

Term

Central Features of 

Borderline Personality Disorder

Definition

Relationship problems

Emotionally unstable

Term

Central Features of

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Definition

Self-absorbed

Grandiose/egocentric

 

Term

Central Features of

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Definition

Relationship problems

Sensitive

Term

Central Features of

Dependent Personality Disorder

Definition

Relationship problems

Self-critical

Anixious/tense

Term

Central Features of

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

Definition

Controlling/manipulative

 

Term

(defintion)  

paranoid personality disorder

Definition

a personality disorder makred by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

(deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of their motives. Because they believe that everyone intends them harm, they shun close relationships)

Term

(defintion)

schizoid personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized  by persistent avoidance of socila relationships and little wxpression of emotion.

(persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships nd demonstrate little in the way of emotion)

Term

(defintion)

schizotypal personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behvioral eccentricities.

(display a rnge of interpersonal pfroblems makred by extreme discomfort in close relatonships. Anxious around others, they seek isolaton and have few close friends)

Term

(defintion)

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Definition

A personality disordr marked by a genral pattern of disregard for and violaton of other people's rights.

(Sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociaopaths", they persistently disregard and violate others' rights. Aside from substance related disorders, this is the disorder most closely linked to adult criminal behavior. Person must be 18 to receive this diagnosis; however, most people with antisocial personality disorder displayed some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15.)

Term

(defintion)

borderline personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized b y repeated instability in interpersonal relatonships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior.

(display great instability, including major shifts in mood, and unstable self-image, and impulsivity)

Term

(defintion)

histrionic personality disorder

(once called hysterical personality disorder)

Definition

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

(are extremely emotional--they are typically described as "emotionally charged"--continually seek t be the center of attention)

Term

(defintion)

narcissistic personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

(Convinced of their own great sucess, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them.)

Term

(defintion)

avoidant personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized b y consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

(They are so fearful of being rejected that they give no one an opportunity to reject them--or to accept them either)

Term

(defintion)

dependent personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

(fearing separation from their parent, spouse, or other person with whom they are in close relatonship. They rely on others os much that they cannot make the smalles decision for themselves.)

Term

(defintion)

obsessive-complusive personality disorder

Definition

A personality disorder characterized by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the individual loses flexibility, openness, adn efficiency.

(are so peroccupied with other, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Their concern for doing everything "right" impairs their productivity)

Term
Oppositional defiant disorder
Definition

a childhood disordr in which children argue repeatedly with adults, lose their temper and swear, feeling intense anger and resentment.

(as many as 10% of children qualify for this diagnosis and it more common in boys than in girls before puberty but equal in both sexes after puberty)

Term
Conduct disorder
Definition

A childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression and sometimes destroying others' property, stealing, or running away from home.

(as they get older their acts of physical violence may indlude rape, or in rare cases, homicide. begins between the ages of 7 to 15. As many as 10% of children qualify 3/4 boys)

Term

DSM-IV-TR Checklist

Conduct Disorder

Definition
  1. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.
  2. At least three of the following are present in the past twelve months (and at least one in the past six months): 
  • Frequent bullying or threatening of others
  • Frequent provoking of physical fights
  • Using dangerous weapons.
  • Physical cruelty to people
  • Physical cruelty to animals
  • stealing while confronting a victim
  • Forcing someone into sexual activity
  • Fire-setting
  • Deliberatleydestroying others' property
  • Breaking into a house, building, or car.
  • Frequent manipulation of others
  • Stealing items of a nontrivial value without confronting a victim
  • Frequent staying out beyond curfews, beginning before the age of 13
  • Running away from hom overnight at least twice
  • Frequent truancy from school, beginning before the age of 13
  • 3.Significant impairment
Term
Causes of Conduct Disorder
Definition

A number of cases have been tied to drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence. 

Most often, however, conduct has been tied to troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility. Children whose parents reject, leave, coerce, or abuse them or fail to provide appropriate and consistent supervison are more likely to develop conduct problems.

Term

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

(Sociocultural)

Definition

Treatment for conduct disorder are generally most effective with children younger than 13.

Sociocultaural Treatments-use family interventions, i.e., parent-child interaction therapy-therapist teach parent to work with their child positively to set appropriate limits, to act consistently, to be fair in their discipline decisions, and to establish more appropriate expectations regarding the child. Also try to teach child better social skills. For very young children they use video modeling

Term

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

(Child-Focused Treatments)

Definition

problem-solving skills training, combine modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards to help teach children constructive thinking and positive social behaviors.

Anger Coping and Coping Power Program, children participate in group seesions that teach then to mange their anger more effectively, view situations in perspective, solve problems, become aware of their emotions build social skills, set goals, and handle peer pressure. 

Term
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition

A disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive and implusive behavior, or both

(often apperas before the child starts school)

Term

DSM-IV-TR Checklist A

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Definition

1. Either of the following groups:

A.  At least six of the following symptoms of inattention, persisting for at least six months to a dergree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with development level:

a.  Frequent failure to give close attention to details, or making careless mistakes.

b.  Frequent difficulty in sustaining attention.

c.  Frequent failure to listen when spoken to directly.

d. Frequemt failure to follow through on instructions and failure to finish work.

e.  Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.

f.  Avoidance of , dislike of, and reluctance t engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.

g.  Frequent loss of items necessary for tasks or octivities

h.  Easy distraction by irrelevant stimuli.

i.  Forgetfulness in daily activities.

Term

DSM-IV-TR Checklist B

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Definition

B. At least six of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-implusivity, persisting for at least six months t a degree that is maladaptive adn inconsistent with developmental level:

a.  Fidgeting with hands or feet, or squirming in seat.

b.  Frequent wandering from seat in classroom or similar situation.

c.  Frequent running about or climbing excessively in siturations in which it is in appropriate.

d.  Frequent difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.

e.  Frequent "on the go" activity or ating as if "driven by a motor."

f.  Frequent excessive talking.

g.  Frequent blurting out of answers before questions have been completed.

h.  Frequent difficulty awaiting turn.

i.  Frequent interrupting of or intruding on others.

2. The presence of some symptoms before the age of 7.

3. Impairment from the symptoms in at least two settings.

4. Significant impairment. 

Term
Causes of ADHD
Definition

Biological factors-particularly abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain. 

Sociocultural-Also has been linked to high levels of stress and to family dysfunctioning

Children who are hyperactive tend to be viewed negatively by their peers and by their parents, and they often view themselves negatively as well. 

Term
Treatment of ADHD
Definition

Drug therapy with methylphenidate famous trade name or common name Ritalin

Behavior Therapy-parents and teachers learn how to reward attentiveness or self-control in the children, often placing them on a token economy program.

Combination Therapy-Combining behavioral and drug therapies is the most desirable because, according to research, shildren who receive both treatments require lower levels of medication. Therefore less exposure to possible undesirable side effect.

Term
mental retardation or intellectual disability
Definition

a disorder makred by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

 

(As many as 3 of every 100 persons meet the criteria for this diagnosis, around 3/5ths are male, and vast majority are considered mildly retarded. They display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior. IQ [score or 70 or below] also great difficulty in areas such as communicaton, home living, self-direction, work, or safety)

Term

DSM-IV-TR-Checklist

Mental Retardation

Definition

1.  Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning:  an IQ of approximately 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test.

2.  Concurrent deficits or impairments in present adaptive functioning in at least two of the following areas:

a.  Communication

b.  Self-care

c. Home living

d.  Social/interpersonal skills

e.  Use of community resources

f.  Self-direction

g.  Functional academic skills

h.  Work

i.  Leisure

j.  Health

k.  Safety

3.  Onset before the age of 18 

Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
A score drived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity.
Term
mild retardation
Definition
a level of mental retardation (IQ between 50 and 70) at wich people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults.
Term
moderate retardation
Definition
A level of mental retardaton (IQ between 35 and 49) at which people can learn to care for themselves adn can benefit from vocational training.
Term
severe retardation
Definition
A level of mental retardaton (IQ between 20 and 34) at which individuals require careful supervision can can learn to perform basic work in structured dn sheltered settings.
Term
profound retardation
Definition
A level of mental retardation (IQ below 20) at which individuals need a very structured environment with close supervision.
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
A form of mental retardation caused by an abonormality in the twenty-first chromosome.
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
A group of problems in a child, including lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in the hands and face, that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy
Term
state school
Definition
A state supported institution for people with mental retardation.
Term
normalization
Definition
The principle that institutions and community residences should expose people with mental retardation to living conditions and opportunities similar to those found in the rest of society.
Term
special education
Definition
an approach to educating children with mental retardation in which they are grouped together and given a separate, specailly designed education.
Term
mainstreaming
Definition
The placement of children with mental retardation in regular school classes. Also know as inclusion
Term
sheltered workshop
Definition
A protected and supervised workplace that offers job opportunities and training at a pace and leve tailored to people with various psychological disabilites.
Term
geropsychology
Definition
The field of psychology concerned wi th the mental health of elderly people.
Term
delirium
Definition
A rapidly developing clouding of consciousness; the person has great difficulty concentrating, focusing attention, and following an orderly sequence of thought. (or the clouding of conciousness)
Term
dementia
Definition
a syndrome makred by severe problems in memory and in at least one other cognitive function.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
The most common form of dementia, usually occurring after the age of 65.
Term

DSM-IV-TR-Checklist

Dementia of the Alsheimer's type

Definition

1.  The development of multiple cognitive deficits manifested by both memory impairment and at least one of the following cognitive disturbances:

(a)  Aphasia-loss of ability to articulate ideas or cmprhend spoken or written language.

(b)  Apraxia-total of partial loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects.

(c)  Agnosia-Loss of the ability to interpret sensory stimuli, such as sounds or images.

(d)  Disturbance in executive functioning-the mental capacity to control and purposefully apply one's own mental skills.

2.  Significant impairment in social or occupational functioning, along with significant decline from a previous level of functioning.

3.  Gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.

Term
senile plaques
Definition
Sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain brain cells and in certainnblood vessels as people age. People with Alzhiemer's disease have an excessive numbr of such plaques.
Term
neurofibrillary tangles
Definition
Twisted protein fibers that form within certain cells as people age. People with Alzheimer's have an excessive number of such tangles.
Term
short-term memory
Definition
the memory system that collects new information. Also known as working memory
Term
long-term memory
Definition
The memory system that contains all the information that we have stored over the years.
Term
vascular dementia
Definition
Dementia cause by a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, which restricts blood flow to certain areas of the brain. Also known as multi-infarct dementia.
Term
civil commitment
Definition

A legal process by which an individual can be forced to undergo mental health treatment.

 

Term
Procedures for Civil commitment
Definition

Civil commitment laws vary from state to state. Some basic procedure, however, are common to most of these laws. 

The Supreme Court, in the case of Parham b J. R. (1979), has ruled that a hearing is not necessary in such cases, asl long as a qualified mental health professional considers commitment necessary. They offered few guidelines concerningspecific procedures, one important decision in the case of Addington v. Texas (1979), outlined the minimum stand of proof needed for commitment. "...there must be 'clear and convincing' proof that he or she is mentally ill and has met the state's criteria for involuntary commitment.

Term
right to treatment
Definition
The legal right of patients, particularyly those who are involuntarily committed, t receive adequate treatment.
Term
right to refuse treatment
Definition
The legal right of patients to refuse certain forms of treatment.
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