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abnormal psychology
ch 9,10,11,13
137
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/29/2013

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Term
Stimulants (Uppers)
Definition
These Drugs (Substances) Stimulate Central Nervous System or Brain Centers
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
(Benzedrine, Methedrine and Dexedrine) –Known as “pep pills”, stimulants
Term
Cocaine and Crack
Definition
Caffeine, Nicotine, stimulants
Term
Anti-Depressants
Definition
Prozac, stimulant
Term
Depressants (Downers)
Definition
These Drugs (Substances) Depress Central Nervous System or Brain Centers
Term
Ethyl Alcohol
Definition
Ethanol, depressant
Term
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
Definition
Benzodiazepines (valium or Librium), Buspar, Xanax and many others, also known as minor tranquilizers, depressants
Term
Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Definition
(also known as major tranquilizers), Phenothyazines (Thorazine and Stellazine – Haldo and many others, depressants
Term
Barbiturates (Sleeping Substances) Depressants of Central Nervous System
Definition
Sleep Inducing Agents
Seconal, Luminal, and Sodium Amythol &Pentothal (used in executions)
Term
Opium and Its Derivatives (Narcotics)
Definition
Opiates – Morphine, Heroin and others
Term
Hallucinogens (Mind Altering Drugs)
Definition
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa plant); LSD, Phencyclidine (PCP) and many others
Term
Substance Abuse
Definition
the excessive use of a substance that continues despite negative consequences
Term
Substance Dependence
Definition
Inability to cut down or control use, using much activity to obtain substance
Term
short term effects of alcohol
Definition
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol – C2H5OH (not methanol or wood alcohol) is a Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant. It depressed brain centers. The initial feelings of elation and euphoria soon give way to depression.
Term
short term effects of alcohol
Definition
When the level of alcohol in the blood increases, death might be the end result. People drink because it makes them feel good. Anxiety disappears. Inhibition is relaxed and a person feels happy. Continual drinking, however, dramatically changes the picture.
Term
Long-term effects of alcohol
Definition
involve alcoholism, a very serious addiction. Heavy drinking causes black outs. Chronic alcoholism destroys brain cells and causes cirrhosis (damage to liver).
Term
DRUG-RELATED DISORDERS
Definition
can result in an abuse disorder or dependency disorder
Term
Depressants or Sedatives
Definition
These drugs or substances can cause generalized depression of CNS and a slowing down of responses. They relax or calm a person.
Term
Polysubstance dependence
Definition
to using at least three drugs or substances
Term
Anti-anxiety drugs
Definition
known as minor tranquilizers, depressant
Term
Opiates or narcotics
Definition
includes morphine, heroin and codeine, depressants
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
sleeping substances, depressants
Term
Stimulants
Definition
These drugs or substances stimulate CNS or brain centers, inducing elation, agitation, and act as appetite suppressants
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
also known as “speed” or “pep pills” which speed up the activities of CNS by increasing dopamine in the synapses. They inhibit sleep and appetite. stimulant
Term
Caffeine and Nicotine
Definition
found in coffee, tea, and chocolate and some soft drinks. stimulant
Term
Cocaine
Definition
extracted from the coca plant and is taken in different ways. It increases dopamine in the brain. stimulant
Term
Crack
Definition
a purified and potent form of cocaine produced by heating cocaine with ether, called free-basing sold in solid pieces or “rocks”.
Term
Marijuana
Definition
taken from the leaves of the plant cannabis sativa, produces euphoria, tranquility and passivity with changes in perception. is said to cause no physical addiction. Hallucinogenic
Term
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Definition
produces distortion of reality and hallucinations
Term
PCP (Phencyclidine)
Definition
also known as “angel dust” and may cause psychotic-like symptoms, hallucinogenic
Term
ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Biogenic (Biological explanations)
Definition
There are some evidences pointing to genetic factors. For example, familial alcoholism involves genetic and heredity factors whereas the non-familial alcoholism involves the environmental factors. Effort is made to locate the gene (or genes) responsible for alcoholism.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) and Personality Explanations
Definition
Childhood trauma and fixation in the oral stage may cause alcoholism. Alcohol provides oral gratifications and satisfies dependency needs
Some personality characters such as antisocial personality, addictive personality, and depression are contributing factors
Term
ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Sociocultural Explanations
Definition
Consumption tends to increase or decrease with socioeconomic status. Cultural values play important roles in drinking patterns
Term
ETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Behavioral Explanations
Definition
Drinking behavior is learned. Alcohol serves to reduce anxiety and tension. Relapse refers to resumption of drinking after a period of abstinence
Term
Overall Theories of Addiction Process
Definition
Solomon believes addiction is an acquired motivation such as love or attachment
Wise suggests a combination of both behavioral perspectives and biogenic approaches
Term
Detoxification
Definition
the removal of the abusive substances and long-term maintenance without it
Term
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Self-Help Groups
Definition
Alcoholics Anonymous – “AA groups”
Similar groups are available for drug abusers and other abusers also.
Term
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Pharmacological Approach
Definition
This approach involves using chemical agents.
Antabuse is used to create aversion towards alcohol.
Methadone is a synthetic narcotic chemical which reduces craving for heroin. It also decreases withdrawal symptoms.
Nicotine patch is effective in helping smokers.
Term
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Cognitive &Behavioral Approaches
Definition
Aversion therapy –The sight, smell or taste of alcohol or any other drug is paired with noxious stimuli
Covert sensitization uses imagery. Alcoholics imagine nausea or vomiting in the presence of alcohol. Rapid smoking has been effective
Term
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS - Multimodal Treatment
Definition
A combination of approaches can be used as well. Inpatient facilities are 28 to 30 days after which they are seen in outpatient facilities. Patients are encouraged to attend support groups. Family therapy especially for adolescents is effective. To make treatment effective, patients have to be in constant contact with their AA or other supports groups.
Term
THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Definition
1. The Appetitive Phase
2. The Excitement Phase
3. The Orgasm Phase
4. The Resolution Phase
Term
The Appetitive Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Definition
A person shows desire for sexual activity. Dysfunction in this phase is called sexual desire disorder.
Term
The Excitement Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Definition
– Specific and direct sexual stimulation occurs. Increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration are noted. Males have erection. Dysfunction in this phase is called sexual arousal disorder.
Term
The Orgasm Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Definition
The dysfunction in this phase is called orgasm disorder.
Term
The Resolution Phase, THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Definition
Relaxation after the orgasm. Dysfunctions due to pain are called dyspareunia and vaginismus.
Term
CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
Definition
1.Sexual Desire Disorder
2.Sexual Arousal Disorders
3.Orgasm Disorders
4.Sexual Pain Disorder
Term
Sexual Desire Disorders
Definition
A. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
B. Sexual Aversion Disorder
Term
Sexual Arousal Disorders
Definition
A. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (Frigidity)
B. Male Erectile Disorder (Impotency)
Term
Orgasm Disorders
Definition
A. Female Orgasmic Disorder
B. Male Orgasmic Disorder
C. Premature Ejaculation
Term
Sexual Pain Disorder
Definition
A. Dyspareunia – Genital Pain in both sexes
B. Vaginismus – Involuntary spasm of the vagina
Term
ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
Definition
Sexual dysfunction may be due to psychological factors or a combination with biological (biogenic or physical) factors.
Term
ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS- Biological Factors & Treatment
Definition
Lower levels of testosterone or high levels of estrogen have been associated with low sexual interest in both sexes and erectile problems in males. Drugs that suppress the level of testosterone seem to decrease sexual desire in men. High blood pressure also decreases sexual desire in men. Surgical methods such as penile implants have been helpful to men.
Term
ETIOLOGY & TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS- Psychological Factors & Behavioral Therapy
Definition
can include historical, pre-disposing factors, sexual trauma, inadequate or inappropriate sexual experiences and relationship conflicts. Education, anxiety reduction and behavioral exercises are helpful. Sex therapists are available.
Term
gender identity disorder
Definition
Conflict between a person’s anatomical sex and his/her gender identity as male or female
Term
transsexualism
Definition
a person persistently identifies with the opposite sex, showing role conflicts at an early age
Term
transvestite
Definition
a condition whereby a person cross-dresses with no sexual abnormalities.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Definition
Unresolved Oedipus or Electra complexes and identification with the opposite-sex parent
Term
ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - Behavioral Perspective
Definition
Parental encouragement of feminine behavior
Term
ETIOLOGY OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS - Biological (biogenic) perspective
Definition
Exposure to the opposite sex hormones affects the brain centers governing sexual orientations. This process usually happens during the fetal stage.
Term
PARAPHILIAS
Definition
Sexual urges and fantasies regarding (a) non-human objects; (b) real or simulated suffering and (c) non-consenting others
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Human Objects
- Fetishism
Definition
Strong sexual attraction for an inanimate object such as panties, bras, shoes, bags, etc.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Human Objects
- Transvestite Fetishism
Definition
Sexual arousal is obtained through cross-dressing in heterosexuals.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Exhibitionism
Definition
Exposures of one’s genitals to unsuspecting strangers. Most of such men are in their twenties
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Voyeurism
Definition
Observing the genitals or watching sexual acts. “Peeping” is a deviation if it is preferred to sexual intercourse. The term “Peeping Tom” is also used for this disorder.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Frotturism
Definition
Sexual urges and fantasies of touching and rubbing against non-consenting persons.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Non-Consenting Persons - Pedophilia
Definition
Erotic gratification through fantasies or sexual contact with children. Child sexual abuse is common
Term
Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Sadism
Definition
Obtaining sexual gratification by inflicting pain on others
Term
Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Masochism
Definition
Obtaining sexual gratification by receiving pain, or humiliation
Term
Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Sadomasochism
Definition
A combination of sadism and masochism in a
person.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Necrophilia
Definition
Sexual contact with a dead person.
Term
Paraphilias Involving Pain or Humiliation - Zoophilia
Definition
Sexual contact with an animal
Term
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
Castration anxiety and unresolved Oedipus complex are important
factors in males.
Helping the patient understand relationship between his/her
deviation and the unconscious conflict producing it is
recommended.
Term
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS Behavioral Perspective
Definition
Stress on the importance of early conditioning experiences in the
etiology of sexual deviant behaviors.
Reward and punishment techniques are effective
Term
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF PARAPHILIAS Biogenic (Biological) Perspectives
Definition
Possible genetic, neuronal, hormonal and brain abnormalities may
be associated with sexual disorders
Term
Rape
Definition
as forcible sexual act against a person without his/her consent. Highly traumatic experience. It affects sexual enjoyment.
Term
Power Rapist
Definition
attempts to compensate for feelings of personal or sexual inadequacies.
Term
Anger Rapist
Definition
demonstrates his anger towards women.
Term
Sadistic Rapist
Definition
derives satisfaction from inflicting pain on a victim.
Term
the cultural spill over theory.
Definition
Rape is more frequent in cultures that encourage violence.
Term
TREATMENT FOR INCEST OFFENDERS AND RAPISTS
Definition
Imprisonment is usually the most effective preventative treatment.
The rapist treatment outcome is poor.
Surgical castration has been used. Chemical therapy has also been implemented. The results are questionable.
Support groups are probably most effective.
Term
HOMOSEXUALITY
Definition
DSM-I and DSM-II classified homosexuality as sexual deviation.
In 1976, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality as a deviation.
Term
AGING & SEXUAL ACTIVITY
Definition
Sexual activity and enjoyment of sex among older population remains high (Janus, 1993).
However, physiologically based changes in the patterns of sexual arousal and orgasm have been found over the age sixty five.
Term
Depression
Definition
intense sadness, feelings of worthlessness and withdrawal.
Term
Mania
Definition
elevated mood, expansiveness, irritability and hyperactivity
Term
Affective symptoms of Depression
Definition
include sadness, unhappiness, “blue mood” and apathy.
Term
Cognitive symptoms of Depression
Definition
include feelings of pessimism, loss of interest and motivation, ideas of guilt, difficulty in concentrating and making decisions.
Term
Behavioral symptoms of Depression
Definition
include neglect of personal appearance, psychomotor retardation, and agitation and suicide gestures.
Term
Physiological symptoms of depression
Definition
include loss or gain of appetite and weight, constipation, sleep disturbance and loss of sexual desire.
Term
CLASSIFICATION OF MOOD DISORDERS
Definition
1. Depressive disorders (unipolar)
A. Major depressive disorder (with or without psychotic features)
B. Dysthymia (without psychotic features)
2. Bipolar Disorders
A. Bipolar disorders, mania and depression
B. Cyclothymia ( severe mood swings)
Term
Major depressive disorder
Definition
the main symptoms are depressed moods, loss of interest or please, loss of weight and others.
There is no history of manic disorder
Can be single episode or recurrent episodes
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
the main symptoms are low-grade depressed mood, feeling of pessimism or guilt, loss of interest of chronic nature lasting over years
Term
bipolar
Definition
indicates the presence of manic and depressive episodes in the same patient.
Term
Cyclothymia (bipolar)
Definition
is a persistent and chronic mood disorder in the form of mood swings
Term
course specifiers
Definition
Seasonal mood changes or post-pardon depression
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation
Definition
Expression of depression differs from culture to culture
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation
Stress and Depression
Definition
– Stress may activate a person’s predisposition (diathesis) to depression. A severe stress is more effective than several minor ones. Chronic (long-term) stress is more highly related to depression. Stress results in relapse as well. Social support counteracts stress.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Sociocultural Explanation
Gender and Depression
Definition
Depression is far more common among woman than men. Women may seek help more often than men. Submissive nature of some women leads to depression. In men, depression is masked by substance abuse and anger.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Psychoanalytic Explanation
Definition
This theory focuses on separation and anger as the causes of depression. Loss through separation or death is crucial. Anger stems from feelings of being deserted or abandoned. Anger turned toward the self, causes depression.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Learning Explanation
Definition
Separation or loss of a significant other, causing reduced reinforcement is important in depression. Reduction in environmental reinforcement is another important contributor. There is a need to replace lost reinforcements. Patients need to learn social behaviors that can elicit positive reinforcements.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Cognitive Explanation
Definition
Low self-esteem is related to depression. Beck feels depression is a disturbance of thinking rather than mood. Patients have schemas (blue prints) that set them up for depression.
Term
ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
The Causes of Depression
Learned Helplessness
Definition
Seligman states that feelings of helplessness are learned which happens when one’s actions have no effect on the environment, as a result of which passivity and depression occur.
Attributional styles can be optimistic or pessimistic. Depressed persons make depressive attributions.
Term
Biological Perspectives Regarding Moods Disorders
Genetic Factors – The Role of Heredity
Definition
Mood disorders tend to run in families. Twin studies reveal this factor, especially in bipolar disorders.
Term
Biological Perspectives Regarding Moods
Disorders
Biochemical Factors – Neurotransmitters and Mood Disorders
Definition
Genetic factors influence the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapses. Depression is caused by a deficit of specific neurotransmitters nor-epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Mania is caused by an oversupply of these substances. Depression is also linked with increase in REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement). In more severe disorders including the psychotic forms of major mood disorders, endogenous (internal) factors may become more prominent.
Term
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Definition
These include the use of medication and electroconvulsive therapy
Term
TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Tricyclic antidepressants
Definition
seem to block the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine by the nerve cells.
Term
TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
Definition
increase the level of nor-epinephrine in the brain synapses.
These prevent the breakdown of nor-epinephrine by MAO enzymes. Prozac appears to block the re-uptake of transmitter substances such as nor-epinephrine and serotonin.
Term
Biomedical Treatment for Depressive Disorders
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Definition
ECT is reserved for the patients with severe unipolar depression who do not respond to tricyclic’s or MAO inhibitors. Response to ECT is fast.
Term
Psychotherapy and Behavioral Treatments for Depressive Disorder
Definition
A variety of psychological forms of treatment have been used. Cognitive therapists believe that distorted thoughts cause psychological problems and changing them can eliminate depression. Teaching patients to replace illogical thoughts with positive and logical thoughts is the aim of this method. The patient is encourages to take part in positive activates and to attend social skills programs.
Term
Biomedical Treatment for Bipolar (Manic-Depressive) Disorders
Definition
Drugs, especially lithium are used. Lithium carbonate is the treatment of choice for manic patients. Lithium decreases the total level of neurotransmitters in the synaptic areas by increasing the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine into the nerve cells. Some side effects are noted.
Term
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Definition
A group of disorders characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes. It is a disorder which involves disturbance of thinking primarily.
Term
History of Diagnostic Category - schizophrenia
Definition
Emil Kraeplin (1896) called this disorder Dementia Praecox meaning early insanity. Bleuler (1911) coined the term schizophrenia from the two terms schizen (split) and phren (mind). It has been difficult to agree on a precise definition of schizophrenia.
Term
DSM-IV Definition of Schizophrenia
Definition
given to a disorder if delusions, hallucinations, or marked disturbance in thinking, affect or speech are demonstrated.
Term
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
thought disorder, bizarre behavior, delusions and hallucinations.
Term
Delusions positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
false beliefs which are firmly held to by the patient
Term
Delusions of grandeur positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
thinking one is a very important person
Term
Delusions of control positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
others try to control the patient
Term
Delusions of thought broadcasting positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
others can hear the patients thoughts
Term
Delusions of persecution positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
others are plotting to harm the patient
Term
Delusions of reference positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
others are talking about the patient
Term
Thought withdrawal positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
ones thoughts are removed by others
Term
Perceptual Distortions positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
These include hallucinations which are sensory stimuli or perceptions with no direct actual stimulation. Hallucinations are mainly auditory, but can also be visual or tactile or felt through the sense of smell.
Term
Disorganized Speech and Thought Disturbances positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
Speech is disorganized and is called “the word salad”. There is lack of insight that one’s thinking is disturbed
Term
Loose associations positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
also referred to as cognitive slippage with continual shifting from topic to topic with no logical connections
Term
Neologism positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
The patient forms ne words whose meanings he/she only understands
Term
Problems with attention positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
the patient is unable to focus on one subject
Term
Disorganized Motoric Disturbances positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
Extreme high or low levels of motor activities are demonstrated by the patient
Term
Flat affect Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
lack of demonstration of emotions or feelings
Term
Anhedonia Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
inability to feel pleasure
Term
Avolition Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
lack of motivation
Term
Alogia Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
lack of meaningful speech
Term
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Definition
Symptoms include delusions, auditory hallucinations together with extreme suspiciousness and mistrust
Term
Disorganized schizophrenia (formerly called hebephrenia)
Definition
Symptoms include regressive behavior, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate affect, silly, vulgar, bizarre behavior
Term
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Definition
Symptoms include disturbance in motor activity, either extreme excitement or motoric immobility
Patient might take a position and remain in that position for a long period of time. This is called waxy flexibility
Term
Undifferentiated, residual schizophrenia
Definition
Symptoms are mixed and undifferentiated, thus a clear classification is not made.
Residual refers to past illness, but non-symptomatic at present.
Term
Brief Psychotic Reaction
Definition
An acute, brief psychotic episode following a severe trauma
Term
Schizoaffective Disorder
Definition
A combination of the symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorder
Term
THE COURSE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Definition
A person’s premorbid personality (personality before the illness) is important. The typical course of schizophrenia consists of three phases:
Prodromal, active, and residual
The prodromal phase includes the onset and buildup of the symptoms
The active phase shows full blown symptoms
In the residual phase, the severity of the symptoms decline
Today many schizophrenics can lead a productive life, provided they take their medication regularly
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