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Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 1: Abnormal Behavior in the Historical Context
204
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
08/27/2012

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Term
Define: Psychological Disorder
Definition
Psychological dysfunction in individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
Term
Judy: The girl who fainted at the sight of blood
Definition
-16 years old
-"blood-injury-injection phobia"
-fainted at thought or sight of blood. started wit dissection video
-progressed to 5-10 times per week
Term
Define: Phobia
Definition
psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
Term
Define: Psychological Dysfunction
Definition
A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Dysfunction for Judy: Fainted at sight of blood
Term
Define: Personal Distress
Definition
State of being extremely upset
Term
3 components of a psychological disorder:
Definition
1. Psychological Dysfunction

2. Distress/impairment

3. Atypical Response
Term
Define: Prototype
Definition
"typical" profile of a disorder

when most or all symptoms of a disorder are present
Term
Define: Psychopathology
Definition
scientific study of psychological disorders
Term
Define: Scientist-practitioners
Definition
Mental Health practitioners that:

1. keep up with latest scientific developments in their field

2. Use most current diagnostic and statistic procedures

3. Evaluate own assessments and procedures to see what works

4. do research
Term
3 Criterion to be a Mental Health Professional/Scientist-practitioner
Definition
1. Consumer of science

2. evaluator of science

3. creator of science
Term
Define: Presenting problem
Definition
Why a person came to the clinic
Term
3 criteria for being a psychological disorder...
Definition
1. Deviance

2. Distress

3. Disability
Term
What makes labeling things "abnormal" difficult?
Definition
-no discrete boundary between normal and abnormal

-no descriptive features

-abnormality doesn't always indicate mental illness
Term
What are some of the myths/stigma related to mental illness?
Definition
-lazy, crazy, dumb

-mental illness is a helpless situation
Term
What is Barlow's definition of psychological disorder?
Definition
Significant distress, impairment, and unusual (atypical) behavior
Term
List: 3 types of psychological dysfunction
Definition
1. cognitive distortion

2. emotional

3. behavior
Term
Define: Cognitive Distortion
Definition
-produce emotional responses that are inappropriate in the situation

ex: mom didn't make me dinner; therefore, she hates me
Term
Define: Emotional psychological dysfunction
Definition
-unwarranted fears that interfere with choices and responses

-emotional dysregulation
Term
Define: behavior-Psychological dysfunction
Definition
-checking reinforces the unrealistic belief by reducing the fear; impulse control
Term
Cultural relativity
Definition
-social norms and standards for deviance vary among cultures

-political dissidents: not culturally expected by current government
Term
What is the politically correct label to give somebody with a mental illness?
Definition
psychological disorder
Term
Define: Psychopathology
Definition
-scientific study of psychological disorders
Term
What is the difference between a scientist/practitioner and practitioner/scientist?
Definition
scientist/practitioner: (PsyD)Primarily researcher who also practices

practitioner/scientist: primarily practitioner who does research
Term
3 criteria for being a scientist-practitioner
Definition
1. Consumer of science

2. Evaluator of science/practice

3. Creator of science
Term
What is a clinical description?
Definition
how describe person's problem
Term
Define: Prevalence
Definition
how many cases?
Term
Define: incidence
Definition
how many new cases within a given year?
Term
define: course
Definition
explain to client the diagnoses

tell them if it will get better or not
Term
define: prognosis
Definition
how it gets better faster

what can client do to get better?
Term
define: etiology
Definition
-origins of a disorder

genetics, trauma, disease, etc...
Term
List: 3 types of COURSES for psychological disorders
Definition
1. chronic course

2. time-limited course

3. episodic course
Term
Define: chronic course
Definition
disorder has lasted a long time
Term
Define: TIME-LIMITED course of a psychological disorder
Definition
the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period
Term
Define: EPISODIC course of psychological disorders
Definition
likely to recover from disorder in a few months, but reoccurrence is likely
Term
List: different types of ONSET (2)
Definition
1. Acute onset

2. Insiduous onset
Term
Define: Acute onset
Definition
begins suddenly
Term
Define: insidious onset
Definition
develops gradually over an extended period
Term
Define: Prognosis
Definition
anticipated course of the disorder

ex: "the prognosis is good" = individual will get better

"the prognosis is guarded" = the outcome looks bad
Term
What pieces of information should be included in the CLINICAL DESCRIPTION?
Definition
1. presenting problem/clinical description

2. prevalence

3. incidence

4. course

5. prognosis
Term
we call the study of changes in behavior over time ________
Definition
developmental psycology
Term
We refer to the study of changes in abnormal behavior as ____
Definition
developmental psychopathology
Term
Study across the entire age span is referred to as _______
Definition
life-span developmental psychopathology
Term
What is the SUPERNATURAL MODEL of behavior?
Definition
supernatural beings influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions
Term
List 3 models of behavior
Definition
1. supernatural

2. biological

3. psychological
Term
Define: Clinical Gaze
Definition
-people become defined by their disorders

-judgment

-dehumanizing
Term
Define: Mind-Body Connection
Definition
Biological processes influence behavior

behavior influences biological processes
Term
Diversity Factors
Definition
-affect our understanding of what is going on with a person

ex: ethnic background -> assumptions
Term
Code of ethics
Definition
-Confidentiality
-professional boundaries
-Hippocratic oath
-APA generated code
Term
Define: Theory
Definition
knowledge systems generated by dominant thinkers
Term
Define: Dominated Thinkers
Definition
well-educated, able to integrate existing knowledge system

limited class of people, privileged by class/gender (enables to be top tier)
Term
Pluralistic society
Definition
-were beliefs are challenged, marginalized people have more opportunities to be heard
Term
Psychological Disorders in the 14th Century (Supernatural)
Definition
-Catholic Church warned about the dangers of evil, witches, demons
Term
What treatments were popular in the 14th century?
Definition
EXORCISM: religious ceremony to get rid of evil spirits
Term
Psychological Disorders in 15th century
Definition
finally recognize depression and anxiety as an illness

CHURCH is still a strong influence
Term
Define: Acedia
Definition
Seven Deadly Sins: Sloth

In 15th century, lethargy and despair were considered a sin instead of mental illness
Term
14th and 15th century: treatments
Definition
-rest, happy and healthy environment, potions

-village took care of people. took turns
Term
King Charles VI
Definition
-became stressed after the division of the Catholic church

-turned on his own army when he heard a loud noise, because he thought that he was under attack

-later on started roaming the castle howling like a wolf, pretending he was made of glass, and destroying his own coat of arms

-people thought it was because of God's anger because the kind failed to take up arms and end the schism in the Catholic Church; or SORCERY
Term
King Charles VI
Definition
-became stressed after the division of the Catholic church

-turned on his own army when he heard a loud noise, because he thought that he was under attack

-later on started roaming the castle howling like a wolf, pretending he was made of glass, and destroying his own coat of arms

-people thought it was because of God's anger because the kind failed to take up arms and end the schism in the Catholic Church; or SORCERY
Term
Saint Vitus' dance
Definition
-people raved in the street in large groups

-mass hysteria?

-Posession?
Term
Mass hysteria/emotional contagion
Definition
experience of an emotion spreads to people around each other
Term
Paracelsus
Definition
Moon & Stars

-no scientific evidence to support idea that moon/heavens have an effect on behavior

-astrology
Term
Who is the father of modern Western medicine?
Definition
Hippocrates
Term
Hippocratic corpus
Definition
-written by Hippocrates

-noted that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
-noted that psychopathology must be located in brain because brain is seat of wisdom and knowledge

-noted that environment might play a part in psycho-disorder
Term
Hippocrates-Galen: humoral theory of psychological disorders
Definition
-psychological dysfunction is related to bodily fluids

-Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
Term
Humoral Theory: List fluids + where they come from (4)
Definition
blood (heart)

black bile (spleen)

yellow bile (liver)

phlegm (brain)
Term
____ theory was the first example of associating psychological disorder with chemical imbalance
Definition
Humoral Theory (Hippocrates-Galen)
Term
Greeks: List 4 basic qualities
Definition
Heat

Dryness

Moisture

Cold
Term
Syphallis
Definition
STD caused by bacterial microorganisms entering the brain

-delusion of grandeur or persecution
Term
most influential american psychiatrist of all time ______________
Definition
John Grey
Term
John Grey
Definition
-editor of american journal of insanity

-thought that causes of psychopathology were ALWAYS physical

-should treat mental illness AS an illness

-treatments: rest, diet, proper room temperature

-created better hospital conditions
Term
Manfred SAKEL
Definition
Vietnamese physician began using increasingly higher dosages until patents convulsed and went into comatose

-some patients recovered after the comatose

INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY
Term
Who invented INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY?
Definition
SAKEL
Term
Benjamin Franklin
Definition
-accidentally discovered that a mild shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss

---wondered if it would treat depression
Term
Joseph Von Meduna
Definition
*incorrectly* found out that those with epilepsy did not have schizophrenia

-thought that induced brain seizures would get rid of schizophrenia
Term
Cerletti and Bini
Definition
-1938

-treated depression patient by sending 6 small shocks to his brain, producing convulsions
Term
When were the first effective drugs for severe psychological disorders created?
Definition
1950s
Term
Before the 50s, what were some popular medicinal drugs used to treat severe psychological disorders?
Definition
-opium

-herbs
Term
Benzodiazapine
Definition
reduces anxiety
Term
Kraeplin
Definition
one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry

-described schizophrenia
Term
When did a scientific approach to psychological disorders begin?
Definition
end of 1800s
Term
what did Plato think the cause of psychopathology was?
Definition
-social and cultural influences

-learning
Term
How did PLATO think that we should fix maladaptive behavior?
Definition
-reeductate individual through rational discussion so that the power of reason would dominate
Term
Who started the PSYCHOSOCIAL movement?
Definition
PLATO
Term
Psychosocial approach
Definition
focus on psychological, social, and cultural factors
Term
Aristotle: Psychosocial approach
Definition
-emphasized the influence of social environment

-early learning = important

-importance of fantasies, dreams, and cognitions

-advocated human treatment
Term
Moral Therapy
Definition
-treat patients as normal as possible in an environment that encouraged normal social interaction

-individual attention emphasized

-positive consequences for appropriate behavior
Term
Who started MORAL THERAPY?
Definition
French psychiatrist, PINEL
Term
Horace Mann: Moral Therapy
Definition
treated aggressive patients with moral therapy + the majority of them were no longer aggressive within a year after being released
Term
3 reasons for decline of behavior therapy
Definition
1. moral therapy works best when there are 200 or less patients (more individualized attention). immigrants came in after civil war and made mental hospitals have 2,000+ patients. immigrants were not thought of as being "equal" so they were treated badly

2. Dorthea Dix: made sure that everyone who needed mental therapy received it. increased numbers in hospitals.

3. middle of 19th century: Mental illness caused by brain pathology and incurable
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
FREUD

-structure of mind and role of unconscious
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
WATSON, PAVLOV, SKINNER

-learning and adaptation effects development of psychopathology
Term
Leaders of behaviorism (3)
Definition
FREUD

PAVLOV

SKINNER
Term
Anton Mesmer
Definition
-Animal Magnetism: hypnotist

magnetism = fluid that can become unbalanced
Term
who was the leader of the mental hygiene movement?
Definition
Dorthea DIX
Term
Bejamin Franklin: Animal Magnetism
Definition
-put animal magnetism to the test by performing a double-blind experiment

-people either drank regular water or magnetized water

-found that both groups got better: animal magnetism is SUGGESTION (placebo)
Term
Charcot
Definition
-demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological disorders

-tried to legitimize hypnosis
Term
Breur
Definition
HYPNOSIS

-while patients were under hypnosis, asked them to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as possible
Term
What did Breur notice about his patients that he hypnotized? (2)
Definition
1. they were extremely emotional when they talked and felt relieved and improved afterwards

2. when conscious, they were not able to tap into their emotions as well....discovered UNCONSCIOUS!
Term
catharsis
Definition
release of (unconscious) emotional material under hypnosis
Term
Insight
Definition
Freud and Breur

-current understanding of relationship between current emotions and previous events
Term
Anna O.
Definition
Breur and Freud

-HYSTERIA

-father became ill + she had to take care of him. started losing her eyesight and feeling in her limbs

-Freud talked her through her issues with hypnosis + her hysterical ailments started to disappear
Term
3 major facets of psychoanalytic theory
Definition
1. structure of mind and the functions of personality that sometimes clash with each other

2. defense mechanisms that the mind defends itself from CONFLICTS

3. stages of early psychosexual development that provide gain from inner conflicts
Term
Psychoanalytic theory: 3 parts of mind
Definition
ID: driven by pleasure, illogical, emotional

EGO: driven by reality, logical, rationale

SUPEREGO: moral principles, conscience
Term
Intrapsychic conflicts
Definition
-psychoanalytic approach

-struggles among id, ego, superego
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function
Term
Displacement
Definition
-transfer feeling (usually negative) to a less=threatening person or object

ex: yelling at brother because your professor pissed you off today
Term
Sublimation
Definition
-direct potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially adaptive behavior

ex: work, school, gardening
Term
What are the 7 defense mechanisms?
Definition
1. Denial

2. Displacement

3. Projection

4. Rationalization

5. Reaction Formation

6. Repression

7. Sublimation
Term
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Definition
ORAL: need for food. sucking behavior

ANAL:

PHALLIC: genital self-stimulation

LATENCY

GENITAL
Term
ego psychology
Definition
self-psychology

ego is unable to regulate functions such as delaying and controlling impulses, or in marshaling appropriate defenses to strong internal conflicts

ANNA FREUD
Term
Kernberg
Definition
OBJECT RELATION

-study of how children incorporate images , memories, and values of person who is important to them
Term
JUNG
Definition
-students of freud who came to reject his ideas

-Jung: Religious/spiritual drives are just as important as sexual

-COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

-Personality traits (extroversion vs introversion)
Term
define: humanism
Definition
-innate capacity for positive growth

- self-actualization

-treatment emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship
Term
CARL ROGERS
Definition
unconditional positive regard

person-centered

HUMANIST
Term
glutamate
Definition
sxcitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons
Term
GABA
Definition
inhibiting neurotransmitter; inhibits transmission of info and action potentials
Term
treatment for ocd?
Definition
exposure and response prevention
Term
4 interacting factors in WESTERN view
Definition
behavioral

emotional

social

developmental
Term
Dominant vs recessive genes
Definition
-genetic defect can be on one gene
Term
polygenetic
Definition
many genes involved in shaping behavior
Term
you have __% of getting a psychological disorder, even with genes
Definition
50%
Term
____ of personality traits are cognitive
Definition
50%
Term
heritability of cognitive ability is ___%
Definition
62%
Term
hardwired
Definition
determined by genetics

genetics and environmental effects are not hardwired; can change genetic structure with diet and learning
Term
can change genetic structure with ___ and __
Definition
diet and learning
Term
Diathesis-stress model
Definition
genetic predisposition along with events that turn on genes

diathesis: vulnerability (ex: genetic makeup)

stress: activates genetic tendency
Term
The smaller the vulnerability, the ___ the stress needed to activate is
Definition
greater
Term
CASPI: alleles and depression
Definition
people with LONG alleles are less suseptible to depression.

these genes produce neurons that help transmission of serotonin
Term
Long alleles + depression
Definition
less likely to have a major depressive episode after stressful events
Term
short alleles and depression
Definition
decrease amygdala activity

depression
Term
Hariri: antisocial behavior and genes
Definition
found antisocial behavior was more likely with a certain genetic makeup in combination with maltreatment in childhood
Term
reciprocal gene-environment model
Definition
genetic predisposition may increase the liklihood of experiencing stressful events

genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerabilities
Term
genes work ______ not _____
Definition
probalistically not determinally
Term
3 D's of psychopathology
Definition
DEVIANCE

DISTRESS

DISABILITY
Term
Phenotype
Definition
observable traits
Term
genotype
Definition
unique genetic makeup
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
response is generalized to similar stimuli
Term
extinction
Definition
learn that a certain stimulus may not mean a reward; stop behavior
Term
introspection
Definition
client reports on inner feelings an experience with certain stimulus
Term
WATSON
Definition
suggested an empirical/scientific approach to psychology

LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
fluffy white rabbit -> loud noise
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
training people to not be anxious or scare of certain stimuli
Term
What topics are included in the behavioral model?
Definition
stimulus generalization

social learning

extinction

introspection
Term
DEFINE: Behavioral model
Definition
science of human behavior must be based on observable events and relationship between events
Term
Classical Conditioning: WHO?
Definition
PAVLOV

WATSON
Term
define: classical conditioning
Definition
-PAIRING natural unlearning response to neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response
Term
fear acquisition
Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

-treatment: exposure and response prevention
Term
Operant conditioning: WHO?
Definition
Thorndike and skinner
Term
Define: Operant Conditioning
Definition
-voluntary behavior is controlled by consequences

behavior changes as a function of what follows that behavior
Term
Environmental contingency
Definition
controlling behavior by manipulating consequences

ex: dog rolls over to get a treat

ex: token economies
Term
Skinner
Definition
-survivor of depression

-worked with WATSON

-behavior controlled by outside forces and can be controlled with science
Term
Shaping
Definition
successive reinforcement of behavior that approximates a final behavior

ex: reinforce stages/steps that lead to desired beavior
Term
_______ = basis of behavioral therapy
Definition
classical and operant conditioning
Term
One-dimensional model
Definition
1 cause for disorder

problem with one-dimensional model: other info often ignored; diverts attention from other factors an delays progress
Term
What are the problems related to the ONE DIMENSIONAL MODEL?
Definition
other info often ignored; diverts attention from other factors an delays progress
Term
Multi-dimensional model
Definition
-interdisciplinary

"system" of influences that cause/maintain suffering
Term
Implicit learning
Definition
-may not remember events but learning has occurre

automatic

ex: learning how to swim
Term
Explicit learning
Definition
memory for particular events
Term
Stroop paradigm
Definition
meaning of word interferes with processing color of print;

delay when words are associate wit emotions or problem

ex: delay when shown word like "knife"
Term
What topics go under "COGNITIVE SCIENCE + UNCONSCIOUS" ?
Definition
Implicit learning

explicit learning

stroop paradigm
Term
What is the difference between AFFECT and MOO?
Definition
Affect: facial expression, body language

Mood: how you feel inside
Term
Significance of mood and affect in psychopathology
Definition
Is there an INCONGRUENCY between their affect and mood?

ex: smiling while telling a sad story
Term
3 components of emotion
Definition
behavioral

psychological

cognition
Term
describe flight or fight response
Definition
Behavior -> physiological effect (amygdala sends signal) -> emotion (fear) -> flight or fight
Term
harmful side to emotional dysregulation
Definition
-anger, hostility, emotional suppression, etc

-med students that are chronically angry are 7 times more likely to die of a heart attack before age 50
Term
Damazio
Definition
humans are feeling machines that think

emotion = complex collection of chemical and neural responses that form a pattern

changes state of body and brain structures!
Term
What does HPAC axis stand for
Definition
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis
Term
HPAC axis: describe steps in fight or flight
Definition
Anxiety an panic; fight or flight response

activation of sympathetic nervous system in response to fear

Amygdala sends message to hypothalamus

hypothalamus sends message to pituitary

pituitary sends message to adrenal gland

Adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine + CORTISOL (stress hormone)

increase in heart rate and hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
Term
biological dimensions
Definition
genetics

neuroscience
Term
reciprocal gene-environment model: blood-injury-injection phobia
Definition
people with B-I-I phobia may have a personality trait like impulsiveness that makes them more likely to be involved with accidents
Term
7 steps of transmission of info from neurons
Definition
1. synthesis of nt an formation of vessicles

2. transport of nt down axon

3. release of nt

4. interaction of nt with receptor

5. separation of nt molecules from receptor

6. reuptake

7. vesicles without nt transport back to cell body
Term
Baxter (1992) ocd patients
Definition
noticed normalized brain circuit in OCD patients, because meds and psychotherapy change brain structure and function

placebos and antidepressants change different parts of the brain
Term
Psychosocial factors: Rhesus monkey study
Definition
2 groups of rhesus monkeys; decreased GABA

one with less control over environment: showed anxiety

one with more control: aggression
Term
Prepared learning
Definition
through evolution; highly prepared for learning about certain kinds of objects/situations

spiders, toxic foods, snakes, etc
Term
Ego psychology: WHO?
Definition
anna freud
Term
ego psychology
Definition
defensive reactions of ego determine behavior
Term
object relations: KERBERG
Definition
study of how children incorporate images, memories, values of people who are important to them
Term
jung
Definition
importance of personality traits
Term
adler
Definition
focused on feelings of inferiority; self actualization

basic quality of human nature = positive
Term
Erickson
Definition
crises/conflicts of 8 different developmental stages
Term
FREUD
Definition
free association

intending to reveal repressed thoughts

dream analysis
Term
transference
Definition
patients come to relate to their therapist as they did to important figures in their childhood
Term
countertransference
Definition
therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings onto patient
Term
symptom substitution
Definition
in psychoanalysis:

patient does not resolve underlining conflicts, so more symptoms emerge after 1 has been eliminated
Term
what method do most psychotherapists employ?
Definition
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Term
7 tactics of psychodynamic psychotherapy
Definition
1. focus on affect and expression of patients emotions

2. exploration of patient's attempts to avoid topics or engage in activities that hinder progress of therapy

3. identification of patterns of patients actions, thoughts, feelings, experience, and relationships

4. emphasis on past experiences

5. focus on patient's interpersonal experience

6. emphasis on therapeutic relationship

7. exploration of patient's wishes and dreams
Term
2 features that characterize psychodynamic psychotherapy
Definition
1. significantly briefer than psychoanalysis

2. psychoynamic therapists de-emphasize the goal of personality reconstruction, focusing instead on relieving the suffering associated with disorder
Term
therapeutic alliance
Definition
relationship of therapist and patient
Term
humanist: WHO?
Definition
carl rogers

maslow
Term
carl rogers
Definition
client-centered therapy

therapist takes a passive role an tries to make as few interpretations as possible
Term
reuptake
Definition
neurotransmitter is released, but it is quickly drawn back into the synaptic cleft into the same neuron
Term
agonist
Definition
increases activity of neurotransmitters by mimicking its effects
Term
antagonist
Definition
decrease activity of neurotransmitters, block them
Term
difference between antagonist and agonist
Definition
antagonist: blocks neurotransmitters

agonist: mimics effects of neurotransmitters
Term
inverse agonist
Definition
produce effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitter
Term
study wit genetically reactive an emotional monkeys
Definition
-raised by calm mothers

-learned to be calm

-shows early parenting has profound effect on how behavior manifests

altered endocrine response to stress by affecting gene expression
Term
2 branches of nervous system
Definition
PNS and CNS
Term
____ billion nerve cells in brain
Definition
140 billion
Term
2 branches of PNS
Definition
somatic

autonomic
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
skeletal
Term
autonomic nervous sysystem: 2 branches
Definition
parasympathetic and sympathetic
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
-fight or flight

-horones
Term
denrites _____ messages and axons ___ messages
Definition
dendrites receive

axons send
Term
axon terminal
Definition
terminal buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent through synaptic cleft
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