Shared Flashcard Set

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Abnormal Psychology
Dr. Dupille's course @ MCC (final exam)
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/08/2012

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Cards

Term
Sociocultural impact on Eating Disorders
Definition
  • media images and cultural ideal of feminine beauty 
  • increase in eating disorders in last 30 years
  • 90-95% are women (commonly young women/ adolescent)
Term

Eating Disorders

(integrated understanding)

Definition
  • diathesis-stress explanation= predisposed + stress as trigger
  • Multidemensional Risk Perspective= key factors, more present the higher the risk

key factors: 1) Cultural ideal of beauty, 2) Family Values, 3) Psychological factors- depression, anxiety, low self-esteem

Term
Key Contributing Factors Specific to Anorexia 
Definition
  • Problematic family dynamics- controlling & perfectionistic mother
  • Feeling out of control
  • Obsessive- Compulsive Tendencies
  • Issues around femininity and growing up
Term
Onset and Features for Anorexia
Definition
  • Dieting as trigger
  • Stressful life event(s) as precursor
  • Solcial motivation
  • Fear of gaining weight
  • Centered around control 
  • Link to OCD
  • Distorted body image
Term
Treatment for Anorexia
Definition

2 main goals of treatment: 1) Correct the dangerous eating pattern, 2) Address psychological factors that led to the problem

Supportive Nursing Care

Psychotherapy & Education (combo of individual, group, and family therapy)

Treatment often takes place through clinic

Term
Key factors of Bulimia
Definition
  • Sociocultural factors
  • Psychological factors: 1) Mood swings & Personality disorders, 2) Pleasing others, 3) Feeling Anious and Unfulfilled-feeling empty, 4) Eating as a way of copng w/ these feelings and feeling full & pregnant
Term
Onset and features of Bulimia
Definition
  • Dieting as trigger
  • Stressful life event(s) as precursor
  • Social motivation
  • Fear of gaining weight
  • Issues around lack of control
  • Dieting triggers a physiological process
  • Tension precedes binging
  • Binge dynamics
  • Binge aftermath
  • Compensatory behaviors
  • Cycle develops
Term
Treatment for Bulimia
Definition
  • 2 Goals of treatment: 1) Eliminate binge-purge eating pattern, 2) Address underlying psychological issues
  • Education & Psychotherapy: Combo of insight-oriented, behavioral, group therapy, and medication
Term
Central features of Schizophreniea
Definition
  • Onset: develops between late teens- early 20's; have previously functioned well then faced w/ increased psychological stress they deteriorate
  • Psychosis: loss of contact w/ reality 
  • Delusions: false beliefs (persecution most common); & Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions (auditory most common)
  • Thought Disorders- loose associations (word salad)
  • Breakdown of functioning
Term
3 Phases of Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Prodromal phase: symptoms aren't apparent but patient beginning to deteriorate, may withdraw socially &/or speak in vague ways
  • Active phase: symptoms apparent, triggered by stress
  • Residual phase: symptoms subside but usually some residual symptoms 
Term
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Positive: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speach, inappropriate affect
  • Negative: poverty of speach, blunted affect, loss of violition, social withdrawal
  • Psychomotor: relate to bodily movement
Term
Types of Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Type I (positive symptoms) & Type II (negative symptoms)
  • Disorganized Type: confusion, incoherence, social withdrawal, odd mannerisms
  • Catatonic Type: psychomotor disturbances, agitated movement, or lack of movement
  • Paranoid Type: life guided by organized system of delusions and hallucinations involving persecution
  • Undifferentiated Type: don't fall neatly into other categories

Schizophrenia seen as group of related disorders , dif forms can be caused by dif factors or combo of factors

Term
Rule of quarters (Schizophrenia)
Definition

25% have bout of Schizophrenia and then fully recover

25% recover mostly but may still show some symptoms

25% recover some but show more symptoms

25% do not recover must be institutionalized

Term
Integrated Understanding of Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Diathesis- stress (genetic predisposition & psychological stress)
  • Precise interaction of variables unknown
  • Biological factors: 1) dopamine hypothesis (too much dopamine)- type I, 2) Abnormal brain structure (enlarged venticles, brain cavities containing cerobrospinal fluid)- Type II, 3) Identical twins illustrate importance of other factors (48% chance of developing Schizophrenia if twin has it)
  • Psychological factors: 1) Decompensation in face of overwhelming situation, 2) Problematic background, 3) Psychological & Sociocultural predispostions
Term
Treatment for Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Antipsychotic medication- conventional vs. atypical (a= less side effect & more effective)
  • Milieu Therapy (participate in making rules & running own lives) & Token Economy (rewarded for behaving properly, sometimes patients just hide symptoms to recieve tokens)
  • Psychotherapy
  • Community: 1) Short-term hospitalization, 2) Partial hospitalization, 3) half-way house, 4) Occupational training; fewer than half of patients recieve services they need
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
  • very rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that differ from what is culturally expected
  • most difficult to disorders to treat
  • 3 clusters: Odd, Dramatic, Anxious
Term
Odd Personality Disorder
Definition
  • Paranoid: distrust everyone, critical of weakness and faults in others can't see their own, see threats everywhere
  • Schizoid: "loaners", rarely show any emotion, avoid social relationships, not affected by criticism or praise
  • Schizotypal: discomfort in close relationships, ideas of reference (see unrelated events as pertaining to themselves), some believe they have magic powers, conversations vague some loose associations
Term
Dramatic Personality Disorders
Definition
  • Antisocial: persistently disregard and violate others' rights, reckless, lack moral conscience
  • Borderline: major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, impulsivity, some self mutilate, suicidal threats and actions common, fear abondonment, dramatic shifts in identity
  • Histionic: "emotionaly charged", theatrical, vain, self-centered
  • Narcissistic: grandiose, need much admiration, feel no empathy toward others, expect constant attention and admiration from others
Term
Anxious Personality Disorders
Definition
  • Avoidant: uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, feel inadequate, sensitive to negative evaluation, fear rejection
  • Dependent: persistent, excessive need to be taken care of, clingy and obedient, fear separation, cannot make decisions for themselves
  • Obsessive- Compulsive: preoccupoied with order, perfection, and control; unreasonably high standards for self and others, rigid and stubborn 
Term
Quasi- experiments
Definition
make use of groups that already exist in the world instead of assigning control and experimental groups
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
  • disturbances of mood that interfere with day to day functioning
  • Mania (state of euphoria, high energy, frenzied activity, exaggerated sense of self and abilities, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, grandiosity) & Depression (low, sad or empty satae, overwhelmed by life, lack of energy, low self-esteem, trouble concentrating, apathy, hoplessness, thoughts of death or suicide) 
Term
Unipolar vs. Bipolar vs. Major Depression
Definition
  • Unipolar: episodes of depression w/o episodes of mania
  • Bipolar: periods of depression alternate with periods of mania
  • Major Depression (Clinical Depression): depressive episode w/o history of mania (lasting 2 weeks or longer) 
Term

Depression

Normal vs. Clinical (or Major)

Definition
  • depression is normal at times but is usually overcome within a few days to a week
  • Known as common cold of mental disorders
  • clinical lasts for at least two weeks 
  • clinical is more severe and interferes with daily functioning to a higher degree
Term
Symptoms of Clinical Depression
Definition
  • Emotional: sad, dejected, empty, w/o hope
  • Motivational: lose interest in usual activities
  • Behavioral: less active and less productive
  • Cognitive: low self-esteem, inadequate, undesirable, inferior
Term
Biological Theory of Depression
Definition
  • correllation between depression & lower serotonin & norepinephrine levels= chemical imbalance in brain causes depression
  • Flawed: correlation dosn't = causation
Term
Alternative Understanding of Depression
Definition
  • Purpose or Value: growth, maturity, address issues, must know pain to know true joy
  • Society wants to defend against the dark believing depression to be a disease leading to medication 
  • Comparison between Physical & Psychological Pain: pain tells us something is wrong or needs to be changed or addressed
  • Psychological Purpose or Function: 1) Psychological Impasse, 2) Adaptive Function
  • Process of Productive Depression: 1) Withdrawl, 2) Psychological/ Spiritual transformation
  • Productive (learning, growth, change) vs. Unproductive (no growth): outcome depends on severity of event leading to depression and the patients resources to combat it, must also accept and tolerate depression, overcome obstacles (ex. our society's view)
  • Psychopathology often gives rise to Depression
  • Medication can prevent Depression from serving it's purpose 
Term
Treatments for Depression
Definition
  • Medication- MAO inhibiters, Tricyclics, SSRIs (SSRIs stall re-uptake of serotonin & increase its activity)
  • E.C.T.- Electroconvulsive Therapy- electrical currents through brain, not sure why or if it fact it works
  • Psychotherapy: 1) Cognitive (most effective, recognize and change maladaptive assumptions and negative thinking), 2) Alternative (Combo cognitive, insight-oriented, psychodynamic)
Term
Key features of Bipolar Disorder
Definition
  • Mood Cycling: manic episodes and depressive episodes, gradual cycles weeks to months of each (distinguish from drug abuse which has swift changes)
  • Onset: usually adolescence or early adulthood
Term
Types of Bipolar
Definition
  • Bipolar I: full manic and major depressive episodes
  • Bipolar II: alternate between hypomanic and major depressive
  • Cyclothymic: numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms
  • Hypomania: mania symptoms less sever casing little impairment to person's functioning 
Term
Understanding of Bipolar
Definition
  •  Ionic Theory: improper functioning of nuerons, involving flow of sodium and potassium ions in and out of cells, fire too easily= mania, resist firing=depression; abnormal functinoning in protiens that transport ions also found
  • Genetic factor: biological predisposition, family pedigree studies support conlcusion
Term
Treatments for Bipolar
Definition
  • Lithium: element found in mineral salt, proven effective, 60% of patients improve, helps more w/ mania than depression; too low dose= no effect, too high= lithium intoxication (poisoning) includes vomitting, sluggishness, tremors, dizziness, death
  • Tegretol & Depakote as newwer meds
  • Combo of drugs sometimes used
  • Adjunctive psychotherapy: help people deal w/ problems that arise due to their disorder
  • E.C.T. not proven effective, expose patients to harm and risk
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than a major depressive disorder
Term
Family pedigree study
Definition
research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder
Term
Moore's alternative understanding of psychologicl problems and psychopathology
Definition
  • Loss of Soul as the Malady of our Age: materialism, and sped up life we ignore soul
  • Care of Soul as Essence of Psychological Health
  • Important Ingredients of Soulful Living: simple joys, slow down and enjoy
  • Psychlogical Problems and Symptos as Voice of Soul: symptoms result from ignoring the soul and the soul's needs
Term
Equus: Origins & Development of Alan's psychopathology
Definition
  • Psychological variables- upbringing & lifestyle
  • Sociocultural variabls- family dynamics & religion
Term
Equus: Alan's Psychopathology & Diagnosis
Definition
  • Delusions & Hallucinations
  • Television Jingles as defense
  • Psychotic Disorder- Not otherwise specified
Term
Equus: Dr. Dysart's Treatment Approach
Definition
  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Development of relationship and rapport
  • Psychic detective
  • Enters Alan's world
  • Helps him come to terms with traumatic event
  • Transform experience of world and ways of being
Term
Equus: Dr. Dysart's fundamental questions
Definition
  • Professinoal questions: 1) Adjustment to societal norms, 2) Magnetized moments
  • Societal questions: 1) Passion & worship, 2) Worship all
Term
Criteria for pathology
Definition
  • Deviant: depends upon cultural norms
  • Distressing/disturbing: to themselves or others
  • Dysfunctional: interferes with daily functioning
  • Destructive: to themselves or others
  • Unjustifiable: can't be explained away by immediate events

Dangerous is not included becuase statistically those with pathologies are no more likely to commit violent crimes than those who do not, they are actually more likely to be the victum of a violent crime

Term
Abnormal Psychology
Definition
the field dedicated to the scientific study and treatment of psychopathology. It focuses on describing, explaining, predicting, and treating pathological ways of being.
Term
DSM-IV-TR
Definition

current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Text Revised)

 

5 Axis

  1. All mental disorders except personality disorders
  2. Mental retardation and personality disorders
  3. Relavent medical conditions
  4. Relevant social/ environmental info
  5. GAF (rating between 0-100, similar to grades in school, higher the score= higher level of functioning)
Term
Model or paradigm
Definition
  • theoretical framework from within which human beings and human psychology are understood
  • different models have different theoretical assumptions about human psychology and different approaches to understanding, researching, and treating psychopatholgy
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