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Abnormal Psych
Final Exam Review
128
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/10/2013

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Term
Disturbances in thought, emotion, behavior and perception such as: delusions, hallucinations, catatonia, speech incoherence, asociality, avolition and alogia are characterized by which syndrome.
Definition
Schizophrenia
Term
Schizophrenia increases with which demographics?
Definition
adolescence, males, substance abuse, increases rates of suicide
Term
Symptoms that are present which should not be, such as delusions and hallucinations, belong to which group of schizophrenic symptoms
Definition
Positive symptoms
Term
Symptoms involving severe cognitive deficits and absence of normal mental functions, such as avolition, alogia, asocality, anhedonie belong to which group of schizophrenic symptoms
Definition
Negative symptoms
Term
Lack of will
Definition
Avolition
Term
Lack of pleasure
Definition
Anhedonia
Term
Lack of language
Definition
Alogia
Term
Lack of interpersonal engagements
Definition
Asociality
Term
Beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of dis-confirming evidence; has no basis of reality
Definition
Delusions
Term
Exaggerated sense of self importance, abilities, power, knowledge or identity.
Definition
Grandiose Delusions
Term
Paranoid beliefs that others do not like you and are plotting against you. Exp: thought insertion, thought broadcasting and external control
Definition
Persecutory Delusions
Term
sensory experiences in absence of relevant environmental stimuli. More often auditory than visual. Exp: voices arguing, hearing thoughts spoken outloud by another's voice, voices commenting on your behavior
Definition
Hallucinations
Term
Patient hears a voice telling them to take action against their "accusers." This is an example of a/n:
Definition
Command Hallucination
Term
Patient hears a voice accusing them of doing bad things, This is an example of a/n:
Definition
Accusatory Hallucination
Term
Patient believes that their actions are being controlled by signals from cell phone towers, this is an example of a/n:
Definition
External Control Persecutory Delusion
Term
Patient believes that others can hear what they are thinking, and often does not speak in coherent sentences due to this. This is an example of
Definition
Thought Broadcasting Persecutory Delusion
Term
Which type of schizophrenic symptoms cause the most dysfunction?
Definition
Negative symptoms
Term
Patient is impulsive, more often crime victim than perpetrator and often homeless. They may be suffering from which type of schizophrenia?
Definition
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Term
Patient experiences waxy flexibility characterized by limbs that conform to position they are left in and stay that way for long periods of time. They may be suffering from which type of schizophrenia?
Definition
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Term
Patient experiences persecutory delusions and hallucinations with a malevolent undertone. They tend to show lower levels of cognitive impairment, and often involved with legal system. They may plot out violent acts and killings due to these delusions. This person is likely suffering from:
Definition
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Term
Patient experiences main schizophrenic symptoms but does not meet criteria for other subcategories. They likely have:
Definition
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Term
Which type of schizophrenia experiences only negative symptoms? Thus, no delusions and hallucinations?
Definition
Residual Schizophrenia
Term
For effective treatment of schizophrenia, it must include:
Definition
Both anti-psychotic and neuroleptic medications and psychotherapy such as CBT, social skills training, family therapy and residential treatment.

Patient must be willing to comply to tx, set realistic goals, and maintain a working alliance with doctor.
Term
In general, individuals with schizophrenia are most likely to end up in the legal system as:
Definition
Victims, or perpetrators of misdemeanor crimes.
Term
Individuals suffering from which type of schizophrenia are most likely to commit violent acts? Why?
Definition
Paranoid schizophrenia; most likely to submit to and experience command hallucinations.
Term
Criteria for CST, NGRI, Risk/dangerousness of schizophrenic perpetrators.
Definition
The mere presence of a disorder, syndrome, or severity of mental state is not sufficient to make a legal determination. Individual must be unaware of actions or their severity. If found NGRI, patient is considered highly dangerous and will be involuntarily committed until such time risk assessment deems them fit for release.
Term
Which ideological theories of schizophrenia are most accepted?
Definition
Genetic based theories; dopamine theory, incidence of lack of cerebral asymmetry, familial high risk studies
Term
Which ideological theories of schizophrenia are least accepted?
Definition
Double-bind theory, refrigerator mother theory, social theories- social drifting (sociogenic hypothesis and social selection hypothesis)
Term
What are some disorders and syndromes often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia?
Definition
Organic brain syndromes (TBI, dementia), bipolar disorder, substance abuse, schizo-offective disorder, delusional disorders
Term
A unipolar mood disorder characterized by episodes that lasts weeks to months. Symptoms must be present nearly everyday for most of the day and last atleast 2 weeks.
Definition
MDD
Term
Syndrome characterized by depressive mood swings and depressed mood lasting for most of the day, half of the time for atleast two years occurring for at least 2 months at a time. Aka walking and chronic depression. (changes in appetite and sleep habits, decreases energy, concentration and self-esteem)
Definition
Dysthymia
Term
Symptoms of Depression
Definition
depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, guilt, fear, worthlessness, arbitrary inferences, over-generalizations, minimization and magnifications, impaired eating, sex and sleep habits, decreased energy and motivation, slowed movement and speech, anhedonia, agitation, and in severe cases incontinence, delusions, hallucinations and somatoform disorders, suicidal thoughts
Term
Syndrome characterized by individuals with MDD. When individual recovers from MDD episodes still barely reaches an emotional level equivalent to dysthymia
Definition
Double depression
Term
Characterized by recurring episodes of extreme mood swings alternating from mania and depression.

Must experience at least one week of mania for diagnosis.
Definition
Bipolar I
Term
Characterized by mild mood swings alternating between depression and hypomania.

Depressive episodes much more severe than hypomanic episones.

Must experience one episode of MDD and hypomania for diagnosis.
Definition
Bipolar II
Term
Chronic disorder present for atleast 2 years.

Characterized by frequent mild depression symptoms that cause significant distress, alternating with mild manic episodes lasting > 2 months at a time. Episodes rapidly recycle.
Definition
Cyclothymia
Term
Patient experiences state of intense elation or irritability for most of every day.
May be abnormally energetic, active, and talkative. Experiences increased goal directed activity, flight of ideas, and self-esteem. May also experience decreased need for sleep and an increased incidence of negative behaviors (gambling, sexual promiscuity, reckless spending and driving).
Definition
Bipolar Mania
Term
Difference between manic and hypomanic episodes.
Definition
Manic episodes cause severe distress and last atleast a week and may require hospitalization.

Hypomanic episodes lasts around 4 days, and individual does not experience psychotic symptoms or cognitive impairments. Can experience euphoric or mean mania.
Term
Antidepressant medication used to treat mood disorders, specifically bipolar disorder by stabilizing neurotransmitters.
Definition
Lithium
Term
Antidepressant medication used to treat epilepsy but also used in treatment of mood disorders, specifically bipolar disorder.
Definition
Antiparoxsysmals
Term
Antidepressant medication used to treat depression by increasing catecholamines
Definition
Stimulants
Term
Antidepressant medication used to treat mood disorders. Acts as mood stabilizer to increase serotonin uptake.
Definition
SSRIs
Term
Antidepressant medication used to treat mood disorders via increasing dopamine and norepinephrine.
Definition
Tricyclic MAOI
Term
Treatment for severe depression that does not respond to medications. Induces grandmal seizure.
Definition
Electroconvulsive therapy
Term
Mood disorder treatment utilizing combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy to challenge dysfunctional cognitions.
Definition
CBT
Term
T/F: People that threaten suicide frequently are not really going to follow through with the act.
Definition
May be true of false; varies between individuals. Some people may use suicide threats as manipulation but speaking out means person is seeking help.
Term
T/F: You shouldnt bring up suicide with a severely depressed person because you can put the idea in their head.
Definition
False.
If a person is not suicidal, you can not put the idea into their head.
Term
T/F: Suicide is always irrational, person must be crazy.
Definition
False.
People may commit suicide due to depression, anxiety or terminal illness.
Term
T/F: Suicide is an impulsive act.
Definition
False.
People usually contemplate suicide for a period of time even though they have not expressed their feelings to others.
Term
T/F: Everyone that commits suicide is mentally ill.
Definition
False.
Person may be laboring under a psychotic state or severe depression.
Term
T/F: Suicide runs in families.
Definition
False.
Although, underlying characteristics often associated with suicide may.
Term
T/F: Once suicidal, always suicidal.
Definition
True, but false.
Past behavior is best way to predict future behavior but a person's actions and circumstances can change.
Term
T/F: Once suicide threat is over, danger is gone.
Definition
False.
Term
A person suffering from which type of mood disorder is most likely to commit violent crimes?
Definition
Bipolar disorder (bipolar I, under manic state)

People that are suicidal, depressed, angry and paranoid most likely to commit violet crime.

Under euphoric mania may feel entitled to steal, or commit crime.

Under depressed state: > risk of suicide than MDD pts.. and may commit violent acts such as suicide by cop.
Term
What are the 4 main anxiety disorders?
Definition
Panic, phobic, obsessive compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders.
Term
Person plagued by recurrent, uncontrollable acts of intense fear and dread.

May experience increased HR, BP, feelings of doom, depersonalization (loss of contact with reality) and derealization (loss of contact with enviro)
Definition
Panic Disorder (an anxiety disorder)
Term
What are the two types of panic attacks?
Definition
Panic attacks may occur randomly or in response to specific triggers.

With agoraphobia - fear of open space
Without agoraphobia

Both may involve hyperventilation and syncope (fainting)
Term
Person experiences excessive and unreasonable fear of objects or situations.
Definition
Phobic disorder
Term
Extreme anxiety in regards to possible critique and evaluation
Definition
Social Phobia
Term
Pattern of recurrent (obsessive), unwanted thoughts or impulses followed by compulsion for repetitive (ritualistic) mental behavior.
Definition
OCD
Term
Continuous anxiety over seemingly meaningless things involving pervasiveness and intensity which is out of proportion to situation.

Anxiety is not tied to specific things or situations.

Person may have high threat sensitivity and live in continuous states of apprehension.
Definition
General Anxiety Disorder
Term
A trauma based disorder in which specific source or cause is NOT required to make diagnosis
Definition
PTSD
Term
PTSD Criteria
Definition
Stressor criteria: exposure to wide variety of traumatic events.

Intrusive re-experiencing- (thoughts, dreams)

Dissociative flashbacks- purely or partially hallucinogenic

Avoidance and numbing

Cognitive and emotional impairments

Persistent hyperarousal (irritability, increased HR, tense muscles)

Must experience criteria for > 30 days

Symptoms usually don't appear until 18-24 months after traumatic event.
Term
Person that experiences PTSD critera/ symptoms for less than 30 days may suffer from
Definition
Acute Stressor Disorder (ASD)
Term
A disturbance of consciousness, thought, memory or identity generally caused by a specific traumatic event.

Exp: amnesia, fugue, depersonalization/derealization, identity disorder
Definition
Dissociate Disorder
Term
Person experiences a temporary lack of conscious access to (explicit) memory, usually of a stressful experience.
Definition
Amnesia
Term
Amnesia in which memory function and identity remains in tact.
Definition
Categorical amnesia
Term
Amnesia in which individual cannot recall anything.
Definition
Global amnesia
Term
Person experiences extensive memory loss. Does not remember their identity and thus assumes a new one.

No memory of events after the fact.
Definition
Dissociative fugue
Term
Dissociative disorder in which person experiences a detachment from sense of self and surroundings. Including unusual sensory perceptions (body parts changing, voice difference) and autoscopy (out of body experience)
Definition
Depersonalization/derealization
Term
Person has at least two separate personalities or alters.

Each alter may have an independent mode of thinking, being, feeling and acting that emerge at different times.

Alters may fight for dominance, have different EEGs, handidness, handwriting, age, allergies, and speech patterns.

May be caused by a traumatic event.
Definition
Dissociate Identity Disorder
Term
A person experiences symptoms void of physiological or medical reason in which the body produces due to an unconscious issue.

Person truly believes something is wrong with them and may be suffering from a variety of:
Definition
Somatoform Disorders
Term
Disorder in which person seeks attention for being sick.
Definition
Somatization disorder
Term
Disorder in which a functional change occurs without anatomical or physiological correlate.

Person may become blind or paralyzed on one side of body.
Definition
Conversion disorder
Term
Disorder characterized by exaggerated pain with out a physical correlate.

May occur with or without injury/illness.

If occurs with injury/illness pain experienced is out of proportion to situation.
Definition
Pain disorder
Term
Person has a severe fear of illness and may deflect anxiety from other areas onto a physical symptom.

Inaccurate perception of body's condition despite absence of physical correlate. Over analyzes every minor defect on body.
Definition
Hypochondriasis
Term
Person has distorted perception of physical appearance. Considers their body to be deformed.
Definition
Body dysmorphic disorder
Term
Person pretends to be ill or induces symptoms due to a physiological motive (attention, power, manipulation).
Definition
Factitious Disorder
Term
Person pretends to be ill or induces/exaggerates symptoms due to a practical motive (workers comp, lawsuit, payoff, NGRI)
Definition
Malingering
Term
Fabrication, extension, exaggeration and misattribution are forms of
Definition
Malingering
Term
Disorders in which physiological symptoms are induced or worsened by an individual's stress/anxiety.
Definition
Physcophysiological Disorders
Term
What are some disorders theorized to be physcosomatic?
Definition
Essential Hypertension
Peptic Ulcers
Ulcerative Colitis (authority conflicts)
Asthma (parental conflicts, child stress)
Grave's disease (aggressive conflicts)
RA (extreme conflicts of control)
CFS, fybromyalgia, IBS, warts, migranes, tension headaches, dermatitis
Term
Factors/Determinants of psychophysiological disorder developments.
Definition
Neuromuscular and neuroglandular

Neuroendocrine- stress produces cortisol which causes disturbances

Neuroimmunologial- > immune system negative for individuals prone to inflammation; causes allergic reactions due to hyperactive immune system

social support
Term
Psychologist that characterized good vs. poor copers via negative affectivity trait.
Definition
Dienstbier
Term
Psychophysiological coping method focused on how you feel.

People are often impulsive and conscientious.

More adaptive method if no practical solution to problem.
Definition
Emotion Focused Coping
Term
Psychophysiological coping method focused on problem solving.

More adaptive but can cause increased stress when situation is out of their control.
Definition
Problem Focused coping
Term
Methods of treatment for psychophysiologial disorders
Definition
health psychology (behavioral medicine)- stress coping, drug abstinence, medication compliance

Psychotherapy- decrease stress and increase health
Term
General disturbance in sleep
Definition
dysomnia
Term
Abnormal, disruptive sleep
Definition
parasomnia
Term
Amount & quality of sleep < normal, decreased amount of SWS and REM sleep caused by ongoing stressor.
Definition
Insomnia
Term
Amount of sleep > normal for that individual with decreased quality of sleep.
Definition
Hypersomnia
Term
Sleep walking, involves simple actions such as sitting up or talking.

Occurs during SWS and > in children.

Causes confusional arousal- person appears awake
Definition
Somnambulism
Term
Sleep disorder occurring during REM sleep . Involves suppression of brain stem sleep paralysis mechanism (REM paralysis) such that individuals walk, talk and act out dreams.
Definition
REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD)
Term
Bed wetting occurring during SWS, often associated with ADHD
Definition
Enuresis
Term
Unfavorable dreams occurring during REM sleep in which individual recalls when awake.
Definition
Nightmares
Term
Intense physiological and ANS arousal occurring during SWS.

Individual may show signs of fear/panic such as yelling, sweating and increased HR.

Individual has no memory of episode and sometimes commit violent acts.
Definition
Night Terrors
Term
Disorders that occur during sleep, but are not defined as sleep disorders.
Definition
Sleep apnea
RLS
Narcolepsy
Kleine-Levin syndrome
Alpha-delta polymyocytus (fibromyalgia)
Term
What are the components of the narcoleptic tetrad?
Definition
Sleep attacks- individual randomly falls asleep and enters directly into REM

Cataplexy- loss of voluntary muscle control

Sleep paralysis- conscious but unable to move

hypnogogic (at onset) and hypnopompic (just before waking) hallucinations and paralysis
Term
Syndrome characterized by alternating episodes of hypersomnia and bullimia.

Involves bouts of irritable, hostile and confused behavior. Cold extremities, ANS arousal, increased sexual interest and dreamy hallucinations.

Thought to be linked to primordial hibernation.

> in children and males
Definition
Kleine- Levin Syndrome
Term
Causes of sleep disorders
Definition
Depression- decreases SWS, REM

Bipolar disorder- during manic episodes individuals have a substantially decreased need for sleep.

Schizophrenia- sleep disturbed by positive symptoms

anxiety, stimulants, sedatives
Term
Eating disorder characterized by loss of appetite, deliberate food restriction, low body weight, severe fear of weight gain, and distorted body image.

Can cause amenorrhea

2 types = simple restriction with exercise and binge/purge
Definition
Anorexia Nervosa
Term
Eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior (purging, fasting, exercising)

No significant weight loss
Definition
Bullimia Nervosa
Term
Disorder of sexual self identity; conviction that one's gender is different than one's sexual personhood.

May involve transsexualism (prodedures) and transvestism (cross-dressing)
Definition
Gender Identity Disorder
Term
Sexual attraction or preoccupation with unusual objects and activities that causes distress or dysfunction of life.

Only considered a disorder if exclusively preferred above all other sexual activities becoming sole form of sexual pleasure.
Definition
Paraphilia
Term
Sexual dysfunctions comorbidity
Definition
bipolar = hypersexuality
depression = hyposexuality
anxiety, drugs = either way
Term
Sexual dysfunction involving hyposexuality and hypersexuality generally in context of drugs or mental disorders.
Definition
Sexual desire disorders
Term
Sexual dysfunction in which person finds sex distasteful and unpleasant bc it is physically or emotionally uncomfortable
Definition
Sexual aversion disorder
Term
Sexual dysfunction involving no medical correlate. Includes:
male erectile disorder
female sexual arousal disorder.
Definition
Sexual arousal disorders
Term
Sexual dysfunction involving inability to reach orgasm. Includes:
male ejaculatory disorder
premature ejaculation
female orgasmic disorder
Definition
Orgasmic Disorders
Term
Sexual dysfunction in women involving pain with no medical correlate. Includes:
dyspareunia
vaginismus
vulvodynia
Definition
Sexual pain disorders
Term
Disorders characterized by a pattern of tension build up, urge to carryout act, explosive carrying out, relief and at times, guilt.
Definition
Impulse control disorders
Term
Disorder characterized by a buildup of intense anger that is uncontrollable and eventually explodes into violence followed by relief.
Definition
Intermittent explosive disorder
Term
Irresistible impulse to steal something.
Definition
kleptomania
Term
uncontrollable impulse to commit arson followed by orgasmic satisfaction from watching something burn.
Definition
pyromania
Term
overwhelming compulsion to gamble; variable ratio of reinforcement
Definition
pathological gambling
Term
compulsive hair pulling or twirling that often occurs with tricotillophasia resulting in secondary alopecia.
Definition
Trichotillomania
Term
Trauma based disorders characterized by development of clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor (work, relationships)

AKA safe diagnosis and generally resolves within six months.

occurs with:
depressed mood
anxiety
anxiety and depressed mood
mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct
Definition
adjustment disorders
Term
Which disorders are most likely to cause legal problems?
Definition
Impulse control disorders
Bipolar I - mania
Paranoid schizophrenia
MDD
Paraphilias
Delusional disorders
Sleep disorders (night terrors)
Term
What axis I disorders are often comorbid with borderline personality disorder?
Definition
Mood disorders- 96% MDD-70-80% Bipolar
Anxiety disorders- 88%
PTSD- 50%
bullimia
dissociative disorders
Term
Panic disorder is often comorbid with which personality disorders?
Definition
borderline
dependent
avoidant
Term
OCD is often comorbid with which personality disorders?
Definition
Obessive-compulsive
avoidant
Term
Social phobia, mood and anxiety disorders are often comorbid with which personality disorder?
Definition
avoidant
Term
PTSD may be comorbid with which personality disorders?
Definition
paranoid
avoidant
borderline
OCD
all 22-26%
Term
Schizoid personality disorder is often comorbid with
Definition
Schizophrenia
MDD
Term
Schizotypal personality disorder is often comorbid with
Definition
dissociative disorders- depersonalization/derealization, dissociative identity disorder

schizophrenia
Term
Paranoid personality disorder often comorbid with
Definition
Schizophrenia
Bioplar disorder
Term
Antisocial personality disorder often comorbid with
Definition
MDD 33%
Bipolar 65%
Anxiety disorders 61%
schizophrenia 14%
somatoform 9%
Term
Somatoform, factitious, and psychosomatic disorders may be comorbid with
Definition
Histrionic personality disorder
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