Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Abnormal Psych
Exam 3
106
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/16/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Symptoms for Pain Disorder
Definition
  • Pain in one or more than one site
  • Pain causes significant distress or impairment
  • Pain is not faked or intentionally produced
  • Pyschological factors shave a role in the onset, severity or maintance of the pain
  • Prevalence is unclear
  • Maybe acute (<6 months) or chronic (>6 months)
Term
Symptoms for Hypochondrias
Definition
  • fears of having, or that one has a serious disease on misinterpertation of bodily symptoms
  • fear exsists after many visits to doctors (doctor shopping: look for different doctors till one gives them the correct answer)
  • Causes significant distress or impairment
  • Duration of at least 6 months
Term
Symptoms of Somatization Disorder
Definition
  • History of physical complaints beginning before age 30
  • Medical treatment is sought or significant impairment in social or occupational functioning
  • complaints not explained by medical condition
Term
Symptoms of Conversion Disorder
Definition
  • one or more symptoms affecting voluntary or sensory function suggesting neurological or other medical conditions (ex. loss ability to walk, see, hear, etc)
  • symptoms worsen under stressful conditions
  • not faked or intentionally produced
  • person maybe cured in emergency situation
  • "If blindness is a symptom the person doesnt bump into things"
  • Acute or Chronic
Term
Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Definition
  • preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated defect in physcial appearence.
  • Engages in behaviors to remedy their apearence (but may actually increase severity of problem)
    • Behaviors are often time consuming
      • Safety/Avoidance behaviors aimed at improving or removing the defect. (exp. Plastic Surgery (89% of peple))
Term
Hypochrondriasis v.s Somatization Disorder
Definition
Actually thinking you have a serious disease v.s. Physical complaints with nothing wrong with them medically
Term
Conversion Disorder v.s. Pain Disorder
Definition
something affecting one or more sensory or voluntary funtion v.s. physical pain in body
Term
Behaviors People with BDD engage in...
Definition
Plastic surgery, excessive or avoid mirror checking, camoflauging, avoidance of public places, and social situations, need to touch face, stare at self all day
Term
BDD is similar to...
Definition
OCD, obsession and compulsions
Term

Does plastic surgery help?

Definition
72% who recieve surgery were still unhappy
Term
Western culture influences the development of BDD and how?
Definition
Media and models, skinniness
Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for BDD
Definition
Based on the treatment of OCD, exposure/reaction prevention. Other cognitive therapies as well to try and target mispercieved beliefs about themselves.
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
  • Weighs 85% or less than their healthy body weight, refusal to maintain healthy body weight
  • stopping menstral cycle (Amenorrhea)
  • extreme fear of being overweight, even though underweight
  • marked disturbance as how they are percieved

 

Term
Bulemia Nervosa
Definition
  • evaluate selves on body shape and weight
  • Binge-eat/purge method
  • frequency: Binge/purge behavior at least 2 times per week for 3 months or more.
  • usually closer to normal weight
Term
Binge-Eating Disorder
Definition
  • Binge eating w/out purging behavior
  • New needs further study
Term

Associated features of Anorexia and Bulemia Nervosa

Definition

Anorexia Nervosa

-lower blood pressure and heart rate, sluggish movement, low energy, changes in brain chemistry and structure, may spend much time thinking about food, preparing food for other, not eating it though, high comorbidity with depression, anxiety disorders and substance abuse

Bulemia Nervosa

closer to normal weight, binge usually more food and followed by less consistent purging, high comobidity with anxiety disorder and low with mood disorders, substance abuse

Term

Medical Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa

 

Definition
Low blood pressure and heart rate, heart failure,
Term
Medical Consequences for Bulemia Nervosa
Definition
Salavary gland enlargement, enamel on teeth starts to erode, tissues on gums and throat break down, imbalance in bodily fluids: sodium and potassium, cardiac and/or kidney malfunction
Term
% of people die from Anorexia
Definition
10-20% die from physical conditions or suicide
Term
Amennorhea
Definition
stopping of menstral cycle
Term
Binge
Definition

eating abnormally large amount of food in a short period of time (2 hours or less), have a sense of loss of control.

Term

Purge/Compensatory

Definition
(behavior to prevent gaining weight) Throwing up, diet pills, laxative, diuretics
Term
Familial or Social factors that can influence an eating disorder
Definition
Fear of gaining weight, negative body image, body dissatisfaction, dieting behavior, friend encouraging or partaking in dieting habits, media, celebrities (models), skinny=perfection, relieves stress, camera puts on 10 pounds.
Term

Do people seek treatment or are they forced?

Definition
strong resistance, usually 25-30% of body weight by the time they seek help, usually because medical symptoms, parents force them, easy to get them to gain weight, hard to get them to maintain the weight
Term
Anorexia-Binge Eating/Purging
Definition
Person engages in binge eating/purging method, binges are usually less food followed by more constant purging, rigorous excercise often used, other approaches: Laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills
Term
Anorexia-Restricting Type
Definition
Weight loss is recieved through low/limiting food intake.
Term
Bulemia- Purging
Definition
Binge eat and purge (through mouth)
Term
Bulemia-Non-purging
Definition
other methods, compensatory methods: diuretics, laxatives, or dietpills
Term
Definition of Somatoform Disorders
Definition

Complaints or bodily symptoms that suggest some kind of physical defect or dysfunction for which no medical cause is found

or

Symptoms are in excess of what is expected from physical problems

Term
Treatment for Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Reduce anxiety in physical complaints, pain is real, teach more adaptive ways to deal with stress and anxiety (relaxation training), eliminate the reinforcement for "sick role", reward them for behaving in ways inconsistant with the pain/problem
Term

Treatment of Bulemia Nervosa

Definition
Person adapt to healthier eating habits, no purging (exposure reaction prevention), cognitive behavior: better thoughts and images, food schedule, small manageable meals
Term
Family Therapy (AN)
Definition

Examines the family dynamics that may contribute to anorexia or interfere with recovery. Often includes some therapy sessions without the anorexic patient—a particularly important element when the person with anorexia denies having an eating disorder.

Term
Inpatient Therapy (AN)
Definition
Schieve weight restoration, majority hospitalized, multidisiplinary approach combining, individual, family and group psychotherapy. relapse rate is 30-70%
Term
Unipolar (1 spectrum)
Definition
Depressed mood only, most common seen disorder, "common cold of medicine"
Term
Bipolar (2 sides of Spectrum)
Definition
Periods of mania and depression, opposites sides of spectrum, much less common
Term

Major Depressive Disorder (symptoms)

(unipolar)

Definition

Symptoms:

(5 of 9) (always depressed mood and Anhedonia)

 lack of interest, depressed mood, low energy, weight loss or gain, thoughts of suicide (attempt), psychmotor agitation, worthliness and feelings of guilt, concentration of difficulties, change in sleep

 

Term

Major Depressive Disorder

(frequency, duration)

Definition

Frequency:  most everyday, at least 2 weeks

Duration: at least 2 months

must cause distress or impairment

Recurrant is more common (85% will experience another) Episodic not chronic

Term

Dysthymia

(symptoms)

Definition

Depressed mood for most of the day everyday for a period of 3 or more years. (CHRONIC) 

Symptoms (2 w/depressed mood): poor or large apetite, sleep disturbance, low energy levels, low self esteem, concentration difficulties

Term
Adjustment disorder w/ depressed mood
Definition

different than dysthymia: does not exceed 6 months, requires assitance of precipitating event (exp. someone loved dying or moving far away)

Chronic then disapears

Term
Behavioral Theory
Definition
depressed patients have low rates of pleasant activities, low rates of social reinforcment. maybe difficult to talk to depressive personality
Term

Bipolar I Disorder

(symptoms)

Definition

alternating periods of mania and major depression

(3 or more symptoms): inflated self esteem,  decreased sleep, pressured speech, racing thoughts, distractabilty

RECURRENT AND EPISODIC

Term
Double Depression
Definition
Dysthymia and major depression at the same time.
Term
Manic Episode
Definition
Term

Cognitive Theory

Definition
Negative Schema: Beck, depression is a result of cognitive distortion and biases, and negative perception on the world
Term

Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

(depression)

Definition

(3) Depression 

^^^^^ 

(2) sense of helplessness 

^^^^^^ 

 (1) uncontrollable aversive thoughts

 

Term

Attribution- Learned Helplessness (Abramson)

(depression)

Definition

Depression 

^^^ 

no response available to alter situations

 ^^^

attribution to global and state factors 

^^^ 

Aversive Events

 

Term
Helplessness (Abramson, Metalsky, Alloy)
Definition

 Depression

 ^^^

 nothing they can do to get out of situation

 ^^^

 global, state and cognitive factors

 ^^^

Aversive Events

Term

Anhendonia

(depression)

Definition
Lack of interest in pleasureable activities that once made you happy
Term
Negative Triad w/ 3 parts
Definition
Term
Cognitive Distortion and Biases
Definition

overgeneralization and magnification

Term
Overgeneralization
Definition
using always and never
Term
Magnification
Definition
Maginfying things and blowing them outta proportion
Term

Negative Triad

(cognitive)

Definition
Negative view of self - "I'm a failure"
Negative view of the world - "Everyone is against me"
Negative view of the future - "I'll never be good at anything"
Term
Hypomanic Episode
Definition
no psychotic features, not severe enough to cause social/occupational funtioning, must last at least 4 days. (Episodic)
Term

Bipolar II Disorder

(symptoms)

Definition

Alternating episodes of Major depressive Disorder and hypomania.

usually have a pattern of hypomania and depressed mood.

(always depressed>>>hypomania)

(always hypomanic>>>depressed)

Episodic

Term
Cyclothymia
Definition

mild depression/hypomania

Chronic Mood disorder; long term changes in mood

lasting at lwast 2 years

Term
Rapid Cycling and how it affects a person's Prognosis?
Definition
4 or more episodes in a 12 month period, episodes measured by switch to other pole or normal personality, poor progonosis because of how often it switches, often gets diagnosed as one of the other.
Term

Treating Unipolar Disorders

(Behavioral Activation)

Definition

Increase  acess tp reinforcements by trying new behaviors and activities.

Shows quick improvement

Term

Treating Unipolar Disorders

(Medication)

Definition

Tricyclic Antidepressants, increases noneprinepine, serotonin, and dopamine

Term

Treating Unipolar Disorders

(Last Resort)

Definition
Electroconvulsive Therapy, induce a seizure in SEVERLY depressed people who arent responding to other therapies, side effects: memory loss and confusion
Term

Treating Unipolar Disorders

(drugs v.s therapy)

Definition

They both can be effective seperatly but the best results come from when you use the 2 together.

Drugs have a higher relapse rate

Therapy is shown more effective

 

Term

Treating Bipolar Disorders

Medication

Definition

Lithium is an effective mood stabalizer

(too little is not effective and too much is lethal)

drugs from unipolar can intensify or trigger a manic episode.

DRUG THERAPY IS CRUICAL W/BIPOLAR

Term

Suicide-attempters v.s completers

Definition

Attempters=usually females

Completers=usually men

Term
Suicide-Method
Definition

Male=Guns, jumping

Women=Pills or cutting

Term
Suicide-Motives
Definition

Men=Depression, desire for death

Women=Depression, anger, change, help

Term
Suicide-Statistics
Definition

Women-3-4 times more likely to attempt suicide

Men-4-5 times more likely to complete suicide

More common in white people than other races

Term
Suicide- Intent v.s Ideation
Definition

Intent- carry out plan of suicide

Ideation- no plan, just thought (more common)

Term

Stages of Sleep

(5)

Definition

(1)Body temp drops, breathing slows, Light sleep

(2) Increasing depth (3)&(4) Deep Sleep, hard to wake (5)REM

Term
REM Sleep
Definition
dream, movements in small facial muscles,fingers, eye muscles, large muscles paralyzed
Term
SLEEP DISORDER IS...
Definition
problem in sleep is the cause of abnormal behavior, NOT sleep as a symptoms.
Term
Dyssomnias
Definition
Disturbances in Amount, Timing, and Quality of Sleep
Term

Insomnia

(Dyssomnia)

Definition

Problems maintaining or initiating sleep, usually have unrealistic expectation about sleep (need 8 hours or cant function)

Possible causes: Problems w/ biological clock and sleep/wake cycle or problems in enviroment: Too light or too much noise

Term

Hypersomnia

(Dyssomnia)

Definition

Exccessive amounts of sleep, feeling sleepy through out the day and able to sleep through night.

Possible Causes: Family History in 39% of cases, exposure to viral infection (Mono, hepititas)

Term

Narcolepsy

(Dyssomnia)

Definition
Person goes from being awake straight into rem sleep, often occurs in high stress and strong emotion, Daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, also have hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis.
Term
Sleep Paralysis
Definition
unable to move when first waking
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
Sudden loss of muscle tone (normally occurs in rem)
Term

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

 

Definition
vivid hallucinations including touching and hearing (senses)
Term

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

(Dyssomnia)

Definition

During respitory system, relaxes and makes it hard to breathe

(common in people who are overweight or people with sinuses or deviated ceptums)

Term

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

(dyssomnia)

Definition

Disturbed sleep or excessive sleep, brains inability to sychronize sleep/wake cycle

(insomnia and hypersomnia)

Term
Parasomnia
Definition
Disturbances in arousal, transition between stages, and abnormal events occuring.
Term

Nightmare Disorder

(parasomnias)

Definition
Nightmares: occur during REM sleep, involves distressful and disturbing dreams, awaken by dream. Nightmares intefere with daily life functioning.
Term

Internal and external causes of

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

Definition

External: Jet lag, shift changing @ work

Internal: Delayed or Advanced sleep phase

Term

Sleep Terrors

(parasomnia)

Definition
Symptoms of panic that occur during NREM sleep, often piercing loud screams and crying, not caused by upsetting dream, more common in male children, child is difficult to wake and dont remember anything, no recollection at all.
Term

Sleep Waking Disorder

(Parasomnia)

Definition
Occurs during NREM sleep (stages 3 and 4), person not dreaming about walking, person is difficult to wake, but not always dangerous to wake them, person must leave bed to meet criteria, seems to run in families, no treatment.
Term

Nocturnal Eating Syndrome

(parasomnias)

Definition

Person gets out of bed and eats while in deep sleep, often eat high calorie foods and bizarre combonations, recently been linked to ambien.

RARE

Term

NREM and REM Parasomnias

Definition

NREM-Sleep terror, Sleep walking, nocturnal eating syndrome.

REM- Nightmare Disorder

Term
Treatment of Sleeping Disorders
Definition

Medical Treatments-Weight loss, Benzodiazepines and over the counter sleeping aids, antidepressants

Psychological- Relaxation and stress reduction and Stimulus control procedures

Term
Substance Use
Definition

Ingestion in moderate amounts with no impairment of functioning

Term
Substance Intoxication
Definition

Ingestion such that person experiences impairment of functioning, Effect depends on amount ingested + physiology

EXP. Drunkenness: Slurring, Stumbling, Judgment, Impairment

Term
Substance Abuse
Definition
  • Pathological use of a substance
  • Causes hazardous behavior
  • May cause legal problems
  • Distress or impairment in social, psychological, health, or occupational functioning
  • Continued use despite awareness of these problems
Term

Substance Dependance

(tolerance)

Definition

Need for increased amounts of a substance to

achieve desired effects

Term

Substance Dependance

(Withdrawl)

Definition

Physical symptoms (sweating, tremors, etc.) that

accompany abstinence from the drug

Term
Substance Dependance
Definition
  • Desire to stop/ cut back but inability to do so
  • Drug-seeking behavior
  • Irresistible drive to obtain drug (steal, withstand frigid temps)
  • Using, obtaining, or recovering from drug takes up significant amount of person’s life
Term
Depressants
Definition

Behavioral Sedation

EXP. Alcohol, sedatives, anxiolytics

Term
Stimulants
Definition

Mood Elevation

EXP. Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

Term

Depressants

(effects on brain on body)

Definition

Stimulation followed by depression, Impairs motor coordination, reaction time, judgment, vision, and hearing,  Most passes directly to bloodstream,  Contacts every major organ, Average person can metabolize about 1 drink per hour, Serotonin: affects mood, eating, cravings, High correlation between alcohol use and aggressive behavior, Severe Withdrawal, notably liver damage, Serious brain damage (Dementia,Confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech)

Term

Biological Factors

(substance use)

Definition

Genetic- Twin and adoption studies show shared genetic vulnerability, No single gene is responsible

Neurobiological- Dopamine Theory: Drug use affects DA to enhance pleasant feelings, GABA Theory: Drug use enhances GABA to reduce fear/anxiety

Term
Psychological factors
Definition

Behavioral- Positive reinforcement, Effects are good, so person repeats taking the drug

Behavioral-Negative reinforcement, Self medication, tension reduction, coping mechanism, Substance abuse especially high in populations with trauma history: war veterans, victims of sexual abuse…



Term

Psychological factors

(tolerance and withdrawl Cycle)

Definition

Need to keep taking drug to avoid withdrawal

symptoms

Term

Biological Treatments

(Agonist)

Definition

Give safe drug with similar chemical component to

abused drug

 Exp. Methadone, nicotine gum

Term

Biological Treatment

(antagonist)

Definition

Give drug that blocks positive effect of abused drug

Term

Biological Treatment

(Aversive)

Definition
  • Give drug to make ingestion of abused drug unpleasant
    •  Antabuse
      • Treatment of withdrawal symptoms
Term

Psychosocial Treaments

(Inpatient Hospitilzation)

Definition
Best for people with severe withdrawl symptoms
Term

Psychosocial Treaments

(AA/NA)

Definition

Provides social support, belief in a higher power, Works towards total astinence, Effectiveness unclear

Term

Psychosocial Treatment

(aversion Therapy)

Definition

Pair drug with something highly unpleasant

Term

Psychosocial Treatment

(Contingency Management and Relapse Prevention)

Definition

Contingency Management - Goals and rewards for success

Relapse Prevention - Teach better coping skills

Supporting users have an ad free experience!