Details Title: Abnormal Psych Description: Midterm Notecards (8/24-10/5) Total Flash Cards: 175 Created: 10/05/2009 09:30:58		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Psychology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Psychopathology Definition "pathology of the mind", the symptoms and signs of mental disorders Term Abnormal Psychology Definition Application of psychological science to study mental disorders. Term Psychosis Definition Types of severe mental disorders that show a person being out of touch with reality. Term Syndrome Definition group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder. Term Duration Definition How long a disorder is present Term Impairment Definition function level Term Insanity Definition legal term that refers to judgements about whether a person should be held responsible for a crime due to mental illness.  Term Harmful Dysfuntion Definition Mental Disorder if:  1. Inability for internal mechanism to perform natural ability. 2. Causes harm to the person. Term Flourishing Definition People who function at the highest level Term Culture Definition Values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by a specific community or group of people Term Epidemiology Definition Study of frequency and distribution of disorders within a population Term Incidence Definition Number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific time period Term Prevalence Definition Total number of active cases that are present in a population in a specific period of time. Term Lifetime Prevalence Definition Total number of people affected by a disorder during their lifetime Term Comorbidity Definition Presence of more than one disorder at once. Term Psychiatry Definition Study and Treatment of mental disorders Term Clinical Psychology Definition Application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders. Term Social Work Definition Helps people achieve an effective level of psychosexual functioning Term Case Study Definition in-depth look at the life of a person.  Term Experimental Hypothesis Definition any new prediction made by an investigator Term Paradigm Definition Set of shared assumptions with a theory and belief of how to collect data and test the theory Term Biopsychosocial Model Definition Recognize that abnormal behavior is caused by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. Term Psychoanalytic Theory Definition Caused by unconscious motives and mental conflicts from childhood experience. Treated with psychoanalysis Term ID Definition Houses biological drives. Holds the pleasure principle, instant gratification Term Ego Definition The reality principle, conscious awareness that fulfills the ID's needs while making sure they are socially acceptable. Term Superego Definition The Conscience, holds cultural and societal standards. Term Defense Mechanisms Definition Unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscience anxiety. Term Classical Conditioning Definition Ivan Pavlov; Learning through association. The NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR. Term Systems Theory Definition integrative approach to science that revolutionized disciplines like engineering, biology and psychology. Term Holism Definition The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Term Reductionism Definition The whole is the sum of its parts Term Equifinality Definition Different causes for same disorder Term Multifinality Definition Same causal factor but different outcomes Term Reciprocal causality Definition Causality is bidirectional. Things can happen both ways. Term Correlational Study Definition Relation between 2 factors Term Correlation Coefficient Definition How much two variables are related. (Positive: 1 is highest. Negative: -1 is highest.) Term Positive Correlation Definition As one variable increases, so does the other. Term Negative Correlation Definition As one variable increase, the other decreases. Term Diathesis Definition A predisposition toward developing a disorder Term Stress Definition any event that triggers an onset of disturbance. Term Risk Factors Definition Events/circumstances that increase likelihood to develop a disorder Term Developmental Psychopathology Definition Use Developmental Norms and to understand influences on disorders Term Premorbid History Definition Pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder Term Prognosis Definition Predictable course Term Anatomy Definition Study of the human structure Term Physiology Definition Study of bodily functions Term Reuptake Definition Re-absorption of neurotransmitters. Returns them to axon terminal Term Neuromodulators Definition Chemicals that influence communication among neurons Term Limbic System Definition Links the midbrain, hindbrain, and forebrain; emotion and learning. Term Hypothalamus Definition Houses biological drives. Hunger, thirst, sex. Term Thalamus Definition Relay center, receives and integrates sensory information. Term Cerebral Cortex Definition Uneven surface area in the brain. 4 Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital. Term Psychophysiology Definition Study of changes in the functioning of the body from psychological experience Term Endocrine System Definition Collection of glands throughout the body. Produces hormones Term Hormones Definition Chemical Substances that affect function of the body. Term Autonomic Nervous System Definition Regulates function of body organs. Involuntary control Term Behavior Genetics Definition studies genetic influence on evolution and development of normal and abnormal behavior Term Genes Definition ultrascopic units of DNA that house heredity information Term Chromosomes Definition Chainlike structures in the nucleus of cells. Term Genotype Definition Actual genetic structure of DNA Term Phenotype Definition Expression of a given genotype, influenced by the environment Term Polygenic Definition influenced by more than one gene Term Probands Definition Index cases that see frequency of other family members with the same disorder Term Monozygotic Definition Identical Twins Term Dizygotic Definition Fraternal Twins Term Concordance Rate Definition How much alike a set of twins are (percentage wise) Term Concordant Definition When two people have the same disorder or not. Term Shared Environment Definition similar experiences growing up Term Non-Shared Environment Definition different experiences growing up Term Gene Environment Interaction Definition A combination of genetic risk and an environmental stress causes emotional disorders Term Gene Environment Correlation Definition Experience is often correlated with genetic makeup Term Evolutionary Psychology Definition Apply principles of evolution to our understanding of the animal and human mind.  Term Natural Selection Definition Successful inherited adaptations become more common through offspring. Increases chance of survival Term Sexual Selection Definition Increases access to mates and mating.  Term Attachment Theory Definition Special and selective bonds with caregivers. Term Dominance Definition hierarchical ordering of a social group into more or less privileged members. Term Temperament Definition characteristic styles of relating to the world Term Emotion Definition state of arousal that is defined by subjective states of feeling.  Term Modeling Definition Learning through imitation Term Social Cognition Definition study of how humans process information of the social world Term attributions Definition People's beliefs about cause-effect relationships Term Identity Definition integrated sense of individuality, wholeness, and communication Term Self Control Definition Internal rules for guiding appropriate behavior  Term Self-esteem Definition valuing one's abilities Term Developmental Stages Definition periods of time marked by age and/or social tasks that children/adults face social/emotional changes. Term Labeling Theory Definition People's actions conform to expectations of the label they are given. Term Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Definition If one believes something to be true, they then make it become true Term Social Support Definition Emotional and practical assistance from others.  Term Gender Roles Definition Expectations regarding appropriate behavior for males/females. Term Assessment Definition Process of gathering and organizing information about a person's behavior Term Classification System Definition List of various types of problems and their associated symptoms Term Diagnosis Definition identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristic symptoms Term Categorical Approach to Classfication Definition Distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative (different in kind). Yes or No Term Dimensional Approach to Classification Definition Describes objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions (how much of something). Quantitative; shades of gray. Term Culture Bound Syndromes Definition Patterns of erratic or unusual thinking and behavior that have been identified in diverse societies around the world don't fit into the DSM easily. Term Reliablity Definition consistency in measurements (will always be the same) Term Inter-rater Reliability Definition agreement among clinicians. Term Validity Definition Meaning; importance of the measurement. The truth behind it. Measures what it is supposed to cover. Term Etiological Validity Definition Measurements of factors that contribute to the onset of disorders Term Concurrent Validity Definition present time and correlations between the disorder and other symptoms Term Predictive Validity Definition future and the stability of the problem over time Term Affect Definition pattern of observable behaviors that are associated with emotion Term Mood Definition Pervasive and sustained emotional response that can alter a persons perception on the world.  Term Clinical Depression Definition depressed mood with fatigue, loss of energy, difficulty sleeping Term Mania Definition A euphoric state of mind. Term Mood Disorders Definition defined in terms of episodes. 2 main kinds: Bipolar and Unipolar Term Unipolar Mood Disorder Definition Only periods of depression Term Bipolar Mood Disorder Definition Mania and (sometimes) Depression Term Dysphoric Definition Unpleasant Term Somatic Symptoms Definition Deals with basic physiological or bodily functions.  Term Psychomotor Retardation Definition features of behavior that may accompany the onset of serious depression Term Hypomania Definition increased energy but not full blown mania Term Cyclothymia Definition chronic but less severe from of bipolar disorder. Continuous for 2 years without MDD or Mania Term Melancholia Definition particularly sever form of depression but get a good response to antidepressants. Term Rapid Cycling Definition At least 4 or more episodes in a year Term Seasonal Affective Disorder Definition Mood changes with the seasons. more depressed feelings in winter. Term Remission Definition When symptoms are diminished or improved Term Relapse Definition Return of active symptoms in a recovered person. Term Schema Definition Enduring and highly organized representation of prior experience. Term Hopelessness Definition Negative expectations of the future Term Causal Attributions Definition When people believe that they will be a failure no matter what they do Term Ruminative Style Definition Turn attention inward, contemplating the causes and implications of their sadness (women) Term Distractive Style Definition Divert themselves from bad mood (men) Term Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Definition inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve ending, promoting serotonin intake.  Term Tricyclics (TCAs) Definition Affect the brain by blocking the uptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse Term Lithium Definition Used to help treat bipolar disorder. helps alleviate manic episodes Term Electroconvulsive Therapy Definition Shock treatment used to treat major depressive disorder Term Egoistic Suicide Definition due to lack of societal support, feel meaningless/unimportant Term Altruistic Suicide Definition Due to social/cultural standards that say that they must kill themselves for the sake of others. Term Anomic Suicide Definition Due to a breakdown of social order or disruption of norms that governs peoples behavior Term Fatalistic Suicide Definition Circumstances under which a person's life is unbearable. Term Fear Definition experienced in real, immediate danger Term Anxiety Definition Anticipation of future problems Term Worry Definition Relatively uncontrollable sequence of negative, emotional thoughts concerned with possible future threats or danger. Term Panic Attack  Definition Sudden, overwhelming experience of terror or fright. More focused. Many physical sensations, feel as if will die/go crazy.  Term Phobias Definition Persistent, irrational, narrowly defined fears of an object or situation  Term Agoraphobia Definition fear of places of assembly/public spaces. Fear of no easy escape. Term Obsessions Definition intruding thoughts, "out of the blue" thoughts are related to socially unacceptable themes. Term Compulsions Definition repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety, are senseless/irrational.  Term Neurosis Definition Persistent, emotional disturbances that the person is aware of Term Panic Disorder Definition Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. Due to fear of these attacks Term Specific Phobia Definition A marked and persistent fear; excessive and unreasonable. Cued by a specific thing. Term Social Phobia Definition Persistent fear of social situations, scared of performing. (being embarrassed/humiliated) Term Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Definition Trouble controlling worries, lead to significant distress. Must have restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, edginess.  Term Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Definition Irrational thoughts lead to anxiety reducing actions Term Preparedness Model Definition We are unconsciously prepared to fear specific stimuli Term Situational Exposure Definition Confront the situation being avoided. Term Interoceptive Exposure Definition Reduces bodily sensations one feels in a panic disorder Term Breathing Retraining Definition Education of the physiological effects of slow breathing vs. hyperventilation. Term Decatastrophisizing Definition Ask a client the worst case scenario and help them analyze it. Help realize it is a little absurd.  Term Major Depressive Disorder Definition At least 1 major episode lasting about 2 weeks; Depressed mood, loss of interest, significant weight gain/loss, Insomnia/hypersomnia, fatigue, worthlessness, suicidal ideation. Term Dysthymia Definition Depressive symptoms for 2 years. Low self-esteem, depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, low energy/fatigue Term Bipolar I Disorder Definition Mania without MDD episodes, very rare Term Bipolar II Disorder Definition Hypomania with episodes of MDD Term Postpartum Depression Definition Onset of depressive episode 4 weeks after childbirth Term Etiology Definition Cause of a disease Term Depressogenic Attributional Style Definition Attribute negative events to stable, global, and internal factors.  Term Learned Helplessness Definition Passive behavior in the face of negative situations Term Arbitrary Inference Definition Jumping to conclusions without any evidence to support it at all. Term Becks Cognitive Triad Definition Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future. Have personal meanings to failure  Term Interpersonal Therapy Definition Focus on current relationships, work on communication and problem-solving skills. Term Systematic Desensitization Definition teach client to relax and then use a hierarchy of fear starting at the bottom and working your way up Term Flooding Definition exposure to most threatening fear at once. Term Etic Perspective Definition Emphasis on universals among human beings from OUTSIDE the culture of interest Term Emic Perspective Definition Examines behavior from within a culture... INSIDE Term Psychodynamic Paradigm Definition Unconscious conflict from childhood experience, unconscious drives Term Biological Paradigm Definition genetics and neuroscience Term Humanistic Paradigm Definition Personal responsibility, striving to be the best they can Term Cognitive-behavioral Definition Rewards/punishment, Societal/cultural influences Term Reciprocal Gene-Environment model Definition Genes might influence the environment that people seek out. Term Axis I Definition Clinical Disorders. Characterized by episodic periods of psychological turmoil.  Term Axis II Definition Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. More stable, longstanding problems Term Axis III Definition General Medical Conditions; relevant to etiology of patient's behavior or treatment program but is still related to abnormal behavior. Term Axis IV Definition Psychosocial and Environmental Problems; factors may affect the treatment and prognosis of mental disorder Term Axis V Definition Global rating of adaptive functioning. scale of 1-100 (100=best).