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Abnormal psych exam 3
Marquette.
130
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2012

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Term
altruistic Suicide
Definition
Committed because the person believes it will be for the good of society.
Term
amygdala
Definition
helps a person to assess how emotionally important a stimulus is
Term
anomic suicide
Definition
triggered by a sudden change in persons relation to society. societies experiencing serious and economic changes can promote suicide.
Term
anterior cingulate
Definition
ocus on situation and execute appropriate plans
Term
attribution
Definition
deldils sldii sdf
Term
attribution style
Definition
sflasjfdone
Term
behavior activation therapy
Definition
Becks behavioral technique
People are given activity assignments to provide them with successful experiences and to allow them to think well of themselves
Seeks to increase participation in positiviely reinforcing activities so as to disrupt the spiral of depression withdrawal, and avoidance
Term
behavior couples therapy
Definition
improves communication between couples. Its as effective in relieving depression as individuals cognitive therapy or antidepressant medication
Term
bipolar I disorder
Definition
formally manic depressive disorder.
Include a single episode of mania or a single mixed episode during the course of a person’s life.
Term
bipolar II disorder
Definition
milder form of bipolar disorder. Person must have experienced at least one depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Cyclothymic Disorder: chronic mood disorder and the symptoms have to present
Term
catatonic features
Definition
extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement (MDD or mania)
Term
cognitive biases
Definition
Tendencies to process info in certain negative ways
People with depression are overly attentive to negative feedback about themselves and fail to notice positive feedback
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
aimed at altering maladaptive though patterns
Tries to help person with depression to change his opinions about the self
Helps the person look for evidence that contradicts the overgeneralization of worthlessness, such as abilities that he person is overlooking or discounting
Teaches the person to monitor private monologues and to identify thought patterns that contribute to depression
Then teaches person to challenge negative beliefs and to learn strategies that promote making realistic and positive assumptions
Emphasis on cognitive restructuring
Term
cortisol
Definition
main stress hormone and triggers the body to prepare for threats)
Links between high cortisol and depression
Term
Cushings syndrome
Definition
causes over secretion of corisol
Patients frequently experience depressive symptoms
Term
cyclothymic disorder
Definition
chronic mood disorder and the symptoms have to present for at least two years
Frequent but mild symptoms of depression, alternating with mild symptoms of mania
Epidemiology and consequences
Rarer that MDD
Occur equally in men and women, but women experience more episodes of depression. Age of onset= 20s but seen more frequently in children and adolescents \
Risk of other medical conditions and they are severe. Patients with mood disorders who are hospitalized are twice and likely to die that patients without
Term
dopanime
Definition
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
chronically depressed for most of the time for at least 2 years. Little pleasure from activities and have at least 2 other symptoms of depression
Different from MDD because of initial duration, type, and number of symptoms. Rarer, both are comorbid with other psychological problems
Term
egoistic suicide
Definition
committed by people who have few ties to family, society, or community. Social isolation.
Term
electroconvulsive therapy ECT
Definition
used to treat MDD that has not responded to medication
entails deliberately inducting a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70-130 volt current through the patient’s brain
most reliable treatment available for depression with psychotic features even though we don’t know why it works
risks of short term confusion and memory loss
Term
episodic disorder
Definition
because symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear
two times more common in women than men
three times more common among the impoverished
related to a high risk of other health problems (cardiovascular disease) and leading cause of disability
Term
expressed emotion EE
Definition
a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression
Term
extraversion
Definition
personality trait associated with frequent experiences of positive affect
Low extraversion predicts the onset of depression
Term
family focused treatment FFT
Definition
family interventions. Aims to educate the family about the illness, enhance family communication, and develop problems solving skills
leads to lower rates of relapse when added to medication treatment
relieves symptoms of depression more than mania
Term
Flight of Ideas
Definition
Term
G Proteins
Definition
Term
hippocampus
Definition
help person retrieve previous memories
Term
hopelessness theory
Definition
Suggests that cognitive processes explain only one type of depression (hopelessness depression)
Symptoms: decreased motiviation, sadness, suicidal, decreased energy, psychomotor retardation, sleep disturbances, poor concentration, and negative cognitions
Trigger is hopelessness:
Desirable outcomes will not occur
The person has no responses available to change this situation
Can be triggered by stable and global attributions about the causes of stressors
Can become hopeless though low self esteem or through the sometimes accurate recognition that life events will have severe negative consequences
Term
HPA axis
Definition
biological system that manages the reactivity to stress
May be overly active during episodes of MDD
Triggers the release of corisol (main stress hormone and triggers the body to prepare for threats)
Links between high corisol and depression
Term
hypomania
Definition
less extreme than mania. Does not involve significant impairment. It involves a change in functioning that does not cause serious problems
Term
Interpersonal theory
Definition
builds on the idea that depression is closely tied to interpersonal problems
Core of the therapy is to examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement, and interpersonal isolation
Focus on one or tow issues, with the goal of helping the person identify his or her feelings about these issues, make important decisions, and make changes to resolve problems related to these issues
Brief= 16 sessions
Techniques: discussing interpersonal problems, exploring negative feelings and encouraging their expressions, improving both verbal and nonverbal communication, problem solving, and suggesting new and more satisifying modes of behavior
Treat MDD and prevents relapse and dysthymia
Less helpful than antidepressants with elderly
Term
learned helplessness theory
Definition
ormulated to explain the behavior of dogs given electric shock
Dogs even inescapable shocks gave up and were more less likely to learn and avoidance shock even if given a way out
Sense of helplessness impairs performance even when aversive situations are controllable
The attributions (explainations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred) that the revised theory focused on
Internal (personal) vs external (environmental) causes
Stable (permanent) vs unstable (temporary) causes
Global (relevant to many life domains) vs specific (limited to one area) causes
People whose Attributional style leads then to believe that negative life events are due to internal, stable, and global causes are likely to become depressed
Predicts increases in depressive symptoms, but it is unclear whether attributional style predicts full diagnosis of MDD.
Term
lithium
Definition
Drug found to be effective in suicide prevention with people with Bi Polar disorder.
Term
major depressive disorder MDD
Definition
requires depressive symptoms present for 2 weeks. Symptoms must include either depressed symptoms or loss of interest and pleasure
four of the following must also be present: symptoms must be present for most of day
sleeping to much or too little
psychomotor retardation or agitation
poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain
loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness
difficulity concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Term
mania
Definition
state of intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown. May become louder and make an incessant stream of remarks..remarks may be difficult to interpret and may shift from topic to topic reflecting flight of ideas
Term
melancholic
Definition
finds no pleasure in any activity, does not feel better even temporarily with good things happen, and also experiences at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are wose in the morning than at other times of the day, waking at least 2 early, loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, or guilt. (depression)
Term
mindful based cognitive Therapy MBCT
Definition
focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression
Based on the assumption that a person becomes vulnerable to relapse because of repeated associations between sad mood and patterns of self devaluative hopeless thinking during major depressive episodes
Goal: to teach people to recognize then they start to become depressed and to try adopting what can be called a decentered perspective, viewing their thoughts merely as mental events rather than as a core aspects of the self or as accurate reflections of reality
Term
mixed episodes
Definition
characterized by severe symptoms of both mania and depression with the same week
Term
monoamine oxidase inhibitors. MAO
Definition
least used because of life threating side effects
Term
mood disorders
Definition
Two types only depressive and manic (bipolar disorder) involve disturbances in emotion from extreme sadness and disengagement of depression to the extreme elation and irritability of mania.
Term
negative affect
Definition
distress and worry. involved with depression and anxiety
Term
negative triad
Definition
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Term
neuroticism
Definition
a personality trait that involves the tendency to react to events with greater than average negative affect.
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
Term
positive affect
Definition
happiness and contentment Involved with depression
Term
postpartum onset
Definition
onset within 4 weeks of postpartum (MDD or mania)
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
focus on situation and execute appropriate plans
Term
psycho educational approaches
Definition
helps people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Can help reduce relapse
Term
psychotic features
Definition
delusions and hallucinations (MDD or mania)
Term
rapid cycling
Definition
if the person has experienced at least four episodes with the past year (bipolar I and II disorders)
Term
reward system
Definition
hanges could help explain why people seem less motivated to pursue rewards during depression and overly focused on possible rewards during mania
Term
schema
Definition
Term
seasonal affective disorder
Definition
if episodes happen regularly at a particular time of the year
Term
second messengers
Definition
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI's
Definition
most common but reports of suicide associated with SSRIs mostly during early stages or increase of dosage
a lot of the time medication doesn’t work
side effects
relapse common after withdrawn
continuing treatment after remission decreases recurrence
antidepressants work more quickly than therapy
acute depression: antidepressants work equally as well as CT in some studies and with severe depression
Term
serotonin
Definition
help regulate norepinephrine and dopamine
Term
somatic arousal
Definition
sweaty palms, fast heart rate
Involved with anxiety
Term
suicide
Definition
the act of harming oneself often as a cry for help, the don't always want to die but to make one feel guilted into something like love or forgiveness
Term
suicide prevention centers
Definition
aim to provide 24 hour phone hotline support to people in suicidal cases
Term
tricyclic antidepressants
Definition
Term
tryptophan
Definition
Major precursor of serotonin
Low levels of G-proteins
Term
alogia
Definition
a significant reduction in the amount of speech…don’t talk much
Term
anhedonia
Definition
loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure
Term
anticipatory pleasure
Definition
the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities
Schizophrenic people appear to have a deficit in anticipatory pleasure, but not consummatory
Term
antipsychotic drugs
Definition
ower dopamine levels
Side effect: Parkinson’s disease= due to low levels of dopamine
Block a postsynaptic dopamine receptor (D2 receptor)
Term
asociality
Definition
severe impairment in social relationships. Want to spend time alone, not with people
Term
avolition
Definition
lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including school or work, self care, hobbies, or social activities
Term
brief psychotic disorder
Definition
lasts from 1 day to 1 month and often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement
Term
catatonia
Definition
may gesture repeatedly, using peculiar and sometimes complex sequences of finger, hand, and arm movements, which often seem purposeful
unusual increase in overall level of activity
Term
catatonic immobility
Definition
people adopt unusual postures and maintain them for long periods of time.
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
catatonic symptoms… person may alternate between catatonic immobility and wild excitement, but one of these symptoms may predominate. Negative symptoms are also likely present
Term
cognitive enhancement therapy
Definition
reatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions such as verbal leaning ability
more effective than EST in improving cognitive abilities in problem solving , attention, social cognition, and social adjustment
more read for employment
residential treatment
Term
consummatory pleasure
Definition
the amount of pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of something pleasurable
Ex: the amount of pleasure you experience as you are eating a good meal
Term
delusional disorder
Definition
troubled by persistent delusions of persecution or by delusional jealousy, the unfounded conviction that a souse or lover is unfaithful, delusion of being followed, delusions of erotomania (believes that one is loved by someone else usually a stranger with higher status), somatic delusion (believing that some internal organ is malfunctioning)
only delusions, no hallucinations so not paranoid schizophrenia
less bizarre delusions
Term
delusions
Definition
beliefs held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence
Term
dementia praecox
Definition
(Kraepelin and Bleuler)
Subtypes
Dementia paranoids
Catatonia
Hebephrenia
All subtypes had common core: early onset (praecox) and progressive, inevitable intellectual deterioration (dementia)
Bleuler thought disorder didn’t have to have early onset and didn’t lead to dementia so term was not appropriate
Proposed schizophrenia (split mind)
Defined by symptoms
Term
disorganized behavior
Definition
may go inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unsual clothes, act in a childlike or silly manner, hoard food, or collect garbage
have difficulty performing tasks
other symptoms
Term
disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
manifested that speech is disorganized and difficult for listener to follow. Person may have flat affect or experience constant shifts of emotion, breaking into inexplicable fits of laughter and crying. The person’s behavior is also generally disorganized and not goal directed
Term
disorganized speech
Definition
: problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that listener can understand
Term
disorganized symtoms
Definition
disorganized speech and behavior
Term
dopamine theory
Definition
Schizophrenia because of high levels of dopamine
Antipsychotic drugs lower dopamine levels
Side effect: Parkinson’s disease= due to low levels of dopamine
Block a postsynaptic dopamine receptor (D2 receptor)
Came from ampthetamine psychosis
Amphetamine can produce a state that resembles paranoid schizo
Worsen symptoms of schizo
Cause the release of norepinephrine and dopamine into synaptic cleft and prevent inactivation
Psychosis-inducing effects of amphetamines are a result of increasing activity of dopamine rather than of norepinephrine because antipsychotics are effecting in treating amphetamine psychosis
Term
expressed emotion EE
Definition
patients that returned to high EE families had higher rate of relapse
families with negative emotions
Term
flat affect
Definition
lack of outward expression of emotion. Person may stare vacantly, muscles of face are motionless, eyes are lifeless
Peron many talk in a flat and toneless voice and may not look at person talking
Term
grandiose delusions
Definition
: person has an exaggerated sense of his importance, power, knowledge, or identity…person thinks he can move the wind with hands
Term
hallucinations
Definition
sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment
more auditory and visual
reports of hearing own thoughts spoken by another voice
hear voices of arguing
may be a problem in connection between the frontal lobe that enable the production of speech and the temporal lobe areas that enable understanding of speech
Term
ideas of reference
Definition
he incorporates unimportant events within a delusional framework and reads personal significance into the trivial activities of others
Term
inappropriate affect
Definition
emotional responses are out of context…may rapidly shift emotions
Term
loose associations (derailment)
Definition
person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic
Term
negative symtoms
Definition
consist of behavior deficits
Symptoms tend to endure beyond an acute episode and have profound effects on lives
Important to distinguish symptoms due to schizophrenia and another factor
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
: presence of prominent delusions, such as delusions of persecutions, grandose delusions, or ideas of reference. Vivid auditory hallucinations may accompany the delusions. Speech is not organized, and flat affect is not typically present even though a person may be somewhat stilted, formal, and intense with others
Term
positive symptoms
Definition
comprise excesses and distortions…acute episodes are characterized by this
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
important
Plays a role in behavior
Failure to show frontal activation is related to the severity of negative symptoms and thus parallels to work on dopamine underactivity in to frontal cortex
Term
residual schizophrenia
Definition
used hen a person no longer meets the full criteria for schizophrenia but still shows some signs of illness
Term
schizoaffective disorder
Definition
comprises a mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders
Term
second generation antipsychotic drugs
Definition
Clozapine (clozaril)
Greater gains in reducing positive and disorganize symptoms
Less treatment dropout
Reduces relapse
Produces fewer motor side effects
Impact on serotonin receptors
Side effects
Impair functioning of immune system by lowering number of white blood cells (agranulocytosis)
Seizures
Dizziness, fatigue, drooling, weight gain
Realized that second generation drugs are not greater than first
Term
social selection theory
Definition
proposes that during the course of their developing illness, people with schizo may drift into poor neighborhoods because their illness impairs their earning power and cannot afford to live elsewhere
Term
social skills training
Definition
designed to teach people with schizo how to successfully manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations-discussing their medications with their psychiatrist, ordering meals in a restaurant, filling out job applications, interviewing for jobs, saying no to drug dealers, and reading bus schedules
Involves role playing and other group exercises
Term
sociogenic hypothesis
Definition
belief that stressors associated with SES may cause or contribute to the development of schizo
Term
undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
applied to people meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but not for any of the three main subtypes
Term
What is personality disorder
Definition
Term
why are personality disorders diagnosed on Axis II of DSM
Definition
Axis II is for assessing personality disorders and intellectual disabilities. These disorders are usually life-long problems that first arise in childhood
Term
What are the three clusters of personality
Definition
Eccentric , Erratic, fearful
Term
Which personality disorders are the most severe
Definition
Term
Which personality disorders are most frequently seen.
Definition
Term
Borderline personality disorder
Definition
Term
Antisocial pd
Definition
Term
What are the defining symptoms of Borderline PD
Definition
Term
What Axis I disorders frequently co-occur with BPD?
Definition
Term
What therapy has been found to be effective for BPD?
Definition
Term
Who introduced Dialectical Behavior Disorder
Definition
Term
Marsha Linehan
Definition
Term
How does linehan explain the development of DBD
Definition
Term
What are some of the basic goals/methods of DBT?
Definition
Term
How did Cleckley describe psychopathy as a personality trait?
Definition
Term
What were some of the “positive” characteristics of psychopathy, according to Cleckley
Definition
Term
What types of environmental factors have been found to be associated with APD?
Definition
Term
What types of biological characteristics have been associated with APD?
Definition
Term
How effective are treatments for APD?
Definition
Term
Antisocial
Definition
Term
Most promising therapies for reducing suicide.
Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Approaches.
Term
depressive disorder
Definition
profound sadness and/or an ability to experience pleasure
view things in a negative light and don’t have hope
physical symptoms: fatigue, low energy, aches and pains…can convince person that they have a medial condition even though there is no physical cause
problems falling asleep or sleep too much
loss of appetite or eating too much
social withdrawal and suicide thoughts
Term
Freuds Theory
Definition
Potential for depression is created early in childhood, during the oral period
May cause the person to become excessively dependent on other people for the maintenance of self-esteem
After the loss of a loved one, the mourner is angry that he is left alone and also feels guilt. Anger is directed inward =self blame and depression
Term
Aaron Beck
Definition
People develop depression because their thinking is negative
Depression is associated with Negative Triad
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Children with depression acquired a negative schemata through experiences such as loss of parent, social rejection, or depressive attitude of parent
Underlying set of beliefs that operate outside of a parents awareness to shape the way a person makes sense of his or her experiences
Activated whenever the person encounters situations similar to those that originally caused the schema to form
Cause cognitive biases:
Tendencies to process info in certain negative ways
People with depression are overly attentive to negative feedback about themselves and fail to notice positive feedback
Term
Martin Seligman
Definition
Learned helplessness Theory: Hopelessness theory
Term
Schizophrenia:
Definition
characterized by disturbances n thought, emotion, and behavior-disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness or, at times, inappropriate expressions; and disturbances in movement and behavior, such as a disheveled appearance
May withdraw from people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd belief (delusions) and hallucinations
Effects men slightly more than women
1% = lifetime prevalence
Comorbid with substance abuse
Sometimes begins in childhood, but usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood
Term
Executive functioning:
Definition
problem solving, planning, and making associates between thinking and feeling
problems with that is associated to disorganized speech
Term
Eccentric
Definition
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
Term
Erratic
Definition
Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline
Term
Fearful
Definition
Avoidant, Dependent, Compulsive.
Term
Fearful
Definition
Avoidant, Dependent, Compulsive.
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