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Abnormal Psych 2 and 3
causes of Abnormal behavior treatment of disorders
125
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/06/2010

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Term
paradigm
Definition
set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect and test the theory.
Term
biopsychosocial model
Definition
Recognizes that biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to abnormal behavior.
Term
Biological paradigm
Definition
Looks for biological abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior (I.E. brain diseases, brain injuries,or genetic disorders)
Term
general paresis (general paralysis).
Definition
a severe physical and mental disorder
Term
Psychoanalyitc paradigm
Definition
The abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood experience.
Term
Hysteria
Definition
Characterized by unusual physical symptoms in the absence of physical impairment
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
Characterized by psychological conflicts that were unconsciously converted into physical symptoms
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
Refers specifically to Freud's theorizin; the broader term psychodynamic theory  includes not only Freudian theory but also revisions of his followers.
Term
Id
Definition
Present at birth. It houses the biological drives such as hunger and two psychological drives: Sex and Agression.
Term
Pleasure principle
Definition
The impulses of the id seek immediate gratification adn create discomfort or unrest until they are satisfied.
Term
Ego
Definition
Part of the personality that must deal with the realities of the world as it attempts to fulfill id impulses as well as perform other functions.
Term
Superego
Definition
Roughly equivalent to your conscience. It contains societal standards of behavior, particularly rules that children learn from trying to be like their parents.
Term
moral anxiety
Definition
conflict between the superego and the ego
Term
neurotic anxiety
Definition
conflict between the ego and id
Term
defense mechanism
Definition
unconsious self deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety producing memories, emotions, and impulses
Term
Denial
Definition
Insistence that an experience, memoriy, or need did not occur or does not exist
Term
Displacement
Definition
Feelings or actions are transferred from one person or object to another that is less thretening
Term
Projection
Definition
Attributing one's own feelings or thoughts to other people
Term
Rationalization
Definition
Intellectually justifying a feeling or event.
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
Converting painful or unacceptably feeling into the opposite.
Term
Repression
Definition
Suppressing threatening material from consciousness but without denial.
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Diverting id impulses into constructive and acceptable outlets.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
 Pavlov's theory of learning through association. Involves four key components. There is an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), a stimulus that produces the unconditioned response (salvation), A conditioned stimulus (the bell) is a neutral stimulus that when repeadetly paired with an unconditioned stimulus produeces a conditioned response (salvation).
Term
Extinction
Definition
When a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulis. Eventially the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response.
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
Skinners Theory. Learned behavior is a function of its consequences
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
When the onset of a stimulus increases the frequency of behavior (i.e. you get paid for your work).
Term
Negative reinforcement.
Definition
When the cessation of a stimulus increases the frequency of the behavior. (i.e. you get up to turn off your alarm).
Term
Punishment
Definition
When the onset of a stimulus decreases the frequency of behavior ( you spend less money after your parents scold you.)
Term
Humanistic paradigm
Definition
Human behavior is the product of free will, we control, choose, and are responsible for our actions.
Term
Systems theory
Definition
Embraces multiple influences of behavior
Term
holism
Definition
the whole is more than the sum of its parts
Term
Reductionism
Definition
understands problems by focusingf on smaller and smaller units, viewing the smallest possible unit as the true or ultimate cause.
Term
Equalfinality/ multiple pathways
Definition
The view that there are many routes to the same destination. The same disorder has several causes
Term
multifinality
Definition
the same event can lead to different outcomes
Term
reciprocal causality
Definition
causality opereates in both directions
Term
diathesis
Definition
predispostion toward developing a disorder (i.e.- inheritied tendency toward depression).
Term
stress
Definition
difficult experience.
Term
Developmental Psychopathology
Definition
Emphasizes the importance of developmental norms- age graded averages to understanding influences on abnormal behavior.
Term
premorbid history
Definition
behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder.
Term
prognosis
Definition
A disorder may also have a predictable cause or prognosis for the future.
Term
Risk factors
Definition
events or circumstancfes that are correlated with an increased likelihood or risk of a disorder and potentially contriblute to causing the disorder.
Term
Neurons
Definition
Billions of tiny nerve cells that from the basic building blocks of the brain
Term
Synapse
Definition
A small gap filled with fluid
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
Chemical substances contained in the vesicles of the axon terminal.
Term
reuptake
Definition
Or reabsoprtion captures some neurotransmitters int he synapse and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal
Term
neuromodulators
Definition
Chemicals that can influence communication among many neurons by affecting the functioning of neurotransmitters
Term
hindbrain
Definition
medulla,pons,cerebellum
Term
medulla
Definition
controls various bodily functions involved insustaining life (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure)
Term
Pons
Definition
Serves in various functions in regulating stages of sleep
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Serves as a control center in helping to coordinate physical movements.
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Site of most sensory emotional and cognitive processes
Term
limbic system
Definition
regulation of emotion and basic learning processes
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
plays a role in sensation but its most important functions are behavioral ones. Controls biological urges such as eating drinking and sexual activity
Term
Lateralized
Definition
One brain hemisphere serves a specialized role as the site of specific cognitive and emotional activities.
Left hemisphere- language
Right hemisphere- spatial organization and analysis
Term
ventricles
Definition
Four connected chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid and they become enlarged in some psychological and neurological disorders
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
site of control and integration of sophisticated memory sensory and motor functions.
Term
endocrine system
Definition
collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body.
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical substances that affect the functioning of distant body systems and sometimes act as neuromodulators
Term
Autonomic nervous systems
Definition
regulates the functions of various body organs such as the heart and stomach
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
controls actvities with increased arousal and energy expenditrure
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
controls the slowing of arousal and energy conservation
Term
genes
Definition
ultramicroscopic units of DNA that carry information about heredity
Term
chromosomes
Definition
chainlike structures found in nucleus of cells. Humans normally have 23 pairs
Term
Behavior genetics
Definition
studies genetic incluences onthe evolution and abnormal behavior
Term
genotype
Definition
individials actual genetic structure
Term
phenotype
Definition
expression of a given genotype
Term
polygenic
Definition
Influences by more than one gene
Term
Probands
Definition
Index cases
Term
Monozygotic twins
Definition
Identical twisn. One egg is fertilized by one sperm
Term
Dizygotic twins
Definition
Fraternal Twins. Two Eggs. Two Sperm.
Term
concordance rate
Definition
Used to determine how alike twins are.
Term
gene environment interaction
Definition
widely accepted idea that a combination of a genetic risk and enviromental stress causes emotional disorders.
Term
gene environemnt correlation
Definition
people's experience is often correlated with their genetic make up
Term
Evolutionary psychology
Definition
application of the principles of evolution to our understanding of the animal and human mind
Term
Natural seleciton
Definition
process through which successful inherited adaptations to environmental problems become more common over successive generations of offspring
Term
Attachments
Definition
Special and selective bonds with caregivers
Term
insecure/anxious attachments
Definition
uncertain or ambivalent parent-child relationships that are a prodcut of inconsistent and unrepsonsive parents during the first few years of life.
Term
dominance
Definition
the hierarchial ordering of a social group into more and less privelaged members.
Term
temperment
Definition
characteristic styles of relating to the world
Term
emotions
Definition
internal feeling states are essential to human experience and to our underswtanding of mental disorders
Term
modeling
Definition
learning through imitation
Term
Attributions
Definition
perceived causes that is people's beliefs about cause and effect.
Term
identity
Definition
an itergrated sense of individuality. wholeness, and continutity.
Term
self control
Definition
internal rules for guiding appropriate behavior.
Term
developmental stages
Definition
periods of time marked by age and or social tasks during which children and dults face commin emotional and social challenges.
Term
social support
Definition
emotional and practical assistance from others
Term
gender roles
Definition
expectations regarding the appropriate behavior of males and females
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
Use of psychological techniques amd the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change.
Term
eclectic
Definition
Use of different treatments for different disorders.
Term
Trephining
Definition
Chipping a hole through the sufferer's skull with a crude stone tool. Used to let the evil spirits escape.
Term
symptom alleviation
Definition
reducing the dysfunctional symptoms of a disorder but not eliminating its root cause
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy
Definition
involves the deliberately inducing a seizure by passing electricitiy through the brain
Term
Bilateral ECT
Definition
electrodes are places on the belft and right temples and current goes to both hemispheres
Term
unilateral  ECT
Definition
electrodes are places on one side of brain
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
Loss of memory of past events
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
surgical destruction of a specific region of the brain.
Term
psychopharmacology
Definition
Use of medications to treat psychological disturbances
Term
Psychotropic medications
Definition
chemical substances that affect psychological state.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
release of previously unexpressed feelings, pent up emotion.
Term
free association
Definition
Method used by freus where he told his patients to speak freely about that ever thoughts crossed their mind.
Term
Insight
Definition
bringing formerly unconscious material into conscious awarenes
Term
interpretation
Definition
The suggestion of hidden meanings to patients accounts on their life
Term
transference
Definition
Process whereby patients transfer their feelings about some key figure in their life onto the shadowy figure of the analyst
Term
Cognitve behavior therapy
Definition
Involves using various research based techniques to help troubled clients learn new ways of thinking, acting and feeling
Term
behaviorism
Definition
view that the appropriate focus of psychological study is the observeable behavior
Term
Systematic desensitzation
Definition
A treatments for overcoming fears and phobias developed by Joseph Wolpe. Involves learing relaxation skills,developing a fear hierarchy, and systematic exposure to imagined, feared elements while simultaneously maintaing relaxation
Term
Aversion therapy
Definition
use of classical conditioning to create, not elminate an unpleasant response
Term
Contingency management
Definition
Operany conditioning techniqure that directly changes rewards and punishment for identified behaviors
Term
Contingency
Definition
relationship between a behavior and its consequences
Term
Token Economy
Definition
Desired and undesired behaviors are clearly identified, contingencies are defined, behaviors are carefully monitored and rewards adn punishments are given accroding to the rules.
Term
social skills training
Definition
teach clients new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life
Term
assertiveness training
Definition
teach clients to be direct about their feeligs and wishes
Term
Rational-emotive therapy
Definition
Designed to challenge irrational beliefs about ones selof and the world. Developed by albert ellis as a treatment for anxiety and depression
Term
Cognitive therapy
Definition
Therapy designed by aaron beck specifically as a treatment for depression. Involved challenging negative cognitive distoritions through a technique called cognitive empiricism
Term
Humanistic psychotherapy
Definition
Term
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Definition
Approach that assumes taht ther most essential human quality is the ability to make choices and freely act on them. Promoted as a third force to counteract the views of psychodynamic and behavioral approaches.
Term
empathy
Definition
emotional understanding. Putting yourself in someone's shoes and conveying your understanding of the person's feelings and perspectives
Term
Therapeutic alliance
Definition
Bond between a therapist and client
Term
metal analyis
Definition
statistical procedure taht allows researchers to combine the results from different studies in a standardized way
Term
placebo effect
Definition
improvement in a condition produced by a placebo (sometimes a subsititutional change).
Term
double blind studies
Definition
investigations where neither the physican nor the patient know whether the pill is real or a placebo
Term
primary prevention
Definition
tires to improve the environment in order to prevent new cases of a mental disorder from developing
Term
secondary prevention
Definition
focuses on the early detection of emotional problems in the hope of rpeventing them form becoming more serious and difficult to treat
Term
tertiary prevention
Definition
Intervention occurs after the illness has been identified
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